In the history of western philosophy, philosophy from ancient Greece to the 20th century has produced some new philosophical themes with the mental state of its times, and every change of the western philosophical themes highlights the mental state of that era. The following is a paper on the wisdom of western philosophy compiled by me for your reference.

Wisdom of Western Philosophy: Enlightenment from Western Philosophy

Ideal represents the future, and philosophical thinking is to connect people in the dimensions of the past, the present and the future, so that their lives are no longer just living in the process of the present.

Keywords: Western philosophy and scientific life

This semester, that is, the first semester of junior year, we studied the course "Wisdom of Western Philosophy", and found it a bit troublesome to learn this online teaching course, but we successfully completed the course. I was interested in learning a course about western philosophy &; Mdash& ampmdash "the wisdom of western philosophy" is really afraid to take risks. But after more than half a semester, I feel that the study of this course is not as scary as I thought. And the video content is moderate and easy to understand. In addition, I read books after class and search for information on the Internet to help me study, which made me know more about the learning content and gradually became interested in this course.

In the process of studying the Wisdom of Western Philosophy, I have gone from a vague understanding of philosophy to a systematic understanding of a development process of western philosophy. The teaching video about "the wisdom of western philosophy" led me to swim in the vast universe of philosophy.

Western philosophy has experienced three major turning points in its long-term development: from ancient Greek philosophy to medieval philosophy; From medieval philosophy to modern western philosophy; From modern western philosophy to modern western philosophy.

Western philosophy originated in ancient Greece, from Thales to Plotinus, and experienced more than ten centuries. After historical changes, the ancient Greek civilization is gone forever, but its spirit lives on forever. Although primitive philosophy is not serious, with empty imagination and little empirical experience, ancient philosophers put forward bold doubts and rational assumptions about almost everything that ordinary people can touch, forming two schools of simple materialism and simple idealism. Later successors either inherited and carried forward on this basis, or put forward views contrary to the two schools of thought, or endlessly studied and explained them. After all, they could not jump out of the circle designed by ancient philosophers, but were more perfect and clear than the original philosophy.

_ _ _ _ originally developed from Judaism. Because of their firm faith, pure morality and tolerant and patient spirit, more and more Romans converted and eventually became the official religion of Rome. Unlike Greek philosophy, medieval philosophy &; Mdash& ampmdash; Neither the early godfather philosophy nor the later scholasticism gained independent status, and the issues it discussed were directly or indirectly related to the beliefs and teachings of Christ. Christ _ _ _ _ thinks that only the soul can reach the Garden of Eden, and the spirit of Christ _ _ _ _ is the opposition between the flesh and Zockism, so it will inevitably correspond to an idealistic view in philosophy, that is, spirit is more fundamental than matter, and the conceptual world as the object of thinking is more essential and more real than the phenomenal world as the object of feeling.

At this stage, medieval philosophy no longer looked at the natural world and objective existence like ancient Greek philosophy, but took the soul and God as the research objects. The core question it asks is no longer the origin of the world, but the essence of the spirit. & ampmdash By questioning the absolute spirit of God, we can go deep into people &; Mdash The soul of individual consciousness in God's structure goes deep into the dynamic essence of general spirit, although this kind of consciousness and the dynamic essence of general spirit are expressed in the form of idealism or Zockism. Because the subjective spiritual world is more profound than the objective natural world, Christ _ _ in the Middle Ages, despite all kinds of distorted and biased forms, is still of great significance for the spirit of western philosophy to enter its own myth and constitutes an indispensable link in the development of western philosophy.

Modern western philosophy generally refers to western philosophy since Hegel. Since Hegel, new schools have emerged, such as voluntarism, positivism, neo-Kantism, intuitionism, analytical philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism and hermeneutics. It is characterized by numerous new schools of thought, profound changes in thinking mode, close relationship with modern science and technology and humanities, and the development of future philosophy. They brought about the most profound changes in western philosophy in the past two thousand years: anti-metaphysics, anti-subjectivism, and turning to language, which greatly enriched human philosophical thoughts.

Only by taking history as a mirror can we really grow. In the process of learning the Wisdom of Western Philosophy, although I don't understand every knowledge point, sometimes I don't even know what philosophers want to study and what is the connotation in their thoughts, I have learned a lot from it and a lot of truth. When you really think about your experience with reason, you can know what you should do and what kind of life is more ideal and suitable for you. Ideals represent the future, and philosophical thinking is to make people connect with the past, the present and the future, so that their lives are no longer just living in the present process. Many people grow up with scolding because of their living environment, forming a sense of inferiority, and even think that their lives are dark. However, can life really be decided in just twenty or thirty years? As long as people are not in the coffin, everything can be changed. Taking life as a whole, when judging the success or failure of anything, we should not only look at one point, but also consider the whole life. Only by looking at it completely can we quickly stand up again, start again, and converge when we are proud. People live in the world, some problems are only superficial minor problems, while others are fundamental major problems. Life and death is the most fundamental problem. In addition to the question of life and death, there are some other issues that are fundamental. For example: Why do people have different fates and experiences? Why do some people do bad things without being punished? Why do some people suffer at birth?

