The root cause of the outbreak of World War II, like World War I, is still the internal contradictions of imperialist countries and the law of unbalanced political and economic development at work. In the 20-20 years after the First World War, the development of capitalism was extremely unbalanced. With the rapid growth of economic and military strength, Germany strongly demands to seize colonies and markets from victorious countries such as Britain, France and the United States and compete for hegemony in Europe and the world. Italy and Japan were dissatisfied with the result of World War I and tried to establish regional hegemony. As a result, Germany, Italy and Japan took the lead in attacking and provoking war. The direct cause is the economic crisis of 1929 ~ 1933, which accelerated the establishment of the fascist dictatorship of Germany and Japan and the formation of the source of the Eurasian war. Fascist forces are the makers of this war.

In addition, the appeasement policy or neutral self-protection policy adopted by some big countries for their own interests also accelerated the outbreak of war. Although people all over the world also waged anti-fascist wars, they did not cooperate with each other and failed to stop the outbreak of wars, leading to local wars leading to world wars.

According to statistics, before Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939, the war had swept over 500 million people and spread to Europe, Asia and Africa. So, to be exact,1September 3, 939 is the day when World War II broke out, not the beginning. This is a point that must be clarified.

2. Why did the German fascists raid Poland? Before German fascists attacked Poland, they had occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia. Geographically, Poland is surrounded by Germany. Because of this, Hitler issued the order of "destroying Poland forever" after annexing Czechoslovakia. (2) Poland and Britain and France are allies, Germany is between France and Poland, and Poland is not as powerful as Britain and France. So Hitler decided to capture Poland first and then solve Britain and France. (3) Poland borders on the Soviet Union, and the occupation of Poland provides a springboard for attacking the Soviet Union. (4) In order to avoid the possible interference of Britain, France and the Soviet Union after the capture of Poland, fascist Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany in August 1939. Everything is ready. In order to get the maximum result at the least cost, Germany launched a surprise attack on Poland on September 1.

Germany annexed Austria.

Austria is located at a strategic crossroads and is the gateway to attack Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The Treaty of Versailles forbids merger. Hitler has long said that merger is "a task that we must accomplish in various ways in our life". He strongly supported the Nazis taking power in Austria. After several years of planning,1in March, 938, Hitler issued an ultimatum to the German-Austrian border, forcing Austrian Prime Minister Schnieger to resign and appointing Nazi Seth Inquart as Prime Minister. As soon as Inquart came to power, he sent a telegram "inviting" the Germans to occupy Austria on Hitler's orders. 13, the occupation was completed, the merger document was signed, and Austria became the "Oriental Province" of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles prohibited the merger, but countries such as Britain, France and the United States did not resist and sanction, but acquiesced in the merger.

Munich Agreement

The agreement that Czechoslovakia ceded Sudetenland to Germany. 1in the early morning of September 29th to 30th, 938, Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement at the Munich conference. The main contents are as follows: the Czech government must cede Sudetenland and other border areas with a majority of Germans to Germany within 10/0 days; Military facilities, industrial and mining enterprises, railways and all buildings in the ceded area shall be delivered to Germany free of charge; Set up an "international committee" composed of Britain, France, Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic to determine the ownership of other regions and finally delimit national boundaries, and so on. Munich Agreement is the culmination of the policy of "bringing disaster to the East" between Britain and France. Churchill lashed out at the agreement in the British Parliament, arguing that Britain had suffered a complete failure and that Britain and France were "in great trouble". Later, the policy of conniving at aggression at the expense of other countries was called "Munich Policy".

Neville chamberlain (1869 ——1940)

British Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader. Born in Birmingham, England, graduated from Birmingham University. 19 15 Mayor of Birmingham. 19 18 was elected as a member of the house of commons. He has served as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, Minister of Health and Minister of Finance. Since the Prime Minister 1937. During his tenure, he carried out the policy of condoning fascist aggression in an all-round way, admitted Mussolini's occupation of Ethiopia and acquiesced in Hitler's annexation of Austria. Especially in 1938, he sought audience with Hitler three times and plotted the Munich crisis. After the full-scale outbreak of World War II, Britain and France declared war on Germany and watched Poland perish. 1940 In April and May, the Germans quickly advanced to northern Europe and western Europe, and Chamberlain was strongly condemned, suddenly stepped down and died soon after. He is the author of the collection of speeches "Struggle for Peace".

