1 Overall scale of China automobile industry
In 2002, China automobile industry produced 3.25 million vehicles, an increase of 38% over the same period last year. Car sales reached 3.248 million, up 3.765438+0% year-on-year. The production and sales of automobiles all exceeded one million, reaching10.09 million and1.10.26 million respectively, increasing by 55% and 56% respectively compared with 5438+0 in 2006. The growth of commercial vehicles is also considerable. The economic benefits of the automobile industry have been greatly improved, with the industrial added value of1510.50 billion yuan, up by 28.7% year-on-year; Sales revenue was 646.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.8%; The total profit was 4,365.438 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 60.94%. In 2002, automobile consumption became the main force driving economic growth.
Judging from the output of China's automobile industry, it has already ranked fifth in the world, and may enter fourth in 2004. Among them, automobile production ranks eighth in the world. However, we should also see that the production scale of the fifth place in the world is still far behind that of 1 and the second place in the world. In 200 1 year, the United States ranked 1 in the world produced 1 1.42 million vehicles, while Japan ranked second in the world produced 9.77 million vehicles. It should be pointed out that in 2002, the number of cars assembled by CKD and SKD in China automobile industry increased.
2 China automobile industry's industrial organization structure and enterprise scale
The world automobile industry system has formed a so-called "6+3" pattern. That is, GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, Volkswagen, Toyota, Renault, Honda, BMW, Citroen and other big groups carry out global production. The industrial organization structure of China automobile industry is still decentralized. There are more than 120 automobile manufacturers with legal personality. As far as the holding relationship is concerned, although dozens of automobile factories have entered FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC respectively, on the whole, the industrial organization structure of China automobile industry is relatively scattered. In 2002, the production concentration of FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC was 57%, 8 percentage points higher than that of 200 1. The top three companies in China are Shanghai Volkswagen, FAW-Volkswagen and Shanghai GM, with sales accounting for 55.23% of the total sales, which is 5 percentage points lower than the market share of the top three companies in 200 1 year.
As far as the scale of a single enterprise is concerned, the production capacity of the top four domestic automobile groups FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC and Changan Automobile Group is 300,000-600,000, and economies of scale have begun to appear. Nevertheless, compared with the world-class automobile manufacturers, the scale of China's automobile industry enterprises is still small, and the production capacity of Hyundai Motor Company, which ranks lower among the world's major automobile companies, is 2.5 million. As far as Asia is concerned, China also lacks influential auto companies.
As far as some models are concerned, the production capacity of China automobile industry enterprises is quite large. For example, the production capacity and scale of medium and heavy trucks of FAW and Dongfeng Group are among the highest in the world. In 2002, the sales volume of medium and heavy trucks in FAW Group exceeded 200,000, ranking 1 in the world. Faw liberation Company will form a world truck production base through technological innovation, development and transformation. The production scale of buses, pickup trucks and mini-cars in China is also relatively large in the world.
Compared with the major international automobile companies, the degree of specialization of China's major automobile companies is still low. China auto parts manufacturing enterprises are still mainly developing around a certain group, and the scale is relatively small, and they have not yet formed a large auto parts manufacturing group for the whole industry or even the international market. This situation changed greatly in 2002. Major domestic automobile companies began to set up specialized automobile companies according to their models. For example, China FAW Group established faw liberation Automobile Co., Ltd. on the basis of the main professional factories of the former First Automobile Factory, specializing in the production and sales of medium and heavy trucks, with total assets of 654.38+0.9 1 100 million yuan. Large domestic automobile companies began to spin off the automobile parts manufacturing enterprises and develop them into enterprises facing the whole industry. For example, Dongfeng Motor Company separated the axle factory and established Dongfeng Axle Co., Ltd., specializing in axle production.
3 the technical level of China's automobile industry
China automobile industry has a certain level and experience in commercial vehicle development, which is 5- 10 years behind the world advanced level. On the basis of product serialization, China automobile industry enterprises have been able to launch a large number of new products every year. Taking Dongfeng Motor Company as an example, from 2000 to 200 1, it completed 12 15 new product declarations. China automobile industry enterprises have been able to develop and design some car bodies, but they do not have mature and high-level vehicle development capabilities. Major domestic automobile manufacturers mainly undertake the localization of models of multinational companies in the development of new products, and have certain ability to upgrade and improve some products and participate in some joint designs. China's major automobile products do not have their own intellectual property rights because they are not fully capable of independent automobile development.