Life should be given meaning, not worthless. Since a person came into the world, he must create value in order to show his uniqueness. No one has ever seen a degenerate person with a negative attitude live his true self. Even if he contributes to the world, he can't redeem himself. As Schopenhauer said: Life is a pendulum between pain and boredom. I don't like his negative attitude towards life. According to him, isn't that life meaningless? What is the purpose of living? If you can't live freely, you might as well not exist. Since you choose to exist, you must live well. There are many different views in philosophy. Maybe I shouldn't reject other people's opinions, but I always think that life needs a positive attitude. No one can be happy forever, but there is no need to be sad forever. We should treat things with a phenomenological attitude. Don't always be fixed in the same thinking. Without flow, there is no development, and so is thought. With the development of phenomena, ideas will be more incisive and people will make continuous progress.

After learning the wisdom of western philosophy, I really felt deeply. I really learned a lot from it, especially a feeling of soul. I like philosophy, I like the brand-new feeling it brings me, I like its depth, I like its unpredictability, and I like the mystery between the lines. I may not understand a philosophy book, but the knowledge I have learned from it will benefit me for life. Therefore, I will try my best to continue my interest in philosophy research and study, and try my best to study philosophy as a "science of various disciplines", so as to prepare more chips and more knowledge for stepping into social growth.

References: Russell's History of Western Philosophy

Model essay on the wisdom of western philosophy II: Reflections on the logical basis of metaphysics

After a semester's study of western philosophical wisdom, I got to know western philosophical wisdom under the guidance of my teacher and my own understanding. Recently, I borrowed some books on philosophy and began to read them. Through a superficial understanding of book knowledge, I wrote this article about metaphysics. First of all, briefly introduce this book: This book is Damit's masterpiece, which reflects the whole picture of the author's philosophical thought most systematically. This paper comprehensively expounds the problems of meaning, truth and falsehood. Based on Frege's theory of meaning, the author expounds Frege's concept of meaning and signified, further defends Frege's argument about the difference between meaning and signified, criticizes the theory of truth conditional meaning, and puts forward the defensive theory of meaning and the principle of the display and intersection of meaning theory, trying to extend the intuitive logic method applied in mathematics to the field of daily language, solve the debate between realism and anti-realism, and lay the logical foundation of his philosophical theory. The philosophical theory involved in this book is profound, and its main points are bold and profound, controversial and original. It is a very important work recognized by academic circles and one of the truly high-level philosophical achievements in the 20th century. The Logical Basis of Metaphysics by Michael & middot Damit is worth reading: it is important, bold, controversial and very in-depth. Its general theme: philosophy of language is the method to solve metaphysical problems.

The metaphysical "harvest" of this book is not only a revision of classical logic &; Bdquo& ampbdquo is one of the truly high-level philosophical standard works in the 20th century, not to mention the feeling of reading this book. Let's first understand its meaning: metaphysics is supreme in classical philosophy and is the first philosophy. It is the basis of studying the nature of the universe. Of course, some concepts have been overthrown and perfected by later generations, but their core ideas are unshakable and play an important role so far. It is precisely because of these thoughts that many philosophers put the core of philosophy on the study of the unified, most universal and general essence or * * * phase of all things in the universe, and think that it is the fundamental basis for the existence of all things. So this science is the basis of learning all sciences. This is metaphysics. For thousands of years, the evolutionary history of metaphysics is almost equal to the development history of philosophy. In the eyes of philosophers, if philosophy is the most beautiful crown in human science, then metaphysics is the most beautiful jewel in the crown. However, after the beginning of modern philosophy with Hegel as the starting point, the west began to question metaphysics generally and began to open up new roads and carry out traditional revolution, which was due to the wrong interpretation of metaphysics. But its position in the history of philosophy is supreme.

Or when science develops to another point, it will return to the center of people's research and get further affirmation and development. In fact, although I have read this book slightly, I know little about its content. Concepts such as semantic value, reasoning, truth and their theories about truth are too abstract. In this ocean of philosophy, I haven't even figured out the tip of the iceberg. Not to mention the feeling of confusion. Being able to begin to be confused shows that you are not far from the footsteps of philosophy. Here, I will also put forward a book theory for myself: Does this basic assumption seem reasonable? We have many differences in conditions such as disjunction, conditional sentences and full-name quantifiers.

Although there is no plan to live for philosophy in the future, philosophy is everywhere. In fact, after reading this book, I want to know why I want to study philosophy, and what is the significance of learning philosophy? As we all know, since junior high school, teachers have told us a lot about the talents and wisdom of China's Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi and so on. These people can be said to be pioneers in the history of philosophy in China and even in the world. Because the ancients knew: knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing; The truth can be known, but it is not necessarily a well-known truth. Names can be named and are very famous. The beginning of the nameless world, the mother of all things, and so on. What kind of wisdom is this? There are also famous ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and ProTegla, who are the crown figures in the history of philosophy. These people can be said to be the crystallization of wisdom, especially Plato's sentence about Socrates: "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth." This is a noble fighting spirit. For the truth, right or wrong, at least I'm pursuing my own ideas. This is a place worth learning.