Daladier (1884 ——1970)

French prime minister and leader of radical socialist party. 19 18 as a member of the house of representatives. He served as Minister of Colony, Public Works, Foreign Affairs and National Defense. 1927 was elected chairman of the radical socialist party. 1935 joined the French people's front. 1938 to 1940 as Prime Minister, he signed the Munich Agreement with Chamberlain. When France was defeated in 1940, it was driven out of the government by the dominant capitulators because it advocated continuing to fight in North Africa. He was arrested by the Betan traitorous government and imprisoned in France, Germany and Austria. Returning to China after the war. He was a member of the National Assembly from 1946 to 1958 and opposed the cold war policy. 1957 was elected chairman of the radical socialist party. 1958 opposed Charles de Gaulle's administration and then withdrew from politics.

The Germans occupied Czechoslovakia.

After Munich Conference, Germany occupied Sudetenland and other areas where Germans lived. Seeing that Britain and France were weak, Hitler forced the Czech President to sign the document of Czechoslovakia's integration into Germany on March 1939. The next day, the Germans entered Prague.

The Germans raided Poland.

In September 1939, 1, the Germans assembled 58 divisions, 1.6 million men, and launched a "blitzkrieg" against Poland. The Southern Army Group was commanded by General Lundstedt, while the Northern Army Group was commanded by General Burke. Two roads go forward. First, the fleet bombed important airports, central cities, traffic arteries, power stations and other facilities, and 6000 cannons slammed the Polish border. German ships moored outside Danzig Port and disguised as visiting also opened fire on Bojun base. Then more than 2000 tanks took the lead, followed by infantry. Polish troops rushed to the battle and the plane was blown up before it took off. Coupled with the loss of command, in less than two days, the main force of the wave army was defeated. The Germans quickly pushed into the hinterland of Poland.

"Strange War" and the Fall of Poland

At the beginning of the German-Polish War, Poland had only 37 infantry divisions and 1 1 cavalry brigades, which was far from the German army. The Polish government demanded that Britain and France "take joint action to stop the war". At that time, there were 1 10 divisions in France, 5 divisions in Britain and only 23 divisions in Germany. The strength of Britain and France against Germany is about 5∶ 1, so it is not difficult to launch an attack on the western front, which puts pressure on the Germans. However, not only did Britain and France not use ground troops to launch an offensive, but even Lian Haijun and the Air Force remained on hold, leaving Poland alone in a bitter struggle. On September 8, the German south arrived in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. Polish soldiers and civilians bravely defended, and Warsaw fell on September 27. On October 2nd, 65438/KLOC-0, fascist Germany destroyed Poland and brought unprecedented national suffering to the Polish people. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, and they were in a state of war in form, but in fact they did not take belligerent action, so they were called "strange wars" in history. This state lasted for more than seven months, which led to the low morale of the French army and the desire for peace among military and political officials. Germany, on the other hand, occupied Poland and took this opportunity to make full preparations for launching an attack on the western front.

French maginot line

Built in 1929 ~ 1940, it cost 200 billion francs. The whole line is 400 kilometers long, including the Rhine fortification zone, Alsace and Lorraine fortification zone and Saar obstacle zone. * * * There are 5600 permanent fortifications, which are very strong. Originally built to defend against German attacks, it didn't actually play much role in the war.

Dunkirk retreated.

About 400,000 British and French troops gathered in the Dunkirk Triangle. More than 338,000 people retreated to Britain, including about 200,000 British troops. France captured about 40 thousand people. The British and French allied forces abandoned 700 tanks, 2,400 cannons and a large number of other military supplies.

France's rout

On May 14, the Germans broke through the French border and bypassed maginot line to enter France. It also broke through the Wei Gang defense line hastily established by Wei Gang, commander-in-chief of the French army, on the Somme and Aina rivers. Italy declared war on Britain and France on June 10, and sent troops to attack the southeast of France. 14, the Germans occupied Paris, undefended city. At 2 1, the whole area north of the Loire River was occupied. On the 22nd, France surrendered. Northern and southwestern France were directly occupied by the German army, and other unoccupied areas were ruled by the puppet government established by Petain, because the capital was located in Vichy, also known as Vichy government.