In the development of auto parts technology, China auto industry enterprises have considerable development ability in some low and medium value-added products; It has a certain ability in the technical development of key automobile parts, but it is far from the international advanced level. Many key components are just imitations of foreign products. Take the automobile engine as an example. The most advanced engine produced by China automobile parts enterprises can only meet the Euro 2 standard, while the developed countries already meet the Euro 4 standard. The engines mass-produced by China's auto parts enterprises are only equivalent to the international level in the 1990s. In 200 1 year, China imported 246,087 sets of various automobile engines, which greatly exceeded the number of automobiles imported.
It should be pointed out that,
Judging from the research and development supported by the government, China's automobile industry is almost at the same level as that of developed countries in the research and development of fuel cell vehicles, the core technology that determines the competition of international automobile industry in 2 1 century. If we can grasp the competitive path of industrialization, China automobile industry may achieve a leap in engine development.
4 China automobile industry enterprise's market operation ability
With China's entry into WTO, various enterprises have stepped up their promotion efforts. 200 1, the growth rate of sales expenses in the whole automobile industry is higher than that of sales revenue, with an increase of nearly 20 percentage points. China automobile enterprises are also speeding up the construction of sales and maintenance system. China's large automobile manufacturers have established a relatively complete sales system throughout the country. Nevertheless, compared with the major international automobile companies, the sales service of China Automobile Company is still relatively backward. The credit, finance, insurance and leasing developed around automobile sales in the world are quite perfect, and the big automobile groups in developed countries have considerable strength in this respect, while the automobile enterprises in China have just started in these aspects. So far, the means of automobile distribution and after-sales service, including maintenance, automobile market, automobile rental and sales, are relatively simple, and the means of automobile installment payment, that is, financing sales, has not been fully developed.
The production and sales of many domestic brand cars are out of touch with after-sales service. The relationship between some manufacturers and their distributors is not the same interest relationship, and basically the market risk is passed on to the distributors. The main income of dealers depends on the year-end rebates and rewards given by manufacturers according to sales volume, as well as the corresponding decoration, beauty, insurance and other services for new car sales. China's automobile dealers often only pay attention to the construction of sales outlets and business halls, and invest less in maintenance services. The function of agent distribution network is more single, and many automobile manufacturers have to rebuild another set of maintenance stations and spare parts trading network. The separation of the dealer's function of selling cars and the function of maintaining services directly affects the expansion of the market share of automobile manufacturers.
5 manufacturing capacity of China automobile industry enterprises
In terms of production scale, China automobile production enterprises are gradually approaching the lowest economic scale of international automobile industry enterprises. But labor productivity is still very low. In 2002, the labor productivity of Dongfeng Motor Company was 3 vehicles per capita, while in 1993, the per capita output of major automobile companies in the world was 24.75 vehicles for Chrysler, 8.33 vehicles for Ford/kloc-0, 0.38 vehicles for GM/kloc-0 and 32.93 vehicles for Toyota. Low productivity has offset the advantage of low labor force in China automobile industry in many fields.
China automobile industry enterprises have made great efforts to digest and absorb imported technology and introduce domestic models. When a considerable number of imported models were first introduced to the market, the localization rate reached about 40%. In the 1980s, it took 7-8 years for an imported car to be domestically produced from 40% to 80%, but now it only takes 3-4 years. China automobile industry enterprises' spare parts matching ability has been greatly improved. With the entry of more private enterprises, the ability to respond to the market is also rapidly improving in the manufacturing of medium and low value-added auto parts.
Due to the comprehensive joint venture between China automobile industry enterprises and major international automobile companies, the technical equipment level of major automobile factories in the main manufacturing links has been greatly improved. A considerable number of joint venture production line equipment is imported according to the production standards of multinational companies. Some enterprises have also introduced flexible welding production lines. Since joint ventures should organize production according to the requirements of multinational corporations and enter the global management and quality monitoring system of multinational corporations, China automobile enterprises are gradually integrating with international standards in key equipment, technology and management system to ensure product level and quality.
