College students' academic papers, model essays, encyclopedia 1
Chinese Japanese
If someone puts forward the words "idealism, materialism, landlord, knowledge, insurance, production, market, economy, commerce, cooking", they all come from Japanese. I'm afraid ordinary people in China who use these words much will not believe them. In addition, the origin of these words in Japan is mostly suspicious. However, this is a fact.
Keywords Chinese; Japanese; phenomenon
During the development of Chinese for more than 2,000 years, only about 10,000 loanwords have entered Chinese, of which about 1,000 are Japanese and Chinese words. 1000 is not much, but most of the other words in 10,000 come from Buddhist terms, which are now out of date. However, most words from Japanese are indispensable basic concepts in modern life, which are used very frequently and have very strong word-building functions. In this respect, Chinese loanwords from Japan have a great influence on modern Chinese.
We all know that there are many words from ancient Chinese in Japanese (nearly 60%). On the other hand, a large number of Japanese words have been introduced into modern Chinese words, which are almost integrated with Chinese. Most of these Japanese words were introduced in19th century.
So how are these words introduced, what are their respective structures and characteristics, and what influence do they have on Chinese?
1. Japanese study abroad craze and Japanese translation
19 In the 1960s, in the face of declining China, some people of insight went abroad to study in order to save the country, among which studying in Japan was the most.
A large number of China students come to Japan with a clear purpose: to learn advanced things from Japan and introduce western civilization to China through Japan. After these people study Japanese in Japan. Immediately translate Japanese books in Japan, and then send them to China for publication. At the same time, the wave of China's translation of Japanese books followed. The books translated at that time included politics, economy, philosophy, religion, law, history, geography, industry, medicine, military affairs, literature, art and so on. Even the Proclamation of the Productive Party, which first spread to China, involves all fields of social science and natural science. According to the number of Chinese translated into Japanese published by Japan Association for the Promotion of International Culture 1945, there were as many as 2,600 books translated at that time.
Second, Japanese flooded into Chinese.
A large number of Japanese books have been translated into Chinese and published. At the same time, due to the influence of reading Japanese books, foreign students consciously or unconsciously cite a lot of Japanese in their articles. Also, many Japanese newspapers and magazines were published in China, especially in Shanghai. In this way, a large number of Japanese suddenly entered Chinese. Of course, most of the so-called Japanese words are Japanese words, and Japanese expressions have also entered a small number.
Among China people, there are some people who are in favor of and some who are against the phenomenon of a large number of Japanese entering China. Among them, Liang Qichao is a pro-faction, and he also uses a lot of Japanese in his articles. Yan Fu, another translator at that time, advocated that it is best to transliterate western characters directly, or look for corresponding and similar characters from ancient Chinese in China. And some people explicitly oppose the introduction of characters from Japan. Peng is one of them. He is also a Japanese student. 1945, he published a book called Newspeak of Blind Subtraction. In the book, he regards the introduction of new words from Japan as "a matter of national survival", and criticizes the massive input of Japanese, saying that it is "shameless behavior" and "wants to cut off these people's heads with a knife".
In this way, in the introduction of western characters, the Japanese translation language and China Yanfu's translation language coexisted at the beginning. Here are some examples: Japanese translation-translation by Yan Fu and others.
Physics-geographic information geology-geological mineralogy-epigraphy society-crowd ethics-legal materials-natural utilitarianism-Lelism
However, most of Yan Fu's translations are not as good as Japanese translations. In other words, most of their translations came from ancient Chinese, so they were very difficult to understand, so they didn't spread. Yan Fu's translation method doesn't work, because words are the reflection of social real life. Western neologisms entering Chinese have not been found in China society, but the words corresponding to these neologisms found in ancient Chinese are hard to work anyway. Therefore, although Japanese translation language and Yan Fu's translation language existed for some time, in the end, Japanese translation language won and Yan Fu's translation language disappeared. Later, even Liang Qichao had to use Japanese translation words such as "economics" and "sociology".
At that time, the introduction of western neologisms through Japanese translation became an irreversible trend. Now the Japanese translations of Economics, Society and Philosophy have been completely integrated into Chinese and localized. Now most people in China don't know that these words are foreign words from Japan. I didn't know that "planning, donation and group research" had been linked with "economics and sociology"
The fact that * * * exists.
