Genre refers to the types and styles of all artistic works, and its artistic structure has a certain stable form in history, which is developed with the diversity of art reflecting reality and the aesthetic tasks put forward by artists in works. In China ancient literature, genre refers to the style and rhetoric of poetry.
1. refers to the structure and style of poetry.
2. Literary style. Refers to the categories of literary works, such as poems, novels, essays, plays, etc.
3. Refers to the font structure.
4. system.
5. demeanor; Style.
2. The genres of classical Chinese are myth, fable, biography, preface, prose, writing, argument, sparseness, calligraphy, fu, saying, table, inscription, prose, parallel prose and so on.
Antique inscription: The ancient words carved on an object to warn oneself or state achievements are called "inscriptions". The inscription carved on the plaque and placed on the right side of the box to guard against the police is called "motto"
Such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory.
Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou. Travel notes: Travel notes are a form of prose describing travel experiences.
Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, which gives people rich social knowledge and a good feeling.
Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; There are also those with * * * colors, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond. Foreword: Stylistic name.
In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud.
After that, all articles that bid farewell to others without poems are also called preface, and the content is often praise, praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.
Say: the floorboard of a kind of ancient articles. It is not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as essays on reasoning and analysis.
Preface of article analysis: "Speaker, interpreter, explain meaning, and explain with your own meaning." We have studied this genre of articles: teacher's comments, horse's comments, young chinese's comments, snake catching comments and Huang Sheng's comments on borrowing books.
Inscription of proverbs: an ancient article carved on a vessel to warn yourself and others, or to praise merit and encourage yourself. This kind of article contains profound and accurate warnings, which can enlighten and awaken people.
The language is finely crafted. For example, the humble epitaph, Liu Zihou's epitaph, etc.
Parallel prose: Also known as Liu Siwen, it uses four words and six sentences to determine sentences alternately, emphasizing gorgeous words, neat sentence patterns and harmonious phonology, but its content is empty and far from social life, which is of little value. Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous is Wu Yun's Book with Zhu.
Poetry: The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the labor sound of primitive people, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing. Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty.
There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement. In ancient China, happy poems were called songs and unhappy poems were called poems.
Whether it is harmonious or not, it has a strong musical beauty. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.
1. Classical poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and works that imitate the poems created before the Tang Dynasty. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom.
Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty used Yuefu to create new poems, which still belong to the category of classical poetry. 2. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", which has strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences.
There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains. 3. Rhyme, a style of modern poetry, is divided into five laws and seven laws.
There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.
Quatrains are a style of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, which are generally considered as "half of a metrical poem". 5. Chuci, a poetic style, is named after it originated in the southern Chu area during the Warring States Period, and is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style".
Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used. 6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement.
Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness.
7. Gexing style, a style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune".
Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, colloquial, popular and visual; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images. Ci: also known as the unique style of poetry, long and short sentences, and writing ci is also called filling words by sound.
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment.
Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry. For example, words have epigrams; "Xijiang Moon", "Broken Array", "Qinyuanchun" and so on, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme.
A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all. Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on.
Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time. Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words).
It's a small order of less than 50 words, not segmented. Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections.
The word above 9 1 is a long tune, which can be divided into three folds and four folds ... In addition to strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, and what feelings are expressed is also exquisite.
3. How many genres of ancient Chinese prose are there? There are thirteen categories: argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitations, shuyan, gift preface, imperial edict, biography (zhàn), epitaph, miscellaneous notes, praise, ci and fu, and funeral sacrifice.
1. On classification is essays, including philosophical essays, political essays, historical essays and literary essays.
The books of pre-Qin philosophers can generally be regarded as a collection of essays (usually mainly political). The single paper is based on Jia Yi's Qin Lun. In classification, either express their opinions and clarify a truth (theory); Or distinguish between right and wrong things and refute other people's remarks (discrimination).
For example, Huai Nan Zi is a theory and Lun Heng is a debate. Guo Qin's theory is a theory, while the theory of God's extinction is a debate.
2. Preface and postscript are the preface or postscript of a book (or an article).
Preface (preface) is the general preface, which is placed in front of the book; The postscript is placed at the back of the book, which is the preface. The ancient order was left behind.
