No matter in school or in society, everyone will inevitably come into contact with papers. With the help of papers, we can discuss problems and conduct academic research. Then the question comes, how to write an excellent paper? The following are my collected papers on the causes of translation diseases and the ways to overcome them, hoping to help you.

Analysis of the causes of translation diseases and the ways to overcome them Abstract: The principle of translation is "faithfulness, expressiveness and transparency". But sometimes the translated things are unnatural, unsmooth, blunt, obscure, difficult to understand and even unintelligible, which is a common problem in translation, called translation disease. The author puts forward some humble opinions by discussing the causes of translation diseases and ways to overcome them, so as to avoid repeating the same mistakes and dedicate high-quality translations to readers.

Keywords: methods to overcome the causes of translation diseases

I. Introduction

In the English-Chinese Dictionary edited by Lu Gusun, there is an entry: translation cavity, which is defined as "translation style, translation cavity and distorted translation language". This translation language is called translatology. Translation with translation obstacles, as its name implies, is pathological translation.

Second, the causes of translation diseases

1. Copy the definition in the dictionary.

In translation, of course, the translator should be faithful to the original text, but he can't stick to it; There are many differences between English and Chinese. When encountering a difficult word, some translators are eager to find the equivalent word in the dictionary, instead of carefully pondering the exact meaning of the word according to the context, or mechanically adapting it, but unilaterally emphasizing the so-called "loyalty", which can only lead to the translation not conforming to Chinese habits and leading to translation confusion. For example:

(1) Kino hurried to his home and felt a thrill.

Kino hurried to his house and felt a thrill.

Kino quickened his pace and walked happily to his home.

Words that can be collocated in the source language may not be collocated in the target language, so be careful when translating. Obviously, "surge of excitement" is not a fluent expression in Chinese. Translators determine the meaning of words not according to the linguistic context, but according to the explanation in the dictionary, which will inevitably lead to unnatural translation and translation disorder. Another example is:

Her attitude is obviously very bad, arrogant and rude. She has no talk, no style, no taste and no beauty.

Her behavior is badly discussed behind her back: she is a mixture of arrogance and ignorance, unable to speak, rude, boring and without any aesthetic feeling.

People say that she is really terrible, arrogant, ignorant, can't speak a word well, has no manners, has no humor and is ugly.

What is "a mixture of arrogance and ignorance"? This is a mechanical literal translation of "a mixture of arrogance and rudeness", and the translator overemphasizes the definition of dictionary. In fact, we should adopt the method of free translation, be faithful to the original content and express the translation fluently.

2. Copy the original functional words

English belongs to hypotaxis language, words or clauses in sentences need function word connection, while Chinese belongs to parataxis language, and words or clauses don't need function word connection. Therefore, the differences between English and Chinese should be fully considered when translating. However, students have an obvious tendency in translation practice: they are too rigid in the original form and dare not cross the line. They often pay attention to literal word-for-word translation, ignoring the language habits of the translation, and stick to the form even if the form hurts, which leads to the embarrassment and obscurity of the translation. For example:

He spoke so well that everyone believed that he was innocent.

He spoke so beautifully that everyone believed that he was innocent.

He spoke so beautifully that everyone believed that he was innocent.

"So, so" is English-style Chinese. According to China people's writing habits, it is purely redundant, and it feels like gilding the lily. Therefore, English hypotaxis is transformed into Chinese parataxis. Try the following example:

We took off, flew over the city and slowly increased our altitude.

We took off, flew over the city, and slowly flew high.

We took off, flew over the city, and slowly flew high.