Under the background of Japanese rapidly entering Chinese, there were two reasons: China actively introduced western neologisms at that time, and there were also reasons for word formation methods in Japanese translation at that time. There are roughly the following ways to translate words:
(1) In Japan at that time, when translating western neologisms, a few Chinese characters were transliterated, such as:
Gas gas concrete concrete romantic club lymphatic lymph
(2) most of them are free translations, and most of them use Chinese characters to create a new word, such as:
Procedures to prohibit and eliminate direct and indirect criticism of social organizations in broad and narrow sense of the waterway.
(3) In addition, a few people use ancient Chinese to translate, but the meaning has changed from the original language of ancient Chinese, such as:
Organization, labor, magazine, society, economy, humanity, revolution.
In a word, when the Japanese translate western languages into Japanese, they can say that they use Chinese, follow the rules of Chinese word formation, and carefully choose the translation language. What is particularly interesting is that the word-formation of "verb+object" does not exist in Japanese, and it is just the opposite of Japanese grammar. Even if a large number of Japanese translations come into Chinese, China people may not know them, but there must be no sense of disharmony. Just like overseas Chinese who grew up in Japan returned to China. Assuming that all loanwords are treated with katakana as in postwar Japan, I don't think it is possible for Japanese to enter Chinese in large numbers.
Thirdly, Japanese vocabulary learning.
1, the statistics of different scholars are slightly different, but the number of Japanese words entering Chinese is about 1000.
2. Most of the new words that entered Chinese in modern times came from Japanese. Although a few are directly from the west, most of them are just nouns, and they are hardly used now. Words from Japanese have both nouns and verbs, such as "obedience, review, support, distribution, customer service, domination and ration". In addition, the basic concepts of natural science and social science mostly come from Japanese. For example: "philosophy, psychology, ethics, physics, woodworking, architecture, metallurgy" and so on.
Words from Japanese are frequently used in Chinese now. 1996, the statistical table of the frequency of occurrence of disyllabic basic vocabulary was published in a magazine called "Text Reform". This is based on the survey results of Red Flag, People's Daily, Guangming Daily and China's most widely read high school Chinese textbooks. According to this result, among the 2,285 disyllabic basic words, 88 words have frequencies above 500, and 25 words are from Japanese, accounting for 3 1%. Japanese vocabulary, not only as common nouns and verbs, but also as many as 23 word-forming suffixes, which are very active in modern Chinese, including several examples:
(1)- unification-diversification-generalization-formulation (2)- quick question and answer-process-simple formula (3) inflammation-pneumonia-gastritis-enteritis-arthritis-encephalitis (4) motivation-productivity-consumption-driving imagination
5. Some Japanese words have changed their meanings after entering Chinese, for example
(1) laborers-(Japanese) laborers? (middle) working people
(2) Defender-(Japanese) lawyer? Defender (China)
(3) combination-(Japan) trade union? (intermediate) combination
6. Some words were newly coined by China when he translated Japanese, and also became common words in modern Chinese, such as:
Based on, relating to, for, because, become, be regarded as.
7. Although some words entered Chinese, they were later eliminated, such as
Wannian pen, sun umbrella, residual thoughts, square, finger holding, hand shape, hand cutting.
8. The contracted sounds of imported Chinese and Japanese are different. For example, "philosophy" comes from western philosophy, which is pronounced as "philosophy" in Chinese and "Dedu" in Japanese. The pronunciation is different, but the meaning is basically the same, so neither China nor Japanese will regard it as a foreign word. such
I'm afraid this phenomenon only exists in China and Japan.
Fourthly, the influence of Japanese on Chinese.
Regarding the influence of Japanese on modern Chinese, Mr. Gao pointed out in "A Study of Modern Chinese Loanwords" that Japanese has a great influence on modern Chinese vocabulary. Most loanwords in modern Chinese come from Japanese. The introduction of western words into Chinese is mostly achieved through the introduction of Japanese. The specific impact can be divided into the following three points:
1 accelerates the process of Chinese polyphony.
In ancient Chinese in China (called "Chinese" in Japanese), there are few words composed of two or more words, most of which are one word. Polyphony of words means that a word consists of two or more words. Although polyphony is a trend in the process of the transformation from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese in China, the introduction of foreign words from Japanese accelerated this polyphony process.