Some people think that "Under Zhuangzi" is the preface of "Zhuangzi". As for A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi, Lun Heng Ji Zi, Preface to Taishi Gong of Historical Records and Zhuan Xu of Hanshu, it is more obvious that they are all prefaces, and they are all at the back of the book. The narrative of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is also behind. Later, like Xiao Tong's Selected Works, the preface was moved to the front.
3. Recitation refers to the letters sent by courtiers to the emperor, including the three categories mentioned in Wen Xin Diao Long: Zhang Biao and Recitation.
In addition, there are thinning, writing and sealing. The original intention of sparseness is to explain things one by one, and sealing is to prevent leakage, which is a secret commemoration.
Countermeasures (strategies for short) are a subsidiary category of commemoration. This is the title of the emperor, written on the bamboo slips, called the policy question; The applicant states his opinions according to the topic, which is called countermeasures. Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu were both famous strategists in Han Dynasty.
4. The category of book words includes books and words.
Books refer to ordinary letters, mostly what tourists say to people in other countries.
5. Preface is a special style.
The ancients had a so-called "gift". It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that giving words became a style called "preface". Han Yu made the most gifts and was considered the best.
6. The imperial edict is a letter written by the emperor to his men.
Letters and letters were originally letters, but because the supreme ruler in feudal times was considered different from ordinary people, the letter written by courtiers to the emperor was called letters, and the letter written by the emperor to courtiers was called letters. The documents issued by the emperor include "system" and "patent".
Xi is an accessory of imperial edict. It is used to preach or condemn evil. Ba, not necessarily from the emperor; Sometimes it may be that the enemy countries denounce each other, or it may be the so-called "thieves". Because there are few just wars in feudal society, people who attack each other are often birds of a feather, and the so-called arrogance is often unreasonable or fabricating facts.
7. Biography is an article describing personal life stories, generally describing the deeds of the deceased.
Pass refers to pass, and form refers to line. Biography comes from Historical Records and Hanshu. Take Historical Records for example, Biography of Xiang Yu, Family of Confucius, Biography of Hou Huaiyin and Biography of Wei Hou An should all belong to biographies.
Legendary novels, such as Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Biography of Li Wa and Biography of Yingying, etc. , can be classified as biography.
8. Epitaphs include epitaphs and epitaphs.
The scope of the inscription is quite wide. There are inscriptions on Zen Buddhism and Jigong, such as the inscription on Mount Tai by Qin Shihuang, the inscription on Yanshan by Ban Gu, and the inscription on Pinghuai West by Han Yu.
There are inscriptions on temples, bridges and other buildings, such as Wang Jianqi's inscription on Toutuo Temple and Han Yu's inscription on Nanhai Temple.
In addition, there is a tombstone that records the deeds of the deceased before his death, and there is an inscription (rhyme) at the end of the text. In feudal times, the tombstones of big officials were all on the road in front of the tomb (Shinto), so they were called tombstones, and those with low levels were set up. There is also a kind of tomb table, which can be set by whether the deceased is an official or not. The tomb table also stands on Shinto, so it is also called Shinto table. There is generally no inscription (rhyme) on the tomb table.
Epitaph (epitaph) is also a record of the deeds of the deceased. Generally, there are two square stones, one with a cover under it, the other with an inscription and a title (the epitaph of a certain official and someone). It was buried in the tomb when it was buried. It is said that it is to guard against the changes in the valley so that future generations can identify it, so it was later called burial inscription, inscription, inscription and so on.
9. Miscellaneous notes include all narratives except biographies and epitaphs. There are carved stones; Some don't carve stones.
Stone carvings, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Tang Xinji, Weizheng County, Yongzhou"; Not carved stone, such as Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes. The characteristics of miscellaneous notes are narrative, but the miscellaneous notes of ancient writers in China in Tang and Song Dynasties are often narrative in the middle. Su Like Zhe's Kuaizai Pavilion and Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower have more discussions than notes.
10, admonitions and inscriptions are disciplinary articles, which are mostly used to warn themselves. Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription belongs to this category.
1 1, praise class is used to praise articles, generally to praise and praise others. Han Yu's Rural School Fu belongs to this category.
12, Ci and Fu are similar to long poems, which can express feelings and chant things. Unit 12 of this book will be discussed in a special article.
13. Mourning includes mourning and eulogy. Both of them are articles mourning the hanged, but they are eulogies.