When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.
Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.
First, the three elements of argumentative writing
Argumentative writing mainly includes three elements: argument, argument and argumentation method. The argument must be correct. This argument is used to illustrate this argument. It should be reliable and sufficient. Facts speak louder than words and are the best argument. Arguments can also be accepted truths and philosophies that have been tested by practice. There are many ways to demonstrate, and the commonly used methods are:
1. induction
From the typical analysis, that is, the analysis of individual things, find out the similarities and differences of things, and then draw conclusions.
2. Reasoning method
Starting from the general principle, explain and analyze individual things, and then draw a conclusion.
3. Inspection method
Compare all the facts and aspects, then analyze them and draw a conclusion.
4. Refutation method
First list the wrong views, then refute them one by one, and finally clarify your own views.
Second, the characteristics of argumentative writing
The structure of an argumentative essay generally consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion sentence. Generally, an argument is put forward in the introduction part, that is, the theme of the article, and favorable facts are put forward in the body part. After strict argumentation, the conclusion is finally drawn according to the previous arguments.
Third, the writing of argumentative essays.
To write a good argumentative essay, we must pay attention to the following points:
1. Determine the argument.
Arguments are usually put forward in the first paragraph of an article.
2. To have sufficient arguments, you can cite examples from your life.
This argument should be strictly logical.
All facts, reasons and reasons should be closely related to the conclusion.
4. The level should be clear.
5. Sincere and friendly attitude, because the argument focuses on being reasonable and convincing.
Argumentative writing focuses on discussion, but sometimes it also uses explanation, narration and description. The explanation in the discussion often creates conditions for the discussion, or supplements the discussion; Narration and description in argumentative essays should provide basis for arguments. Therefore, the narrative should be general and the description should be brief.
6. The argument should be sufficient
You must have enough evidence to prove your point. The author can cite facts, show data, provide examples, use common sense or personal experience.
thesis
First, the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
(1) argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing.
1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.
2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.
(2) arguments:
1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: Argumentation is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts.
(3) Argumentation: Arguments and arguments in argumentation are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of using arguments to prove an argument, and it is the Luo Ji relationship link between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".
The demonstration method is as follows:
1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;
3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments in the West, and prove the arguments in comparison;
4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "attacking shield with spear" and "reducing to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
Second, the argumentative structure
1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).
It can be divided into two categories.
A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.
Example 1. In the "step-by-step" style, the argument is put forward first, then demonstrated from the negative side, and then further discussed from the positive side, such as questioning and learning.
Example 2. "start recording, turn around" style: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion; Then take the lead and explain the problems discussed; "Turn" is a double proof argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination."
B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure
For example:
There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;
There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.
There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.
In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.
Composition title: a leaf, a branch, a world.
Topic Composition: rather critical in Tang Poetry. Song poetry said that spring scenery came out of the wall. "A leaf falls, you know autumn; When a leaf blooms, you see spring. "Ordinary things are often the epitome of the world, and infinity is often kept in the finite. In addition to poetry, please take a leaf and a world as the topic.
Seeing a core, spring is coming.
A leaf can show the spring and autumn, and a drop of water can know the sea.
As soon as Tianya returned to Hong, people suddenly felt that it was getting warmer. The water in the bottle has turned into ice, which makes people sigh that the world is so cold. The world, a flower and a grass, has such a wonderful connection. A seemingly ordinary swamp may be the source of the river; A row of indistinguishable flying heads may have written a brilliant history book; A seemingly insignificant detail may be the key to the whole body.
Laozi once said: "The difficulties in the world will be easy; The world's major events must be in the details. " Small things can't be casual, because no one can predict which decimal point is the fault of rocket launch failure; Details determine success or failure because we all know that butterflies flap their wings enough to cause tornadoes.
A delicate and charming rose may make a love story go up in smoke just because a sharp thorn accidentally pricked a person's hand.
An egg as smooth as flawless may let dirt enter it just because of a small crack, which stinks.
A sand, a world, a tree and a bodhi. This is a foreign language. In fact, China people have their own language: a drop in the ocean. The connotation is infinitely expanded and the extension is infinitely concentrated. In fact, there is no difference between finite and infinite.
Hit the nail on the head. A detail can freeze the eternity of life. The lost necklace completely changed Mathilde's fate, and we are still debating whether she lives a greedy, vain, self-reliant and self-respecting life. A detail can tell the vicissitudes of life. The steamed bread dripping with blood completely killed the conscience of countless people, and also let us see the endless sadness of those who woke up first in Lu Xun's iron room.