2. Chinese polyphony makes the meaning more delicate and the expression more detailed and correct.
For example, the "line" in ancient Chinese means "walking, running, walking, acting and walking". However, through the polyphony of modern Chinese, multiple words can be created and the expression becomes more accurate.
3. It greatly enriches Chinese vocabulary and Chinese expression.
The introduction of a large number of Japanese words, especially the concept words of natural science and humanities, fills the gap in the expression of Chinese in these fields. It enriches Chinese vocabulary and enhances Chinese expressive ability.
4. The input of Japanese vocabulary is also the input process of western culture.
Most Japanese words entering Chinese are translations of Japanese western words. While introducing these words, in fact,
It also introduced western civilization and culture.
final result
It has been more than 1000 years since the first batch of students studying in Japan arrived in Japan in 1896. From learning and translating Japanese to using Japanese words, Japanese was introduced into Chinese, and finally more than 1000 Japanese words were completely integrated into Chinese. Words like "* * * production party, cadres, socialism, economy and formalities" can be used by everyone in China, but most people don't realize that these words actually come from Japanese loanwords.
The same is true of Japanese. Up to now, about half of Japanese words are Chinese words. Most of these words come from ancient Chinese in China, and only a few of them are Japanese-made, with China's coinage rules. However, the Japanese don't take Chinese from China as a foreign language at all. Few people will realize that their writing is Chinese from China. This is really an incredible phenomenon.
refer to
[1] high? A study of loanwords in modern Chinese, Rebecca, Liu Zheng (1February, 958, China Language Reform Publishing House).
[2] Zhou Zumo' Chinese Vocabulary' (1958 August People's Education Publishing House)
[3] Sanetou Keishuu's History of Modern Japanese-Chinese Negotiations (1973 Early Autumn Society)
[4] Gao. Liu Zheng Yan Wang. Michael Gan Yong. Shi Youwei's Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords (1984 Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House).
[5] Fu Huaiqing's Modern Chinese Vocabulary (1985 Peking University Publishing House)
[6] Modern Literature in China translated by Wang Ling (Journal of Liaoning University 198 1 No.3).
Academic Papers and Essays of College Students, Part II
Chinese Variation under the Background of Network Culture
According to the statistics of authoritative departments, the number of netizens in China has exceeded 400 million, approaching 500 million. Great changes have taken place in the development of the Internet for more than ten years, and the popularity of the Internet is also affecting all aspects of real life. Because of the popularity and large-scale application of the Internet, the lifestyle and culture of China people are also undergoing tremendous changes. In order to fully express the user's intention, the same language will change according to the meaning it needs to express and exist in various forms.
First, the variation of Chinese vocabulary.
Open Baidu and do it in Baidu's search engine? Network vocabulary? After a search, I soon found that there were hundreds of thousands of search results. But no one can tell which word is the pioneer of online buzzwords. However, there is no doubt that with the development of the Internet, online vocabulary has been innovating, and netizens are using their wisdom to create new online vocabulary in each period. The change of Chinese vocabulary on the Internet reflects the change of language. As a scholar said, the special environment of modern life makes it impossible for people to use traditional language as a tool of communication. They need a language or symbols that can directly touch people, so that they can respond in a short time. Due to people's relatively high degree of freedom on the Internet and the limitations of traditional language in expression, in order to overcome the limitations of traditional language, netizens give full play to their creativity and imagination, and publicize their individuality, unique words constantly appear on the Internet, and traditional Chinese has changed.
In the network environment, the use of vocabulary has broken the original way, and Chinese characters are no longer the main writing method. There are words different from the original Chinese, and a large number of Chinese pinyin and Chinese homophones are used. With the popularity of the Internet, these words are used by a large number of netizens.
1. Vocabulary Pinyin
On the Internet, in order to adapt to the rapid communication and transmission of information, to achieve the purpose of introduction and the effectiveness of communication, a large number of Chinese Pinyin are used, and its meaning is fixed according to certain established rules. Taking the initials of Chinese pinyin as the abbreviation of vocabulary is called pinyin abbreviation. For example, mm stands for elder sister, gg stands for elder brother, dd stands for elder brother, jj stands for elder sister, lm stands for spice girl, lr stands for rotten person, and so on. All these words reflect the influence of the popularity of the Internet on people. The abbreviation of Chinese Pinyin has become a major feature of Chinese on the Internet. Internet makes people's contact more convenient and brings people closer. These meaningless letters become meaningful and bring people a little happiness and relaxation.