There is a conjunction (in order to; And) to express the logical relationship between them, and the structural form is more rigorous. Comparing the two Chinese versions of each case, we will find that the original version retains the hypotaxis of the original, so it is blunt and lengthy, full of "translation cavity"; However, the translation abandons the hypotaxis of the original text and adopts the parataxis combination sentence pattern in Chinese, that is, omitting the conjunctions of the original text and reorganizing the sentences of the original text according to the Chinese expression mode, so the translation is more in line with the Chinese expression habit. From this point of view, the translation of many English sentences can only be smooth, concise and fluent if we completely get rid of the constraints of the hypotaxis structure of the English original and use Chinese semantic methods to make sentences and articles. 3. Copy the expression of the original text

The expression of the original text, including unique words and metaphors, should be expressed naturally, so as to better convey the exotic flavor of the original text, but don't force what can't be expressed, otherwise it will cause translation confusion. For example:

(1) "It's a depressing thing, but talking about your past at dawn. Turn me in another direction before I go. "

However, it is really disappointing to talk about your past at dawn. Turn me in another direction before I leave. "

However, it is really disappointing to talk about your past at dawn. Let's talk about something else before I go. "

In English conversation, when you don't want to talk about a topic, you can use "Turn sb in some other direction", which originally means turning around while sailing, and later means changing the topic.

(2) The German invaders slaughtered all the innocent civilians in this city. This atrocity was condemned by the whole world.

German invaders slaughtered innocent civilians in this city, leaving only one person. That cruel behavior has been criticized all over the world.

German invaders slaughtered innocent civilians in this city, and none of them were spared. That cruel behavior has been criticized all over the world.

In order to preserve the national color of the original without damaging its connotation, we must consider the national cultural traditions and traditional cultural psychology in different contexts and explore the historical origin, cultural background and cultural connotation of the original words. The Nazis could not leave any survivors during the Holocaust, so they "slaughtered all the innocent citizens in the city." There is only one person left. When translating, we should convey the cultural characteristics of the source language as much as possible, not exceeding the acceptance limit of the target language culture and readers, and ensure the best way and authentic language to fax the culture.

Third, ways to overcome translation problems.

"Translation cavity" is caused by inadequate understanding and improper expression. Therefore, in English-Chinese translation, as long as we study the original text, fully understand the deep meaning of the original text, get rid of the shackles of its expression forms, master the main differences between English and Chinese language and thinking, and use Chinese freely, we can make the expression conform to Chinese habits and eliminate the "translation cavity". Translators can overcome the problem of "translation cavity" from the following aspects: First, they should overcome the one-sidedness of cognition. Get rid of the concept of valuing faithfulness over smoothness, and establish the concept of giving consideration to faithfulness and smoothness. Translators should strive to improve their language level. Translation is conducted in two languages, which are quite different. The translator's language level plays a key role in translation quality.

Secondly, translators should strive to improve their knowledge. Translation requires the translator to have a wide range of knowledge. If the translator knows little about the history, culture and customs of the target country, it will easily lead to translation diseases. Translators should have a correct attitude towards translation. Some translation problems are caused by word-for-word translation without seeking a very good solution. Of course, this involves methods and basic skills, but it is also related to the attitude of the translator. Translators should be meticulous and rigorous in translation, consider and revise it repeatedly, and be responsible to readers and themselves. The last barrier to overcome translation syndrome is to do well in exams. Translation is like dancing in handcuffs and shackles. Faced with the constraints of two languages and two cultures, translators should not only have enough self-denial consciousness, but also give full play to their creativity in language use, so as to transform authentic original text into standardized translation.

References:

Sun Zhili. A new English-Chinese translation course [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2003.

[2] Fan Zhongying. Practical translation course [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1994.

[3] Peng Changjiang. English-Chinese Translation Course [M]. Hunan Normal University Press, 2004.

[4] Chen Hongwei. Fundamentals of Chinese-English translation [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1998.

An analysis of the causes of translation obstacles and the ways to overcome them. Paper 2 Keywords: English-Chinese translation; Translation obstacle

Abstract: In the process of English-Chinese translation. There is a criticism of translation diseases. First of all, the article introduces translation diseases. Then, by analyzing some manifestations of translation obstacles in the three stages of understanding, expression and modification in the translation process. Summarize the root causes of translation diseases and finally put forward corresponding preventive measures.

1. What are translation barriers?

English-Chinese translation is to express the meaning expressed in English in Chinese, so as to achieve the purpose of communicating thoughts and feelings, spreading cultural knowledge and promoting social civilization. The basic standard of translation is generally "faithfulness and fluency". The so-called loyalty means that the translation should be faithful to the ideological content of the original and try to maintain the style of the original; On the basis of faithfulness, the translation should be correct in rhetoric, reasonable in logic, concise in language and fluent in arts and sciences, that is, fluent.