Charles de Gaulle Airport (1890— 1970)

President of France. 19 1 1 graduated from St. Cyrus Military Academy. He joined the army in World War I and was injured three times. Later, he taught military history at St. Cyril Military Academy and served in the General Staff of Petain. 1May, 940, served as the commander of the Fourth Armored Division, and actively stopped the German invasion at the front. In June, he served as Deputy Minister of National Defense. After the fall of Paris, he flew to London on June 17 to organize the movement of "Free France" (later changed to "Fighting France"). Call on the French people to continue fighting. And recruited volunteers to organize armed forces, reaching 30 thousand in June. 194 1 In September, the French National Committee was established. Jean Mullin, a famous anti-fascist fighter, was airlifted back to China to unify the actions of domestic resistance organizations. 1943 In June, the French National Liberation Committee was established in Algeria, and it was one of the two chairmen. 1June, 944, the French interim government was established as the chairman. With the support of the British and American governments, the number of troops established outside France has reached 560 thousand, forming an expeditionary force to participate in the actions of the allied forces in various battlefields. In August, the army returned to Paris and led the army and people to liberate the motherland. 1946 1 month retirement. /kloc-0 was elected president in February, 1958, re-elected in 1965, and resigned in 1969. During his administration, he pursued an independent foreign policy and opposed the control of big countries. 1964 establishing diplomatic relations with China. After the death of 1970, President Mao Zedong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a wreath, calling it "an unyielding anti-fascist fighter, defending French national independence". His works include Future Army, Call, Unity, Salvation, Hope and other memoirs.

Petain (1856— 195 1)

Head of Vichy government in France, national traitor. During World War I, he commanded the Battle of Verdun. At the end of the war, he served as commander-in-chief of the French army and was promoted to marshal. 1934 served as minister of the army. 1940 served as deputy prime minister during the Franco-German War, and advocated defeatism and surrender together with commander-in-chief Wei Gang. When the Germans approached Paris, there was no organizational resistance and they declared Paris undefended city. /kloc-in June of 0/6, the Renault government collapsed and petain became prime minister. On the 20th, I made a truce with Germany and surrendered. On the 22nd, a surrender agreement was formally signed. All the French troops disarmed and handed over their weapons. The northern industrial zone was directly occupied by Germany, and the expenses of the occupying forces were borne by the Betan government. The south is under the jurisdiction of Petain puppet government, and the capital is located in Vichy. Petain amended the Constitution and called it "the head of state of France". 1945 was sentenced to death for collaborating with the enemy. He was later sentenced to life imprisonment and died in prison.

Battle of Britain

Or the British defense. Hitler failed to induce him to surrender and decided to invade Britain. Because Britain has the right to control the sea, Germany tried to destroy Britain with air superiority. On July 1940 and 10, the German Air Force bombed British ports and escort fleets, which started the Battle of Britain. On August 8, German planes bombed British naval bases, airports and radar stations, and seized air superiority. From September 7th, the bombing of London was concentrated, destroying the morale of the British people. Since June 10, major industrial cities have been bombed in an attempt to destroy Britain's productivity. During the three months from August to June+10 in 5438, Germany * * * dispatched more than 46,000 sorties and dropped about 60,000 tons of bombs. The maximum number of sorties in one day and night is 1786. More than 86,000 British residents were killed or injured, and more than 1 10,000 buildings were destroyed. However, Germany never achieved the goal of destroying Britain or forcing it to make peace. The British Air Force carried out three night raids on Berlin in late August and early September, which had a great psychological impact on the Germans. In air combat, German planes lost about 1 0,700, British planes lost about 900 and pilots lost about 6∶ 1. The reasons for Britain's victory are as follows: First, the morale of British soldiers and civilians who fought to defend their country was high, and the attitude of Churchill's government was also very firm. Second, the British air force is fighting at home, familiar with the environment and convenient for replenishment. When the British plane was shot down, the pilot could be rescued by parachuting. Third, Britain invented radar detection technology, which is convenient for understanding the movements of enemy planes. In June+10, 5438, Hitler was ready to carry out the "Barbarossa" plan to invade the Soviet Union, but the plan to invade Britain was cancelled, and the air battle was coming to an end. The strong resistance of Britain frustrated Hitler's plan to conquer the whole western Europe.