2. Homophonization of vocabulary
The homonymization of online vocabulary may be because the pronunciation of the two words is very similar. For example: porridge means like, jam means flattered.
There is also a common homophonic number, such as: 9494 means that, 4242 means yes, yes, 7456 means to piss me off, 748 means death, and 88 means goodbye, bye-bye. 847 means don't be angry, 987 means don't go, 5555 means to imitate the sound of crying, crying means, 14 14 means, 3 166 means goodbye in Japanese, 3q means thank you, and 8 147 means. The application of these numbers will be welcomed by most netizens, mainly because the input of these numbers only needs to use the numeric keyboard on the right side of the keyboard, which is convenient and quick to use, and the difference between the sound quality and Chinese characters is relatively small, which is easy to understand and increases the interest of the language.
3. The use of reduplicated words has increased.
People often use reduplication to enhance the image of words when they leave messages on the Internet or on forums. Replacing Chinese written language with spoken language will add a little kindness and playfulness to the language and emphasize the tone of the writer more. The most representative way to use this kind of words with a slightly childish tone is to put? Things? Call it? Dongdong? Now, this network language has been brought into real life, and its influence can be seen. Equally representative is? Beautiful? Call it? Drift? Call a schoolbag? Bags? Call Apple? Fruit. Fruit? There are many such examples. Adults frequently use the language that children often use on the Internet, which seems to be irregular and contrary to common sense. Actually, it's not surprising. The high pressure and fast-paced life in the real society make adults yearn for the innocent children's life and long to return to the time when they were cared for and cared for by their parents in childhood. [1] Only on the Internet and in the virtual world can people fully vent their dissatisfaction and pressure, and only here can there be no competition and pressure. People are strangers here, and they don't know each other's true identity, or even their gender and age. This phenomenon is more common among young women. They are eager for young minds to play freely on the free internet. Therefore, this childlike vocabulary appears on the internet, which makes the internet a lot more fun.
4. The emergence of new words
With the rapid development of Internet, it has spread all over people's lives. Now more and more people realize that the network not only represents high technology, but also is a new culture and lifestyle. It has had a great and far-reaching impact on people's lives. With the popularity of the Internet, people's ideas are also changing. The appearance of new words reflects the psychology of their young people. There are two main changes in new words: adding prefixes and suffixes.
New words with prefixes, such as:
Zero: zero reward, zero income, zero complaint, zero defect, zero tolerance and zero growth.
High: high IQ, high quality, high quality, high return, high quality and high exposure.
Another kind is new words with suffixes, such as:
Bars: discos, music bars, leisure bars, chat bars and Internet cafes.
G: bloggers, hackers, flash customers.
Family: moonlight clan, office worker, car owner.
Slaves: house slaves, car slaves and card slaves.
There is also a new word, which is based on the original vocabulary and influenced by netizens' pursuit of individuality on the Internet. On the basis of the original vocabulary of modern Chinese, it has a new meaning under the network background. Because the network has a very good degree of freedom and wide spread, many people have gradually become accustomed to this new vocabulary, and these words have been integrated into their daily lives and become a part of their lives. There are two main situations in which this word appears.
A method of stealing concepts gives the original text a new meaning. These words include: controlling refers to people who like something, acting against nature refers to doing things that are contrary to common sense, operating an operation refers to making fun of others, dissecting refers to analyzing someone, kimchi is a Korean name, waste wood refers to useless people, jumping on the street means falling on the street, and diving means not making comments.
The second is to generate association through the representation of words. For example, idols refer to people who want to vomit, strength refers to being good, charm refers to looking good, corruption refers to eating and drinking, anti-corruption refers to inviting people to dinner, dizziness refers to not understanding, patting bricks refers to giving advice, chasing girls refers to chasing girls, and high refers to being particularly excited. Rich single men are called bachelors, and unattractive girls are called dinosaurs. Being able is called knowledgeable, and so on. These words are accepted by young people because of their specific meanings, but they cannot be widely used in real life because of their inherent shortcomings.
Second, grammatical variation.
The characteristics of network language require simplicity, quickness and high efficiency. People don't pay special attention to Chinese grammar when surfing the Internet, but pay more attention to the meaning behind words. Therefore, you can often see the appearance of ungrammatical sentences and vocabulary, the random collocation of sentences and the inversion of words on the Internet. After this situation appeared for a long time, it was gradually accepted by the public and formed a new language. This new language combination mode mainly has the following situations.