History has proved that Song Taizu's glass of thin wine not only relieved the generals of their military power, but also brought about the vicissitudes of the Song Dynasty, which made him weak in national strength and bullied for hundreds of years. A glass of wine reflects the back of a declining empire.
History has proved that the gunshots on the Lugou Bridge 60 years ago completely broke the illusion of peace, and also brought the smoke that the two countries have not completely dispersed so far. A gunshot is an eternal alarm to awaken the national humiliation of the Chinese nation.
History will eventually prove that a handshake between the top leaders of the two parties in China half a century later will bring an eternal spring story across the Taiwan Straits. The naive panda who is about to go to Taiwan is "round and round", which may bring the breath of spring.
"Mountain monks don't know the number of Jia Zi, and a leaf falls into the world." That's right: a glimpse of a leopard in a tube gives you a clear view.
The universe is boundless, but the planets are countable; Although the sun is shining, we can distinguish seven colors of light: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue and purple. Seeing a core, early spring is approaching, and the spirit can be seen in detail.
Growth needs careful care.
One day, due to excitement, I casually turned over a selection of poems: Yuan is light and vulgar, suburban island is thin, with thousands of gestures, but self-confidence is overwhelming. Suddenly, there was dynamic music from the next room. In contrast, it was the children in the next room who learned to sing hot love songs. Disappointed, disappointed! I can't help feeling: I must not lose my cultural accomplishment and humanistic care in the process of growing up.
A closer look at the present society can not help but increase anxiety. Poetry and songs gave way to popular songs, while Beijing Opera and Kunqu Opera gave way to Japanese and Korean dramas. Goethe and Kant are hard to find, and romance and martial arts are popular. If it is a nightmare of obscenity and violence, it is collusion. I can't bear to see it, but I can't bear to smell it. Without the influence of culture, there is no sound personality; If there is no sound personality, there is no ambition in the chest; A man without ambition. What is this? If the whole country is natural, the country is not a country.
At present, some famous songs and sentences have been tampered with for commercial purposes, and the appreciation, quotation and combination of different art categories must obey a lofty theme-beauty. Schiller's Ode to Joy was set by Beethoven and widely sung. Using world famous songs as advertising songs, both of them are recreations of artistic themes, but the effects are completely different. The former is the sublimation of aesthetics, while the latter is the destruction of aesthetics. Only the former things, for example, can make us get beautiful education, edification and enjoyment in our growth and cultivate our temperament.
Our growth should get rid of the interference of vulgar things and be nourished by traditional culture. There is a saying that you read history on a soft day and the Bible on a fresh day. That is to say, when the will is slack, you should be clear-headed when reading history: counselors are in the tongue of the country; Jin Goma Iron, Jiangshan Wan Li in blood and tears. Reading history books can cultivate honesty. It also refers to reading classics when you are arrogant and violent: the way of Laozi and Zhuangzi, purity and inaction are right and wrong; Bodhi mind, the gv 10 is dust-free. Reading Confucian classics can cultivate the virtue of quiet and frugality. There are endless treasures in the vast sea of books in China, which are the real nutrients for our growth.
Our growth needs the cultivation of humanistic character, the teaching of sages, the retreat of self-cultivation, moral frugality and the shaping of our own character. It is a unique human character. Prosperity helps the world, and poverty is immune to it, which also includes humanistic care for the soul. Now, under the impact of the wave of commercialization, all kinds of simplest humanistic qualities related to human survival have been ignored. The most typical is that philosophy has been left out in the cold. Since Thales, ancient Greece, a prosperous time of philosophy, has long been "difficult to get up in the morning". The climax of classical philosophy also came to an abrupt end after Hegel. Philosophers have become the loneliest people in the world. Philosophy has become a neglected treasure. "An unexamined life is not worth living." If we don't think about the survival value and human ideal in the process of life journey and growth, we will be submerged in the wave of marketization and commercialization and become a symbol that some philosophers are worried about.
We live in an era with a large amount of information and growing material wealth, and we are more likely to fall into spiritual emptiness and soul wandering. Only by cultivating interest with beauty, casting temperament with traditional culture and guiding life with humanistic character can we show the value of life, guard the growth journey and standardize the development track.