Winston Churchill (1874— 1965)

British Prime Minister, an active defender of the interests of the British Empire. Born into a noble family, he graduated from Sandhurst Royal Military Academy. Participated in the British invasion of India and Ying Bu War successively. 1900, he was elected as a member of the liberal party and the conservative party. He has served as Minister of Colonization, Trade, Interior, Quartermaster, Navy, Army, Air Force, Finance and National Defense. 19 18 ~ 1920 actively planned armed intervention in Soviet Russia. 1933 After Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill put forward the idea of uniting the Soviet Union to control Germany, opposed Chamberlain's connivance policy, and signed the Munich Agreement. 1939 Britain participated in the Second World War and became the Minister of the Navy. 1940 In May, he became coalition cabinet's wartime prime minister, refused Hitler's temptation to make peace, and resolutely led the British people against the Germans. 194 1 after Germany invaded the Soviet union in June, it immediately issued a statement to help the Soviet union, and then concluded a Covenant with the Soviet union. After defeating Germany, he resigned in July 1945 because of his defeat in the general election. 1in March, 946, he gave a speech in the United States, advocating that the Anglo-American alliance should fight against the Soviet Union, which opened the prelude to the post-war "Cold War". 195 1 ~ 1955 as prime minister, taking a tough policy towards the Soviet union. 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is the author of History of World War I, Memoirs of World War II and History of English-speaking Nationalities.

Illustration "Churchill visited the bombed area of London, England"

In the Battle of Britain, when the German Air Force concentrated on bombing London, a large number of high-explosive bombs and incendiary bombs were dumped, and hundreds of fires broke out in the city. After the bombing, Churchill inspected the smoky ruins and gestured with the word "V" with his forefinger and middle finger, inspiring the British soldiers and civilians to fight for victory.

The Germans invaded the Balkan countries.

When the Germans were still fighting on the western front and the British war was in full swing, Hitler's eyes began to turn to the eastern front, focusing on the vast territory and wealth of Southeast Europe and the Soviet Union. 1On September 27th, 940, the Treaty of Alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan was signed in Berlin, which formally formed the Axis military alliance of Berlin, Rome and Tokyo in an attempt to enslave the whole world and speed up the war process. Under the coercion and inducement of the German army, the fascist government of Holti, Hungary, joined the Axis Alliance and became Hitler's running dog in the same year1October 20th, 165438. 165438+1On October 23rd, Romania joined the Axis League, and the Germans entered Romania in the name of "instructors". 1 941March1day, Bulgaria also joined the axis countries, and the Germans immediately entered. On April 6, Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece with superior forces, and on April 17, Yugoslavia surrendered; 1 In June, the Germans took control of Greece. So far, Hitler Germany has controlled 14 countries in Europe, namely Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Greece. With the manpower and material resources of these countries, it has a great advantage in attacking the Soviet Union.

Fascist Germany suddenly attacked the Soviet Union.

1940 In August, the German General Staff began to formulate the "Barbarossa" plan to attack the Soviet Union according to Hitler's instructions. 1941At 4 o'clock in the morning of June 22, the German army launched an all-out attack on the Soviet Union, and the Soviet-German war broke out. The attack has three characteristics: first, it is sudden. Germany concentrated a lot of equipment in the English Channel and pretended to attack Britain on a large scale. In fact, it was a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The second is madness. The offensive force is *** 190 division with 5.5 million people, more than 3,500 tanks and armored vehicles, and more than 5,000 aircraft. From Murmansk in the north to Crimea in the south, an all-out attack was launched. Unprecedented scale. Germany wants to defeat the Soviet Union in six weeks and two months by blitzkrieg. The third is barbarism. Wherever fascist Germans went, they burned, killed and looted and pursued the barbaric policy of genocide. The Soviet people were forced to fight against fascism and defend the country. 194 1 the situation of the Soviet-German battlefield in.