1.
When people use the network to exchange information, they use the computer keyboard to input information, which makes people's thinking and text input have a certain time difference. Because the speed of typing is slower than that of speaking, in order to make up for this defect, adapt to the fast pace of the network, improve efficiency, save time and increase the amount of information, there is an ungrammatical omission in the input of words.
2. New types of arbitrary word formation and abbreviations
The amount of information on the Internet is huge. People can read a lot of information on the Internet and have a lot of information at hand. In addition, people have a relatively high degree of freedom on the internet, and some words that are randomly combined emerge one after another. Such as atypical love. There are also some foreign products, and some English words that can be completely expressed in Chinese are also replaced by English pronunciation for brevity, such as in Chinese? Download? What are English words? Download? For the sake of brevity, use it directly in network language? What time? To replace. The phenomenon of English and Chinese mixing also exists in large numbers, such as? My e home? ,? Happy e life? And so on vocabulary, too numerous to mention. [2]
3. Flexible use of parts of speech
The extensive use of network words has caused grammatical changes, and also prompted the emergence of such words. The more common ones are: nouns are verbs. Have you studied Baidu? Baidu? If it is a noun, it is used as a verb; Adjectives are used as verbs. Generally speaking, your computer has been hacked. This black sentence itself is an adjective and is used as a verb here; Nouns are used as adjectives, for example, you are too old-fashioned. Antiques are nouns themselves, and they are used as adjectives here to describe other people's outdated ideas; Adjectives are used as adverbs on the internet to express exaggeration or emphasize mood. For example, I love you very much, which is a typical example.
4. Syntactic variation
In order to show young people's personality on the internet, adverbial post-sentence patterns often appear, probably because of a slip of the tongue. I think the most famous sentence is Stephen Chow's classic line? Shall I go first? .
Thirdly, pragmatic variation.
On the internet, because people are relatively unfamiliar, it is inevitable that there will be some awareness of self-protection in the initial communication. For example, a says:? Who are you? ? B said:? Netizen. ? In these two conversations, the exchange of information is zero, which is what we call nonsense. This is different from traditional communication. The variation of network language is also reflected in the exaggeration of tone. Sentences can be expressed in various tones, such as affirmation, doubt, appreciation, emphasis and so on. Compared with traditional languages, online languages are more exaggerated, such as? Kneel for answers! ? Wait, it is used very frequently on the Internet. The use of these language skills can make the tone more vivid, and it is good to do it occasionally, but too much use can only show the impetuous mentality of language users and the lack of language skills, and will not have a great impact on traditional languages.
The direct reason for the prosperity of network language is that 20 10 People's Daily published an article entitled "Jiangsu is awesome? A strong cultural province? The article, this network term was used in People's Daily, which made most netizens feel very cordial. For a while? Awesome? This word has been used by many major media. The phenomenon that online words can be published in People's Daily reflects that online words, which were originally considered unpretentious, have gradually penetrated into daily life and been recognized and accepted by everyone. The emergence of network vocabulary is a reflection of social development and scientific and technological progress, and it is also inseparable from the unique environment of the network itself. Without the environment, it loses its meaning. The strong inclusiveness of Chinese is also promoting the development of online vocabulary. [3] Language is alive. With the change of society, it is bound to be updated and new network vocabulary will appear. At the same time, online vocabulary is also a double-edged sword, and the correct use of online language can make complex views easier to express. Once out of the network environment, many network words do not meet the grammatical requirements of Chinese language, which will have a great negative impact on the development and inheritance of Chinese language. This bad influence is more harmful to teenagers. Teenagers are in the stage of knowledge learning, and their own knowledge system has not yet been fully formed. In addition, teenagers themselves are the main body of netizens in China, who have been in contact with the internet for a long time and are easily influenced by network culture, which is not conducive to the standardization and use of Chinese language in real life in the future.
? [References]
[1] Tu Jing. Network vocabulary is rich. What are the Chinese words? Awesome? [J]。 Write with the wind, 20 10, (12).
[2] Sun Xianghua. Reflections on the Standardization of Chinese in the Internet Age [J]. Journal of jiaozuo university, 2008, (1).
[3] Sun Xianghua. Analysis of Chinese Variation under the Network Background [J]. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University, 2009, (2).