Agriculture is a basic industry related to the stable and healthy development of our national economy. Since 2004, the annual document of the Central Committee 1 has dealt with the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which fully embodies the strategic intention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to solve the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers under the new situation and has effectively promoted the development of modern agriculture in China. Modern agriculture is a concept of big agriculture. Under the background of global economic integration, agricultural trade plays an increasingly important role. The improvement of agricultural products fluidity in China and other countries (regions) will have a far-reaching impact on domestic economic development. After China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China's opening to the outside world has been continuously expanded and deepened, and the correlation between domestic agriculture and world agriculture has been further enhanced, and the trade of agricultural products has entered a new stage. However, judging from the current situation, the role of WTO in promoting China's agricultural exports has been obviously weakened by trade barriers, while its influence on agricultural imports has been rapidly strengthened, and domestic agricultural development is facing more severe challenges.
The first part analyzes the current situation of import and export trade of agricultural products in China.
During the six years after China's entry into the WTO (2002-2007), the scale of China's agricultural products trade has been continuously expanded, and the total value of imports and exports has crossed the step of10 billion US dollars every year. By 2007, China's import and export of agricultural products reached 77.57 billion US dollars, an increase of 23. 1% over 2006, accounting for 3.6% of China's total foreign trade import and export value in that year. Among them, the export was US$ 36.6 billion, an increase of18%; Imports exceeded $40 billion for the first time, reaching $40.97 billion, an increase of 28. 1%.
I. The import and export trade situation of agricultural products has reversed, and the trade deficit has become the norm.
The development of import and export trade of agricultural products in China is obviously unbalanced. Six years after China's entry into WTO, the export of agricultural products increased by 24.64 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 20.5%. In the same period, the import of agricultural products increased by 30.98 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 26.5%, which was significantly higher than that of exports.
The unbalanced development of import and export trade of agricultural products directly leads to the emergence of trade deficit of agricultural products. In 2002, China's agricultural trade also maintained a surplus of $3.3/kloc-0.0/billion. In 2003, the surge in imports of agricultural products led to a trade deficit of $490 million in that year, which surged to $8.49 billion in 2004 and shrank rapidly in 2005 and 2006. However, in 2007, the trade deficit of agricultural products expanded to $4.37 billion again, higher than the previous year.
Two, the general import and export of agricultural products is higher than the processing trade.
In 2007, agricultural products trade was still dominated by general trade and processing trade, and the total import and export volume of the two trade modes accounted for more than 90% of the total import and export volume of agricultural products. The general trade of agricultural products in China is higher than processing trade in terms of scale and growth rate. In 2007, the general trade of agricultural products in China was US$ 57.95 billion, up by 26.8%, up by 3.7 percentage points over the previous year, accounting for 74.7% of the total value of agricultural products, up by 2.2 percentage points over the previous year. Among them, agricultural products exported by general trade amounted to US$ 27.98 billion, up by 19.2%, accounting for 76.5% of the total export value of that year; Imports reached US$ 29.97 billion, up by 34.9%, accounting for 73. 1% of the total import value of that year. The trade deficit under general trade of agricultural products was $654.38+$99 million.
Due to the nature and characteristics of agricultural products and the adjustment of national policies on processing trade, the growth rate of agricultural products processing trade is slow. In 2007, the import and export of China's processing trade was US$ 654.38+0.346 billion, with an increase of only 8.5%, which was lower than the growth rate of agricultural products import and export in that year by 654.38+04.6 percentage points, accounting for only 654.38+07.4% of the total value of agricultural products import and export in that year, which was 2.3 percentage points lower than that in 2006. Among them, the export was 7.56 billion US dollars, up by13.4%; Imports reached US$ 5.9 billion, up by 2.7%. The trade surplus under agricultural products processing trade was 654.38 USD+660 million USD.
The import and export trade of bonded warehouses ranked second to general trade and processing trade, with a cumulative import and export of 3.96 billion US dollars, an increase of 33.4%, with a relatively rapid growth rate. The import and export of bonded warehouses and border small-scale trade both exceeded 10 billion US dollars, and the import and export were 65.438+0.8 billion US dollars and 65.438+0 billion US dollars respectively, up by 654.38+03.5% and 654.38+03.8% respectively (Table 654.38+0).
Table1Total import and export value of agricultural products in China in 2007
The amount of trade mode (USD billion) increased or decreased (%) compared with the previous year.
Import, export, import, export, import.