Due to the different cultural backgrounds of English and Chinese, the structure of writing is far from the habit of choosing words and making sentences, and some contradictions inevitably arise in the inter-language conversion. The process of translation is actually a process of constant compromise of this contradiction. Yu Guangzhong, a famous scholar and translator, vividly summed it up as "for example, when English is translated into Chinese, the west wind is not allowed to overwhelm the east wind and become Chinese with a foreign accent, and the east wind is not allowed to overwhelm the west wind and become Chinese with a glib tongue". However, in the actual operation of English-Chinese translation, due to preconceptions about English, the result of contradictory confrontation is often inadvertently overwhelming the east wind, and the translation is "neither Chinese nor western, neither donkey nor horse, but it seems different and awkward"; It makes people look "ugly, unpleasant, and awkward to say." Eugene Nida mentioned this phenomenon in Translation Theory and Practice, and specially created a word-translating China people. Translation disorder not only seriously affects the quality of translation, but also affects the purity of Chinese, which is not conducive to the healthy development of Chinese.

Second, explore the causes of translation barriers

English-Chinese translation is an extremely complicated task. There are three stages in translation: understanding, expression and modification. If any stage is not handled well, translation obstacles may occur.

(A) understanding stage

The process of understanding is to analyze the original text from the linguistic aspects (such as vocabulary and grammatical structure). ) and context (such as contextual meaning and text style structure, etc. ), strive to thoroughly understand the cultural connotation carried by the text and understand the relevant background knowledge. Sometimes it is necessary to have some common sense of life.

Example 1: Galileo's greatest glory is that he was the first to point his newly invented telescope at the treasure, which proved the existence of the universe. One planet goes around the sun and the other goes around the earth.

Galileo's greatest glory is that he was the first to aim the newly discovered telescope at the sky in 1609, proving that the planets revolve around the sun, not around the earth.

Analysis: Translation only understands the superficial meaning of the original text, and mechanically understands glory as "the greatest glory", which makes the final translation puzzling. When translating, if we only consider the superficial meaning of the original text and simply understand it according to the literal meaning, the result is often unsatisfactory. From the context of the example 1, we can see that it refers to Galileo's first experiment to prove that planets revolve around the sun by scientific means. Galileo's most brilliant achievement was that he was the first to aim the newly invented telescope at the sky in 1609, proving that the planets revolve around the sun, not around the earth.

Ex. 2: It doesn't matter to me, as long as there is something between my ribs and my spine.

It doesn't matter, as long as something is put between my ribs and my spine.

It doesn't matter, just eat something to fill your stomach.

Analysis: The stomach is located between human ribs and spine. Finding something between FFS ribs and my spine is equivalent to finding something to eat. This is a very humorous statement. British and American people like humor, so we should learn to understand their sense of humor when translating. Due to the differences between Chinese and English cultures, if we understand directly from the source language, it is often semantic and logical, which will ruin readers' interest in reading.

(2) Expression stage

Expression is the focus of translation. In this process, apart from the premise of correctly understanding the original text, it also depends on the level of accomplishment of the target language and the mastery of two languages.

Example 1: Call the students in the cluster and liftheirhandswentheirnames.

The students stood together and raised their hands when their names were called.

Analysis: Translation is not fluent enough. English belongs to hypotaxis language, words or clauses in sentences need function words to connect, while Chinese belongs to parataxis language, and words or clauses often don't need words to connect. Therefore, in English-Chinese translation, functional words such as conjunctions, pronouns and prepositions in the original text are often omitted. In English-Chinese translation, if we ignore this difference, we will translate when we see when, and every modifier will be treated with "de", which will lead to translation rigidity and serious translation problems.

Example 2: Many people think that ordinary people's thinking activities can't be compared with the process at all, and they must get it through some special training.

Many people imagine that the thinking activities of ordinary people can't be compared with the scientific thinking process at all, and this thinking process can only be mastered through special training.