At 4 o'clock in the morning of June 22, the blitzkrieg of Germany attacking the Soviet Union began. The North Road under the command of Marshal Rip attacked Leningrad from East Prussia. The middle route is commanded by Marshal Burke, and the main direction is from Warsaw to Moscow via Minsk. South Road is commanded by Marshal Lundstedt, focusing on the first line from Kiev to Caucasus Oilfield. On the first day of the war, a large number of airports in the Soviet Union were bombed indiscriminately, and 1200 aircraft were lost. The German Air Force took control of the air superiority. After three weeks of brutal fighting, the Soviet Union abandoned Latvia and most of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Twenty-eight Soviet divisions were defeated and 70 divisions lost half their personnel and equipment. The Germans pushed 300-600 kilometers into the hinterland of the Soviet Union, but they also lost 65,438+10,000 people, 65,438+10,000 planes and a large number of tanks. The main reason for the early fiasco of the Soviet Union was that the war was beneficial to Germany, which seized huge economic and strategic resources in Europe, had excellent equipment and had experience in commanding modern wars. The Soviet high-level underestimated the time and scale of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, and the lack of preparation for the German raid was also one of the important reasons. After the Great Patriotic War began, the Soviet Union set up a national defense commission headed by Stalin, concentrated all the national forces, reorganized the party and government work according to the wartime system, and quickly put the national economy on the track of wartime economy. After mid-July, the German offensive was blocked. Leningrad, North Road, was never captured. The Germans in the middle fought for nearly 30 days to open the Smolensk campaign to attack Moscow, and Odessa in the south road was never captured for two months. This delayed the German attack on Moscow and created conditions for the victory of the defending war in Moscow.

Battle of Moscow

The first general assembly war after the outbreak of the Soviet-German war. Hitler tried to destroy the main force of the Red Army, occupy Moscow and defeat the Soviet Union before winter. Assemble 80 divisions with 6.5438+0.8 million people, and Boucher will command the attack. The Soviet Union concentrated 6.5438+0.25 million troops under the command of Stalin. 10 year 10 2, the German general attack began. Hitler arrogantly declared that Moscow would be occupied in 10 days. Goebbels, his propaganda minister, actually asked the major newspapers in Berlin to leave an important position on the front page of 65438+ 10/2 to prepare to publish "particularly important news". The Soviet Red Army struggled to resist, and Moscow citizens mobilized urgently. 450,000 people participated in the construction of more than 320 kilometers of fortifications around the capital, and citizens organized national guard camps to destroy tanks and street fighting classes. 101October 12, the Germans have not yet approached the suburbs. 10 10 14, the Germans only captured Kalinin in the north, only approached Tula in the south, and only captured Borodino in the middle, but were immediately blocked. In the battle of Moscow, Stalin always controlled the capital. 194 1 year165438+1October 7th, which is the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution. Moscow's Red Square held a military parade as usual. Stalin stood majestically on Lenin's mausoleum, reviewed the Red Army team and delivered an inspiring speech. This feat strengthened the confidence of the Soviet people in defeating German fascism. 165438+1October 15, 5 1 German divisions launched a new offensive in an attempt to encircle the north and south and make a breakthrough in the middle. The three armies of the Red Army stubbornly resisted, and the most prominent German army advanced to 30 kilometers away from Moscow. At the beginning of February, 65438, it was already a cold winter in Moscow, and the temperature dropped to MINUS 20 ~ 30 degrees Celsius. Hitler was unprepared for the winter campaign. Germans don't have cotton-padded clothes and warm equipment. The motors of planes and tanks can't be started, the bolt can't be pulled, and the weapons are out of order. The Soviets have put on warm cotton-padded clothes, leather boots and winter hats to protect their ears. The guns are covered with warm sleeves and coated with antifreeze lubricating oil. On February 6, 65438, the Red Army began to counterattack and constantly broke through the German lines. By the middle of 1942 10, the Red Army had wiped out 550,000 enemy troops and destroyed and captured 1500 tanks. The Germans retreated westward 150 ~ 300 km. Hitler's blitzkrieg was completely shattered.

Great East Asia Rongquan

During the Second World War, Japanese militarists attempted to enslave the people of Asian countries, carry out aggressive expansion plans and establish colonial empires. 1in July, 940, on the basis of the principle of "marching south" in the base camp, the second Cabinet of Guards put forward this plan in the Outline of Basic National Policy. /kloc-in August, 2000, Japanese Foreign Minister Youko Matsuoka officially named it "Glorious Circle of Greater East Asia". He advocated the establishment of a new East Asian order with the empire as the core and the strong alliance of Japan, Manchuria and China as the foundation, and "established an economic cooperation circle including the whole Greater East Asia" under the guise of "* * * and * * glory". Countries and regions included in the * * * glory circle include Japan, North Korea, China, zhina, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, British India (including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), Afghanistan and the Hawaiian Islands. The victory of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Asian people, completely shattered this plan.