General trade 579.5 279.8 299.7 26.819.2 34.9
Processing trade134.6 75.6 59.0 8.513.4 2.7
Import and export of bonded warehouse 39.6 2.3 37.3 33.4 5 1.4 32.4
Entry and exit of bonded warehouse10.80.99.913.543.811.4
Border small-scale trade10.06.63.413.813.015.3
3. Foreign-invested enterprises occupy a dominant position in import and export, and private enterprises replace state-owned enterprises.
In 2007, the role of foreign-invested enterprises in China's agricultural products trade was further strengthened. Foreign-invested enterprises imported and exported agricultural products of US$ 35.25 billion, up by 30.8%, which was 7.7 percentage points higher than the overall increase of agricultural products trade, accounting for 45.4% of the total value of agricultural products import and export, up by 2.6 percentage points over the previous year.
The agricultural products trade of private enterprises has maintained a steady and rapid development momentum for many years. In 2006, the import and export scale of agricultural products of private enterprises in China was basically the same as that of state-owned enterprises. In 2007, the growth rate of agricultural products trade of private enterprises was obviously better than that of state-owned enterprises. The total annual trade volume exceeded 20 billion US dollars, and the total import and export volume was 203 1 billion US dollars, an increase of 26.5%. Private enterprises have replaced state-owned enterprises to become the second largest enterprise type of agricultural products trade in China.
In 2007, the agricultural products trade of state-owned enterprises in China reversed the decline in 2006 and showed positive growth, but the growth rate was still 1 1.9 percentage points lower than the overall growth rate of agricultural products. The total import and export value of agricultural products of state-owned enterprises in the whole year was181.70 billion US dollars, an increase of1.2%. The import and export scale of agricultural products of collective enterprises is small and the growth rate is low. The import and export was only $3.78 billion, an increase of 4. 1% (Table 2).
Table 2 Total import and export value of agricultural products of major enterprises in China in 2007
The amount of enterprise type (USD 100 million) increased or decreased (%) over the previous year.
Import, export, import, export, import.
Foreign-invested enterprises 352.5155.5197.0 30.815.8 45.8
Private enterprises 203.1116.386.8 26.5 23.331.1
State-owned enterprises181.7 79.5102.21.218.26.4
Collective enterprises 37.814.4 23.4 4.11.7 5.7
Fourth, China's agricultural trade has a high degree of national concentration.
In 2007, the total import and export volume of China agricultural products before 10 trading countries (regions) exceeded 60 billion US dollars, accounting for 83. 1% of the total import and export value of China agricultural products.
In 2007, the United States continued to occupy the position of China's largest trading partner of agricultural products and the largest source of imports. The total value of agricultural trade between China and the United States reached 1, 356,5438+0 billion US dollars, an increase of 18.9%. Among them, agricultural products imported from the United States amounted to 910.3 billion US dollars, up by 20.3%. The agricultural trade deficit with the United States was $4.75 billion.
In 2007, ASEAN replaced Japan as China's second largest agricultural trading partner. The trade volume of agricultural products between China and ASEAN was11.200 million USD, with an increase of 37.7%, which was higher than the overall increase of agricultural products trade 14.6 percentage points.
Although Japan retreated to China's third largest agricultural trade partner in 2007, it is still the largest export market and the largest source of agricultural trade surplus in China. In that year, the trade volume of agricultural products between China and Japan was US$ 8.73 billion, with a slight increase of 1.3%, the lowest among the former 10 trading countries (regions), with a trade surplus of US$ 7.95 billion.
In 2007, the trade volume of agricultural products between China and Europe followed that of Japan, and the import and export in that year was 8.27 billion US dollars, an increase of 26.2%. Driven by the import of agricultural products, the agricultural trade between China and Argentina has doubled, and Argentina has also become the largest source of agricultural trade deficit in China (Table 3).
Table 3 Total import and export value of agricultural products between China and its major trading partners in 2007
The country (region) amount (USD billion) increased or decreased (%) compared with the previous year.
Import, export, import, export, import.
Usa135.143.891.318.916.0 20.3-47.5
ASEAN/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/0.239.3 70.9 37.7 28.8 43./KOOC-0/-3/KOOC-0/.6
Japan 87.383.43.91.31.6-4.579.5
EU 54.8 28.0 26.2 23.9 30.8 26.8
Argentina 52.00.251.8114.9 80.7115.1.6.