6 changes in China's automobile market
The speed of new products entering the market is accelerating, and the emission requirements for products are becoming more and more strict. Beijing has implemented Euro II emission standards, and the state has also reduced the consumption tax by 30% for cars, off-road vehicles and passenger cars that meet Euro II emission standards. Because the government has raised the technical requirements for automobile products from the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development, the technical level of automobile products in China automobile market has been continuously improved. In 1980s, multinational companies took products from China, which was 2-3 generations behind the international market. Now, they must come up with products that are launched simultaneously with the international market. The competition in China automobile market is becoming more and more fierce, mainly in the field of cars. Private enterprises in China are accelerating their entry into the automobile industry. In 2002, multinational companies entered the automobile industry in China on a large scale, and the competition among multinational companies became increasingly fierce. Second, China's automobile industry is fully integrated into the international automobile industry system.
1 The world's automobile giants enter China on a large scale.
In 2002, with the commitment of China government to join the WTO, the world automobile giants accelerated their entry into China. FAW joins hands with Toyota and Mazda; Dongfeng cooperated with Nissan in an all-round way, which improved the level of cooperation with PSA. Hyundai Motor Co., Ltd. is a joint venture of Beijing Automobile Holding Company. The initial investment scale of multinational companies entering China is relatively large. Hyundai Motor Company of Korea and Kia Motors Company plan to invest US$ 430 million and US$ 300 million in the joint venture company in 2005 and 2006 respectively. At present, the top 15 automobile manufacturers in the world automobile industry have found partners in China. Multinational companies entering China have increased their investment and output on the original scale. Guangzhou Honda predicts that its production capacity will quadruple to 240,000 vehicles in 2004, and the joint venture between Nissan Motor and Dongfeng Motor will also increase its production to 550,000 vehicles in 2006. Both Honda and Toyota aim to occupy 65,438+00% of China automobile market. At the same time that the main engine factory entered China, the auto parts factories of multinational companies also accelerated to enter the China market. Most of the world-famous multinational auto parts companies entered China through sole proprietorship and joint venture. Toyota, Volkswagen, General Motors and other multinational companies have dozens to hundreds of auto parts factories in China. With Honda's entry into China, Dongfeng Honda Engine Company was established in Guangzhou, with an annual output of 654.38+20,000-240,000 engines.
Multinational companies have accelerated their entry into China's automobile industry, which has accelerated the structural adjustment of China's automobile industry. In 2002, the biggest enterprise reorganization in the history of China automobile industry, Tianjin Automobile Company merged into FAW, which made Toyota and FAW join hands. Dongfeng and Nissan set up "Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.". FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC have joined hands with two or three multinational companies respectively, initially forming a "3+9" industrial new pattern of China automobile industry. Namely FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC, plus 9 independent backbone car companies, namely Guangzhou Honda, Chongqing Changan, Anhui Chery, Shenyang Brilliance, Nanjing Fiat, Zhejiang Geely, Hafei, Changhe and jiangling motors. In "3+9", the output of FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC accounts for about 50% of the national automobile output, and the total output of the other nine independent manufacturers accounts for about 40% of the national automobile output. "3+9" automobile production has accounted for 90% of the national automobile production. The merger and reorganization of multinational companies and large domestic groups in accordance with market rules will make China Auto at the beginning of the 2 1 century.
2. The integration of China automobile industry and international automobile industry is deepening.
(1) In the field of truck manufacturing with few joint ventures, China automobile enterprises have started joint ventures and cooperation with multinational companies. In 2002, Dongfeng Motor Company and Nissan jointly established "Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd." to produce heavy, medium and light trucks and buses including Nissan's full range of passenger cars and Dongfeng. The comprehensive cooperation between Dongfeng Group and Nissan has created conditions for the high-level and high-speed development of its truck products. Shanghai Automobile Company has a joint venture with General Motors and Nissan Motor Company to produce heavy trucks.
(2) Foreign enterprises began to enter the fields of automobile manufacturing equipment, sales, maintenance services, consulting, research and development. Dongfeng cooperates with Osaka Machinery Co., Ltd. to produce a series of horizontal machining centers suitable for high-speed and high-performance production, which can meet the demand of flexible machining of large quantities of parts in China automobile industry. Before China's entry into WTO, the sales channels of China automobile enterprises were closed to imported cars. After China joined WTO, joint-venture automobile sales enterprises appeared. Foreign companies that provide strategic advice to enterprises have also entered the automobile industry in China. The relevant government departments will soon issue the Measures for the Administration of Automobile Financial Institutions. Major domestic automakers and international giants such as Ford, Volkswagen and General Motors have all applied to the People's Bank of China to set up auto finance service companies, and the opening of auto finance has entered the countdown. In 2002, multinational companies entering China generally promised or began to set up R&D centers in joint ventures.