Attack on pearl harbor

Japan's sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Pacific naval base, was the prelude to the Pacific War. In order to implement the "Greater East Asia Glory Circle" plan, the Japanese invaded zhina in September. The United States believes that this is tantamount to Japan's open declaration of war, so it has strengthened its economic pressure on Japan. President Roosevelt announced the "freezing" of all Japanese assets, and then the British and Dutch governments quickly took the same action. In this way, the three countries stopped trade with Japan, especially oil trade. Japan imports 88% of its oil consumption. Under the embargo, the Japanese government either gave up its expansion ambition or seized the oil fields in dutch east indies (today's Indonesia) and went to war with the United States, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries. When Japan-US negotiations began, both sides wanted to crush each other with a tough attitude. Japan demands that the United States lift the embargo and stop sending troops to the Philippines. The United States flatly refused and warned Japan not to invade again. After many negotiations, the two sides still failed to reach an agreement. 65438+February 1, the Japanese imperial parliament finally decided to start declaring war on the United States, Britain and the Netherlands on February 8, 65438. In order to cause a surprise attack, Japan still insisted on negotiating with the United States until the sneak attack began. General Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese navy, attempted to defeat the US Pacific Fleet in one fell swoop and decided to launch a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the largest naval base of the United States in the Pacific Ocean, located in Oahu, Hawaii.

194 1, Hawaii time 65438+In the early morning of February 7th, six Japanese aircraft carriers were anchored 320km away from Pearl Harbor, and the first batch of sneak attack planes 183 flew over Pearl Harbor at 7: 55. Among them, 43 fighter planes and 5 1 dive bombers strafed and bombed the airport, preventing the American planes from meeting; 40 torpedo bombers and 49 high-altitude horizontal bombers attacked various ships, and immediately smoke, fire and explosion enveloped Hong Kong. At 8: 25, the first planes left. At 5400 hours, the second batch of Japanese planes 17 1 continued bombing until 0945 hours. Japan wiped out the main ships of the US Pacific Fleet at a small cost of losing 28 planes. Of the eight US capital ships in the harbor, four were sunk, four were seriously damaged, and the 188 plane was destroyed. At that time, the American aircraft carrier was not in the harbor and survived. This sudden attack is another attack that shocked the world after the German army suddenly attacked the Soviet Union in World War II. Its success is largely due to the surprise and carelessness of the American government.

The early situation of the Pacific War

Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor announced the outbreak of the Pacific War. On February 8, 65438, the United States declared war on Japan and Britain also declared war on Japan. Subsequently, more than 20 countries including "Free France", Australia and New Zealand declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States, which in turn declared war on Germany and Italy, and many Latin American countries also declared war on the Axis countries. The Second World War further expanded.

On the same day of Pearl Harbor, Japan launched an attack on Nanyang. Input 1 1 division, two flying regiments, three artillery teams and an aircraft carrier fleet, with about 400,000 people. On February 8, 65438, it invaded Thailand and forced Thailand to accept the treaty of alliance. 65438+February 10, the Japanese Air Force sank two British capital ships "Prince of Wales" and "Enemy" moored off the coast of Malaya, and took control of the sea power in the western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean. On the same day, Guam was occupied. The 22nd occupied wake island. On the 25th, British troops stationed in Hong Kong surrendered after occupying Hong Kong. /kloc-0 occupied Singapore, Myanmar, Philippines and Indonesia in March, 942. Only three months after the war, Japan occupied 3.8 million square kilometers of land with a population of 654.38+0.5 billion, and its offensive reached its peak.

Isoroku Yamamoto (1884 ——1943)

Japanese navy general. Xinxian people. 19 1 1 graduated from naval university. He used to be an instructor at the Naval University and a military attache at the American Embassy. 1933 served as commander of the first air force. 1935, Minister of Aviation Headquarters. 1936 vice minister Ren Haijun. 1939 served as commander-in-chief of the joint fleet and was promoted to general the following year. 194 1 1 February, he directed a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Outstanding performance in the Pacific War. 1943 18 on April 8, he was killed by a U.S. plane over Solomon Islands while inspecting the southern naval base by plane. After the marshal died.