Brazil 49.41.2 48.2 27.1.41.2 26.8-47.0
Korea 39.0 36.0 3.0 24.9 24.4 30.2 33.0
Hong Kong 31.3 30.5 0.814.714.4 30.8 29.7
Australia 30.64.526.114.024.112.5-21.6
Russian Federation
Five, domestic provinces and cities to carry out agricultural trade regional differences are significant.
In 2007, there was a significant difference in agricultural products trade between the eastern, central and western regions of China, and the eastern region occupied an absolute dominant position in the scale of agricultural products trade, among which the total value of agricultural products trade in the Bohai Rim region alone (Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong) reached 36,543.8 US dollars+98 million yuan, accounting for more than 40% of the total value of agricultural products trade in China. The total agricultural trade in the central and western regions only accounts for 1 1.9% of the total agricultural trade in China, of which the total agricultural exports of the two regions account for 16.3% and the total imports account for 7.9%.
In 2007, the trade volume of agricultural products in the eastern coastal economic provinces of China was also in the forefront. Among them, the import and export of agricultural products in Shandong Province was 65.438+0.587 billion US dollars, an increase of 654.38+02.5%, accounting for 20.5% of the total import and export value of agricultural products in that year, and the total import and export value continued to rank first in all provinces and cities in China. In that year, the total import and export value of agricultural products in Guangdong Province also exceeded10 billion US dollars, and the import and export value was 654.38+0.039 billion US dollars, ranking second in the country, with an increase of 20.9%. The total import and export value of agricultural products in Jiangsu, Beijing and Shanghai ranked third, fourth and fifth respectively, with the total import and export value of US$ 7.23 billion, US$ 6.47 billion and US$ 6.36 billion, up by 36.6%, 15.3% and 45.2% respectively. Among them, the growth rate of Shanghai's agricultural products trade ranks first among major provinces and cities. In 2007, the trade volume of agricultural products in China 13 provinces and cities exceeded 10 billion US dollars, but only Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the west and Henan Province in the middle were among them, which were 1 1 3 respectively (Table 4).
Table 4 Statistics of Main Provinces and Cities of China Agricultural Products Import and Export in 2007
The amount of each province and city ($ billion) increased or decreased (%) over the previous year.
Import, export, import, export, import.
Shandong158.7 92.466.312.514.210.3
Guangdong103.941.462.520.97.631.7
Jiangsu 72.316.4 56.0 36.618.5 43.0
Beijing 64.7 20.2 44.5 15.3 57.2 2.9
Shanghai 63.612.651.045.219.453.5
Zhejiang 55.0 29.3 25.7 23.2 9.0 44.8
Liaoning 46.9 30.716.2 25.0 27.3 20.8
Fujian16.719.914.0 30.9
Tianjin 27.47.420.034.1.10.445.7
Hebei 22.29.412.8 29.511.9 46.4
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region16.54.61.9 25.3 22.38+0 26.6
Jilin12.28.8 3.416.610.237.5
Henan10.44.95.515.14.326.8
Six, the main export agricultural products have different performances. The export growth rate of vegetables, aquatic products and livestock products is slow, and the export of fruits, grain and grain powder has soared.
China is the largest producer and exporter of aquatic products in the world. Affected by trade barriers, RMB appreciation, global raw material commodity prices and other factors, China's aquatic products exports only increased slightly in 2007. In that year, the export of aquatic products was US$ 4.75 billion, up by 0. 1%. Vegetables are also varieties that suffer from serious trade barriers. China has a unique climate for vegetable production, rich variety resources and low cost. China's entry into WTO provides opportunities for domestic vegetables to enter the international market. However, due to the repeated prohibition of trade barriers represented by green barriers, normal exports have been seriously affected. In 2007, China's vegetable exports reached US$ 4.22 billion, an increase of 6%. The export of livestock products in China is also facing similar problems with aquatic products and vegetables. In 2007, exports reached US$ 4.04 billion, an increase of 8.3%. The export growth rate of the above three types of agricultural products is lower than the overall growth rate of agricultural products.