Analysis: Example 2 applies the passive structure of "its imaginated" mechanically, and the translation of "It was imagined by many" is somewhat awkward to read. Translators ignore the differences in expression habits between English and Chinese, and Chinese is more accustomed to active voice than English. In this case, if we don't take some flexible measures to turn passive into active, but deliberately remain faithful to the surface form of the original text, then the translation is not authentic.

Example 3: I have the love of the soul, first of all, because it can bring ecstasy-1I can end the rest of my life with this joy for a few hours.

I have pursued love, first, because it brings ecstasy-I would rather sacrifice everything for the rest of my life for this moment of happiness.

I have pursued love, first of all, because it brings ecstasy-I would rather spend my whole life for this moment of happiness. Due to the different language structure systems, English language is quite clear, analytical and logical, while Chinese is good at fuzziness, jumping and harmony. If we ignore this feature, we think that Chinese is not accurate and scientific enough, but in the process of translation, we just use some words to standardize it. Considering English, translation is often neither fish nor fowl, which is counterproductive. Careful analysis shows that "the rest of my life" is not much more accurate than "my life", and the rest of my life in Chinese often refers to the old age of the elderly, or the life saved by luck after the disaster, which is far from the original intention.

It is as important as cricket.

This matter is as important as cricket.

Analysis: Many people think this translation is "easy to translate", but it is not. Whether you have translation obstacles depends on the purpose of translation and who the recipient is. If the recipient's cultural level is not high or he doesn't know much about cricket, then this expression is of course difficult to understand. But in Britain, cricket is the most popular sport, and cricket is a matter of concern to men, women and children, so sometimes such foreignization translation can convey exotic customs better.

(3) Review stage

Revision is the later stage of further comprehensive verification after the initial translation of the original text. Careful reading of the draft translation can not only identify, verify, modify and determine the faithfulness of the content, the practicality of the problem and the readability of the target language, but also further solve the problem of inconclusive understanding and expression. Newmark believes that translators should spend 50-70% of their time on translation to modify their own translations according to the difficulty of the text.

Through the above analysis of some manifestations of translation diseases in various stages of translation, it can be seen that although the causes of translation diseases are basically the result of the comprehensive effects of the above three stages: the understanding of the original text is not thorough in the understanding stage, the expression emphasizes loyalty unilaterally, the formal copying of the original text ignores the characteristics of Chinese wording and sentence-making, and the translation diseases in English-Chinese translation are not recognized in the proofreading work.

Thirdly, how to reduce and avoid translation diseases.

(A) the sentence in the article, the words in the sentence

1, understand the original text thoroughly. To understand the original text, you can't see the words without the sentence, and only the tree can't see the forest, which needs to be combined with its text context, situational context and social context. In addition, there are considerable differences between English and Chinese in terms of system, cultural background and thinking habits. Translators must strengthen their sense of responsibility and abandon the style of muddling along from the beginning.

2. Reproduce the original text with the thinking and expression of China people. On the basis of thoroughly and accurately expressing the original text, we should get rid of the literal constraints of English, fully consider the differences in expression between English and Chinese, and reconstruct the translation with Chinese thinking and expression.

(B) Master reasonable translation skills

Scientific and reasonable translation skills can reduce the occurrence of translation diseases in a short time.

First of all, we should grasp a reasonable translation standard. The occurrence of translation syndrome makes translation standards go to extremes. Loyalty and fluency are two aspects of a contradictory unity, and we must make overall plans and give consideration to both size and size.

Secondly, we should use various translation techniques flexibly, such as transitivity, deformation, addition and ellipsis, so as to achieve the purpose of seeking trust and seeking common ground in change.

(C) develop good review habits

Revision is an important link in translation, and the translator must be careful and do this work well. Translators are advised to take some time to re-examine their own translations. If not, they can ask others for help.

Four. conclusion

Translation is not only a science with certain rules to follow, but also a restrictive artistic creation. To avoid translation syndrome fundamentally, it is necessary to improve the translator's comprehensive quality, especially the language quality. We should read widely and broaden our knowledge. We should not only get nutrition from Chinese classics, but also read some British and American literary classics in a comparative way. At the same time, translation is also a skill, which can be acquired through teaching or practical learning. Therefore, theoretical study and continuous practice are necessary means to reduce translation diseases.

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