"Changing a scholar into a runner" means abolishing the chieftain system in southwest minority areas, and the central imperial dynasty appointed a runner to rule directly. In fact, this policy was implemented in the last generation, and it was named "Gai Tu Gui Liu" in the Ming Dynasty. Large-scale implementation in southwest China began in Qing Dynasty.
Southwest China has always been a place where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Tusi system has been divided into Tusi and Tuguan. Although the chieftain accepted the official title conferred by the emperor, it was actually the local regime of the separatist party, and their rulers inherited it and ruled the land and people under their jurisdiction along the backward ruling system. Local officials set up states, prefectures and counties in accordance with the administrative system in Han areas, and appointed ethnic minority leaders as local officials to serve in local governments, prefectures and counties. In fact, these leaders are all in the name of local officials, but they are actually toasting.
Tusi system is a special system in southwest minority areas with backward economy and low level of social development. The central dynasty could not change it immediately after military conquest or political submission. So it was necessary at first, but with the further development of social economy, it became a conservative and negative thing, which not only hindered the development of social production in minority areas, but also did not meet the requirements of reunifying the country. Especially since the end of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of Han people have entered the southwest minority areas, engaged in production struggles and class struggles with local minorities, which has formed a torrent of impact on the toast system and led to a sharp decline of the toast system. In this case, Yin Zhen and Yong Zhengdi approved E Ertai's proposal to abolish the chieftain system and put the minority people under the direct coordination of honest officials (floating officials), and appointed E Ertai, Yunnan and Guizhou governors to handle the affairs of "returning farmland to flow" in southwest China.
E Ertai is determined to implement the policy of "turning soil into water". First of all, Wumeng, Zhenxiong and Dongchuan in Sichuan were changed to Yunnan. At that time, the money and food of Wumeng Tusi was only 320 yuan, but they squeezed hundreds of times of property from the natives. They constantly extort money from the local people, four small factions a year and three big factions a year. Toast's son wants to marry, and all natives can't get married within three years. It is "guilty" for the natives to be killed, and their relatives have to pay dozens of taels of silver in advance for the knives. Although Dongchuan sent a "floating officer", due to the deep-rooted soil, no one dared to cultivate the 400-mile fertile land in Fiona Fang. E Ertai first got rid of Tumen in Dongchuan, then recruited Lu Dingkun and Long Lianxing, who had military power in Wumeng and Zhenxiong, defeated the magistrate dragons in Wumeng and Tumen, established Wumeng House and Zhenxiong, sent "six customs" and troops to sit in, and then set out to solve the Tusi customs in Yunnan.
Yunnan was the key area of "changing scholars to be current" in Qing Dynasty, and the struggle was also the fiercest. In the Qing Dynasty, the local official schools in Zhenyuan, Zhanyizhou, Zhele, Weiyuan and Guangnan were all dismissed, and Liu Hong, a kindred spirit, was appointed to temporarily take charge of Zhenyuan House. After that, Diao Mutu refused to hand over the land he occupied and incited Weiyuan Yi people to kill Liu Hongdu. The Qing dynasty sent troops to stabilize the situation, moved all the chieftains and chiefs to other provinces for resettlement, and then marched into Mengyang and other places. In Yunnan Province, except for the toast in Che and other places and the places outside Lancang River, all the other toasts were changed to "mobile" and troops were stationed.
The original 3,000-mile Miao border in Guizhou, the1more than 300 Miao villages with Guzhou as the center, and the1more than 100,000 Miao people were not under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty. They not only take in Han people, but also harbor criminal Miao people. The fertile land and rich products here have been blocked in the southwest corner for a long time, which not only violates the trend of political and economic development of the Miao nationality, but also blocks the exchanges between businessmen from Chu and Guangdong and hinders the circulation of materials. Returning farmland to streams can not only increase the tax revenue of the Qing government, but also promote the economic and cultural exchanges between people of all ethnic groups.
1726, the Qing Dynasty sent troops to attack Guang Shun and Changzhai, recruited more than 3,000 Miao and Buyi people, forced them to shave their hair and change clothes, conducted Jiabao, checked their household registration, and sent troops to guard against risks. Under the military pressure of the Qing Dynasty and the differentiation of recruiting, more than a thousand Miao villages in Ding Fan, Zhenning, Yongning, Yongfeng and Anshun in Guang Shun surrendered one after another. The Qing army advanced to the mountainous areas of Miao Ling in eastern Guizhou and the Qingshui River and Du Jiang River basins, and occupied Guzhou, Taigong, Qingjiang, Du Jiang, Danjiang and Bazhai, effectively ruling the scenic areas.
Guangxi is inhabited by Zhuang people. At that time, there were 150 local officials in Sichuan province, the strongest of which was Cen Chenying, the county magistrate of Sicheng, who often sent people out to rob. The Qing Dynasty forced Cen to hand over his seal and moved to Zhejiang. Huang Guanzhu, the local magistrate of Siming Prefecture, couldn't control the village leaders and took the initiative to request that 50 villages such as Donglang be changed to the jurisdiction of Liuguan. The natives in Liuzhou, Sien and Qingyuan can't stand the oppression of their homeland. After hearing the news of "turning their homeland into a stream", they rushed to recruit soldiers and horses, and their homeland was forced to hand over their weapons. In the Qing Dynasty, most counties in the province were changed to "floating officials".
The toast area in Hunan is close to the mainland. Tusi not only recruited Han people to cultivate land and grain, but also exploited Miao people and Han people. Some of them run industry and commerce in cities, which are not as closed as other chieftain areas. After the impact of "returning home", nearly/kloc-0.0 million Miao people in Sangzhi and Baojing claimed that local officials abused them and were willing to become citizens. The Qing dynasty took advantage of the situation and forced the four chieftains Yongshun, Sangzhi, Baojing and Rongmei to hand over their seals and land. Other chiefs could not crush the resistance of the natives, so they had to ask for "return to the stream." In the Qing Dynasty, states, prefectures and counties were set up in the western part of Hunan, which exercised direct rule and granted official positions to some chieftains.
"Gai Tu Gui Liu" strengthened the Qing Dynasty's rule over southwest ethnic minorities. The result of "returning home" has reduced the chances for chieftains to wage war for power and interests, strengthened economic and cultural exchanges between people of all ethnic groups, and is conducive to the improvement of production and living conditions of ethnic minorities and the consolidation and development of multi-ethnic countries. Its role in the history of the development of the Chinese nation is undeniable.