Apple, citrus and other domestic fruit varieties still maintain a strong export advantage, which directly drives the export of fruits in China. In 2007, domestic fruit exports reached 3.75 billion US dollars, up by 5 1.4%. Among them, apple juice, apples and oranges are important export fruit varieties, which are exported to US$ 654.38+0.24 billion, US$ 565.438+0 billion and US$ 265.438+0 billion respectively, increasing by 654.38+0 times, 37.6% and 49.6% respectively, accounting for 52.3% of China's total fruit export value. Stimulated by high food prices in the international market, China's grain export scale expanded rapidly in 2007. * * * 9.864 million tons of grain were exported (including rice, wheat, corn and other grains and grain flour, excluding soybeans), with a value of US$ 2,654.38+0.9 billion, up by 63% and 89.6% respectively. The net export of grain in that year exceeded 8 million tons. Under the background that China's population is still increasing and the cultivated land area is decreasing, the net export of domestic grain is too large, which is not conducive to stabilizing domestic food prices.
Seven, the dominant position of agricultural raw materials in imports.
The rapid development of domestic petroleum, textile and garment processing industry and the strong demand for upstream raw materials directly stimulated the large-scale import of agricultural products such as soybeans, cotton and wool. Soybean is the largest import variety of agricultural products in China. In 2007, the import volume exceeded 30 million tons, with the value exceeding 654.38+000 billion US dollars. In 2001, 30.82 million tons of soybeans were imported, with a value of US$ 654.38+065.438+047 billion, up by 965.438+0% and 53.2% respectively. In 2007, the domestic cotton output exceeded 7 million tons, and the supply capacity was improved. At the same time, cotton import quota management is more scientific and effective. In addition, the calculation method of import tariff for extra-quota cotton was changed to sliding duties, which further narrowed the price difference between domestic and foreign cotton, strengthened the substitution role of domestic cotton, and directly led to the decline of imported cotton. In that year, cotton imports were 2.46 million tons, valued at 3.48 billion US dollars, down by 32.5% and 28.5% respectively. At present, China's annual wool processing capacity has reached more than 400,000 tons (net wool), accounting for about 1/3 of the global output, and the primary wool production and processing capacity ranks first in the world. However, China only produces 654.38+ten thousand tons of wool every year, and it needs a lot of imports to meet domestic demand. In 2007, China imported 3 1. 1 10,000 tons of wool, with a value of 1.79 billion US dollars, up by 1.9% and 42% respectively.
Stimulated by the increase in domestic consumer demand, the import of edible vegetable oil and poultry products has soared. In 2007, China imported 8.383 million tons of edible vegetable oil, valued at US$ 6.24 billion, up by 25.2% and 97.9% respectively. 804,000 tons of poultry meat and poultry meat products were imported, valued at 950 million US dollars, increasing by 36.4% and 1 times respectively.
With the implementation of China-ASEAN "early harvest" plan and the implementation of zero tariff on 15 kinds of fresh fruits originating in Taiwan Province Province, the import of dried and fresh fruits and nuts in China continued to grow steadily in 2007. With the strengthening of the substitution of grain and sugar in China, the scale of imported grain and sugar in China shrank in 2007, and the import of dairy products also declined in the same period.
In 2007, the import prices of China's major agricultural products, except sugar, all rose to varying degrees, among which the import prices of soybeans, edible vegetable oil, poultry meat and products, dairy products and grain all rose by more than 40% (Table 5).
Table 5 Statistics on the volume and price of major imported agricultural products in China in 2007
primary
Variety import volume (10,000 tons) import value (100 million US dollars) average import price
(USD/ton) Increase or decrease (%) over the previous year.
Import volume, import value and average import price
Soybean 3082.1114.7 372 9.2 53.2 40.4
Edible vegetable oil 838.3 62.4 744 25.2 97.9 58.0
Cotton 246.0 34.81415-32.5-28.5 5.8
Frozen fish181.626.414515.19.23.9
Wool 33.219.1.573810.840.126.4
Poultry meat and products 80.49.51177 36.4103.549.2
Fruits and products134.7 9.6 709 7.0 25.617.3
Fresh and dried fruits and nuts136.5 8.3 609 5.3 22.015.9
Dairy products 29.9 7.4 2492-14.133.3 55.3
Grain155.7 5.4 344-56.6-36.2 46.8
Sugar119.3.8318-1.5-30.8-21.8
Part II: The situation facing domestic agricultural development is still grim.
Since joining the WTO, the China government has earnestly fulfilled its WTO commitments. Import tariffs on agricultural products have been greatly reduced, and import quotas for agricultural products have been gradually abolished. A large number of agricultural products have entered the China market more conveniently, which has already impacted China's agriculture. At the same time, due to the rise of international trade protectionism and the stagnation of Doha Round negotiations, China's agricultural products are slowly in line with international standards in terms of product quality and quality inspection system, which hinders the export of China's agricultural products.