1939 Study on the Soviet-German Non-aggression Treaty and the "Eastern Front"

1. On the Soviet-German Non-aggression Treaty. There are four different views on this issue. The first view basically affirmed the contracting action of the Soviet Union. In "On the Background and Significance of the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany", Wang Zhi thought that the signing of the Soviet Union was "Stalin's wise decision and a major victory of the Soviet diplomatic line". It disrupted the appeasement policy and the strategic deployment of all anti-Soviet forces, and shattered the conspiracy against the Soviet Union and holy alliance that imperialism had long expected to establish. The Soviet Union won the 22 months needed to defeat the invaders. It attacked Japanese imperialism in the East and intensified the contradictions among fascist countries. Strongly support China War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression; Judging from the summary of international struggle, "it is more beneficial to the Soviet people and the world anti-fascist countries and people." Yao Kun's Legacy: 1939 Brief Analysis of Soviet-British-French Moscow Military Negotiations, Essays on the History of International Relations published by Sanlian Bookstore, 1984. After analyzing the changeable international situation and complicated diplomatic pattern on the eve of the war, some comrades pointed out that it was "historical necessity" for the Soviet Union to sign a contract with Germany in order to prevent the West from succeeding in its plot to bring disaster to the East at a critical juncture when the alliance with Britain and France was hopeless and the war was imminent. It was "the only realistic and correct choice" under the historical conditions at that time. Of course, comrades who hold this view do not deny some negative effects of the Soviet-German Treaty.

The second view completely denies the contracting behavior of the Soviet Union. They believe that the signing of the treaty between the Soviet Union and fascist Germany deviated from proletarian internationalism and was a reflection of chauvinism, national egoism and expansionist ambitions of great powers. In practice, it caused a series of "serious consequences" such as "the outbreak of World War II", "the re-partition of Poland" and "the great chaos of the international capitalist movement". (Note: Shi Shichang: Another appeasement policy, World History Research Trends 1985No. 12.)

The third point of view is that the Soviet Union is too small to lose, and the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Wang Side believes that in the specific international situation at that time, in order to ensure the security of the Soviet Union, signing a contract has its own reasons, but the premature signing effect is not good and the negative effect is great. Judging from the overall situation of the international class struggle and the whole process of the development of the situation, "although the Soviet Union signed the treaty at this time, it gained something, but the less it gained, the more it lost. What really gained the most was Hitler Germany. " From the perspective of diplomatic strategy, "this is not the best way, nor is it the best way out." (Note: Wang Side: On the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, World History Research Trends No.8, 1979. )

The fourth point of view is that the contracting action of the Soviet Union was a "diplomatic choice that had to be taken" at that time. Li Julian and Pan pointed out that the signing of the treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany was neither a successful example, nor a diplomatic victory, nor a mistake, but a diplomatic choice that had to be taken under the complicated international environment at that time. (Note: Li Julian Pan: Some Questions about the History Before World War II, World History No.5, 1979. Koh Myong jin pointed out that the key issue is to truthfully analyze its consequences and fully affirm its positive role. Comparing the two, it should be said that "the positive role is fundamental and dominant". (Note: Gao Mingzhen: Some Views on the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, Trends in World History Research,No. 1984,No. 10 ...)

2. About the "Eastern Front". There are also three opinions in the research and discussion. The first opinion is positive. After the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union immediately put eastern Poland, the three Baltic countries, northern Romania, Bulgaria and parts of southern Finland under its control, thus establishing a new line of defense from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that is, the "Eastern Line". This made it necessary for Germany to attack from the front hundreds of kilometers further west, which was of strategic significance and won time and space for the Soviet Union. (Noe: Liu: The Border Problem of the Soviet Union, World History Research Trends, No.9, 1979. )

The second view is that the "Eastern Front" has advantages and disadvantages for the Soviet Union, which should be analyzed in detail. In the book History of the Second World War, Zhang Jiping believed that it was undoubtedly necessary to expand the Soviet space and defense line against Germany on the "Eastern Front". But the problem is that this line of defense is built on the territory of small and weak western neighbors. For its own security and defense, the Soviet Union did not hesitate to sacrifice the interests and sovereignty of weak countries, exposing its chauvinism and national egoism, which brought serious consequences.

The third opinion is negative. They believe that the "Eastern Front" has not really played a role in consolidating the western border of the Soviet Union. Under the attack of the Germans, the frontier defense was quickly destroyed. On the contrary, the Soviet Union invaded the territory and sovereignty of other countries and hurt their feelings, which was later used by Germany to pull these countries into the anti-Soviet bloc. After World War II, the Soviet Union did not return the territory occupied by other countries, which damaged the reputation of socialist countries.