Contemporary Marx, Engels and Lenin. They all have indelible creative achievements in the history of philosophy. Let's take a look at Mao Zedong, a great contemporary China man we are familiar with. He applied more philosophical thoughts to the liberation of China and closely combined them with the specific national conditions of China. Under his leadership, the Chinese nation won. Deng Xiaoping applied philosophical thoughts to develop the construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Having said so many chores about philosophy, what is philosophy? For the answer to this question, if you ask a hundred philosophers, I'm afraid you will get at least one hundred answers, because so far, different philosophers have their own answers about what philosophy is. According to official data, philosophy is a world outlook and methodology, and a theoretical system about the nature of the world, the fundamental law of development, and the fundamental relationship between human thinking and existence. For a long time, people have equated philosophy with metaphysics and metaphysics with metaphysics. As far as philosophy studies the origin and general nature of the external world, it is right to say that philosophy is metaphysics, but saying that philosophy is metaphysics puts philosophy and science in opposition. Any subject can become a science as long as it has a clear and specific research object and can establish a complete and strict logical system; The premise of establishing a complete and rigorous logical system is to have a clear and specific research object that can be defined and demonstrated. Relatively speaking, science and metaphysics, philosophy of science and metaphysics, the metaphysical nature of philosophy of science and philosophy, the world outlook and methodology orientation of philosophy are symmetrical. The scientific degree of mdash& ampmdash philosophy is directly proportional to the position of philosophical world outlook and methodology. World Outlook and Methodology is instructive, empirical and operable. When we say that philosophy is a world outlook and methodology, we have actually accepted that philosophy is a science.

Scientificalization of philosophy is a philosophical development view that conforms to Scientific Outlook on Development's requirements; In essence, the history of philosophy development is a history that makes philosophy gradually scientific in the symmetrical relationship between man and nature, thinking and existence, and subject and object. The process of philosophy of science is the transformation from asymmetry to symmetry between man and nature, thinking and existence, and subject and object. The logic of philosophy of science is the condensation of the historical relationship between heaven and man, thinking and existence, and subject and object from asymmetry to symmetry. Various schools in the history of philosophy, such as materialism, idealism, dualism, agnosticism and falsificationism, are just different links in the historical process of this transformation from asymmetry to symmetry; As sublation, synthesis and sublimation of them, symmetrical philosophy is not only the achievement of scientific philosophy, but also the summary of scientific philosophy. How do you feel after reading these? It's too deep and empty. I just want to say that philosophy is a summary of the past and a prospect of the future in life, and at the same time it has more reasonable guidance for the present life. This is my view of philosophy. Most people should think my opinion is absurd, but I personally think it is very reasonable. Let me explain briefly: the summary of the past and the prospect of the future have more reasonable guidance to the present life than the world outlook mentioned above. Compared with the methodology mentioned above, there are no elegant words in the text, but it is easy to understand for a pseudo-philosopher who has not yet started. Having said that, I actually found most of the information on the Internet, but after reading this book, I want to talk about why we should study philosophy as a younger generation. What is the significance of philosophy? I think if learning something is meaningless, then don't learn it. The significance of nature and philosophy is extraordinary.

So what's the point of learning philosophy? Or to put it more bluntly, what's the use of studying philosophy? In fact, this question is really difficult to answer. In my opinion, philosophy is a profound knowledge, because philosophy is a knowledge of wisdom. With philosophical wisdom, we can not only be far-sighted in our daily affairs, but also gain all knowledge. If a nation wants to be more civilized and educated, it must have a philosophical foundation. Having philosophy is like exploring the road with bright eyes. Without philosophy, it is equivalent to groping in the dark or following others. Hegel said: "A nation without philosophy is like a temple, richly decorated in other aspects, but without a holy God". The position of philosophy in a nation is like a god in a temple, and it is the soul of a nation. So there is a saying: a person with philosophical thinking will create happiness; A nation that loves philosophy is the most promising nation in the world! After reading this book, it doesn't really lie in what this book says, because for the whole history of philosophy, this book is just the tip of the iceberg (although this book has extremely rich academic representation), but in how we look at the world, how to understand philosophy, how to understand philosophy, and how to apply it to practical problems. Finally, let me end this article with a philosophical joke. Thales, one of the seven sages of ancient Greece, walked in the wilderness one night and looked up at the stars, but predicted that it would rain the next day. Just then, he fell into the pit under his feet and almost fell half to death. Someone else saved him. He said thank you for saving me. Do you know it will rain tomorrow? So there is another joke about philosophers. A philosopher is a person who only knows what is going on in the sky and doesn't know what is going on under his feet.