I. Export of agricultural products
(1) The safety of food and agricultural products is outstanding.
The development level of agricultural areas in China is uneven, and veterinary drugs, hormones and even highly toxic pesticides restricted by the state are abused; Improper processing of agricultural products by individual production enterprises; The inspection and quarantine system of agricultural products can not meet the international standards in a short time, which seriously affects the quality of agricultural products in China. With the growth of China's agricultural export trade volume and the improvement of food safety requirements in developed countries, the safety problems of edible agricultural products in China are gradually exposed. The number of early warning and information notification issued by RASFF to China products is increasing year by year. Incidents related to the quality and safety of agricultural products, such as "Poisoned leek", "Poisoned vermicelli", "Duobao fish incident" and "Poisoned jiaozi", occur frequently, and outbreaks of avian flu and foot-and-mouth disease occur frequently. In 2007, the United States banned five kinds of aquatic products, such as catfish, from entering China on the grounds of food safety. The European Union initiated a review of China's imports of cultured seafood, and South Korea also banned 34 aquaculture enterprises from exporting fish and other aquatic products to South Korea for similar reasons. The western media has greatly exaggerated the food quality problems exported by China, and the trade friction has become increasingly fierce. Food safety has become another important factor restricting the export of aquatic products and seafood in China.
(2) Trade protectionism is on the rise, and trade barriers against agricultural products are constantly strengthening.
Developed countries use green barriers to raise the import threshold of agricultural products on the grounds of health and environmental protection. Japan is the largest export market of agricultural products in China, and it is also the most serious market of agricultural products trade barriers in China. After Japan implemented the "positive list system" for agricultural products exported to Japan in 2006, it issued the "2007 Annual Imported Food Monitoring Guidance Plan" in 2007 to further strengthen the quality monitoring of imported food. Affected by this, the growth rate of China's agricultural exports to Japan in 2006 was only 2.7%. Despite the improvement in 2007, it still lags far behind the overall growth rate. The European Union and the United States have also successively set up multiple obstacles to China's agricultural products export, such as the most stringent aquaculture regulation (BAP) in the United States, the food and feed safety management regulation in the European Union, and the new maximum limit regulation of food pollutants in the European Union (EC 188 1/2006). While facing green barriers, China's agricultural products should also be affected by anti-dumping. In recent years, many agricultural products exported from China, such as honey, garlic, concentrated apple juice and canned mushrooms, have been subjected to anti-dumping investigations. The existence of trade barriers raises the export threshold of agricultural products in China and increases the export cost of agricultural products.
Second, the import of agricultural products
(1) The import scale of important agricultural products is gradually expanding, which has an impact on domestic economic security.
As an important part of the national economy, agriculture is an industry protected and supported by the government. The continuous expansion of the import scale of some agricultural products has a direct impact on domestic agriculture, and soybean industry is one of the typical examples. Before 1996, China was a net exporter of soybeans. After 1996, soybean imports increased rapidly, and China changed from a net soybean exporter to a net soybean importer. In 2003, soybean imports exceeded domestic soybean production, and in 2007, soybean imports exceeded 30 million tons, more than twice the domestic soybean production. The influx of imported soybeans has seriously impacted domestic agriculture and hindered the production enthusiasm of soybean farmers. Some soybean farmers choose to plant other crops instead of soybeans, which leads to the continuous shrinking of soybean planting area in China, and the domestic market is more dependent on soybean imports. At the same time, international multinational grain merchants have made a big fuss about soybeans, invested and built factories in China, and acquired soybean oil processing enterprises in China. At present, they have controlled 80% of the purchasing power of raw materials and 60% of the effective processing capacity in China.
(b) Lack of "pricing power" of imported products, and pressure on related industries.
There are many agricultural products importing enterprises in China, with scattered procurement and asymmetric information. As a result, when China purchases a large number of agricultural products in the international market, price negotiations are often in a passive position, and suppliers manipulate the prices of bulk agricultural products by virtue of their "pricing power". In recent years, the import prices of agricultural products such as soybeans and cotton fluctuated greatly, which caused great losses to Chinese import enterprises. In 2007, the prices of agricultural products imported from China generally rose, and some important varieties increased greatly. Affected by this, the cost of downstream industries such as petroleum, textiles and clothing, aquaculture in China has risen, further increasing the domestic inflationary pressure.