In the current trend of education reform in the world, it is a common trend to emphasize the comprehensiveness, practicality and openness of the curriculum. Suhomlinski once said: "When a child walks into the school gate, don't put his thoughts in the frame of the blackboard and literacy textbooks, and don't let the four walls of the classroom isolate him from the colorful world." Life is the source of painting creation, and the real classroom of art education is in life and in nature. Therefore, it is necessary to fully combine the characteristics of new art textbooks, strive to promote the life of teaching content and teaching process, guide students to actively contact life, fully feel life, and boldly create life, so as to cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability to the maximum extent and improve their quality.

When reading Into Autumn, we first guide students to find autumn in their lives before class, and students enter nature and autumn with great interest. When I asked in class, "Where did you find autumn?" At that time, the students were in high spirits, and they were surprised to find that autumn was around them. "I found autumn in the field. At first glance, there are golden and heavy rice everywhere! " "I found autumn in the orchard. The delicious fruit is really tempting!" "I found autumn in the big tree. You see, the leaves have turned yellow and red, and some are still dancing in the autumn wind? " "I found autumn in the garden, and the blooming chrysanthemums are really pleasing to the eye!" ..... Standing in the rustling autumn wind, smelling the fragrance of flowers and fruits, enjoying the yellow valley, red leaves and blue sky, what kind of autumn is indescribable?

Aesthetics is a spiritual need, a subjective state of human beings and an expectation and pursuit of beautiful things. If a person has no aesthetic desire, it doesn't matter whether he appreciates beauty or feels beauty, and even the most beautiful objects are hard to store in his mind. Only those who love life, love beauty and long for beauty will be psychologically driven and nervous, pursue beauty with full enthusiasm and strong interest, find beauty in life and feel beauty strongly. Therefore, the desire for beauty is the source and motive force of aesthetic activities.

However, only aesthetic expectation and passion are not enough. In order to gain a profound aesthetic experience, we must also be good at observing beauty. The so-called aesthetic observation refers to purposeful, planned and lasting aesthetic perception activities. Aesthetic observation plays an important role in people's aesthetic practice. Through observation, we can focus on some aesthetic objects and get rich perceptual materials, which will provide more substantial, vivid and concrete content for the development of association, imagination and image thinking. The stronger the aesthetic observation ability, the deeper the aesthetic feeling will be.

Appreciation and creation of beauty are inseparable from aesthetic observation. Most outstanding writers and artists have admirable and highly developed aesthetic observation and sensibility. They are not only good at capturing beauty quickly, but also good at accurately grasping the perceptual characteristics and details of the beauty of the object. For example, Zhu Ziqing described plum rain pool's green in his essay Green:

"That intoxicating green! It is like a huge lotus leaf, covered with strange green. " "This paved, thick green is really cute. She is loosely wrinkled, like a girl's skirt; She is smooth and shiny, like being painted with' bright oil', as soft as egg white; She doesn't mix some dust with me, just like a moist jasper with a clear color-but you can't see through her! I have seen the poplars in Shichahai, Beijing, and I can't get rid of the yellow background. It seems too weak. I have seen a tall and dense' green wall' near Hupao Temple in Hangzhou. The green grass is endless and seems too thick. The rest, the waves in West Lake are too bright, and the waves in Qinhuai River are too dark. "

Here, the author first writes the green thickness of Meiyu Pool from the perspective of the whole pool surface, then writes its beauty, crystal and purity from the perspectives of ripples, water light and water color on the water surface, and then compares it with Qingyang in Shichahai, Beijing, the green wall in Hupao Temple, West Lake and Qinhuai River in Hangzhou, praising it for its appropriate shade, moderate light and shade, and its exquisite and vivid depiction, which is simply fascinating. The reason why the author can capture the peculiar, intoxicating and vivid details of the beauty in Meiyu Pool and sketch out the amazing and unique realm of beauty is because he has a high aesthetic observation and can discover and perceive the characteristic and sexy details of the beautiful object?

For a person, aesthetic observation is not innate, but gradually cultivated and developed in the process of life, study and aesthetic practice. Legend has it that the poet Wang Wei was invited to watch a piece of music. Wang Wei looked at it and pointed out: "What is painted here is the scene when the third paragraph of" Song of Nishang "is played on the first beat." The man didn't believe it, so he specially invited musicians to play this piece. When he played the first beat in the third quarter, the musician's movements and expressions were exactly the same as those in "According to Music Map". This man was greatly surprised and admired Wang Wei's eyesight. Why do you have such an accurate judgment on Wei? The main reason is that he is not only accomplished in poetry, but also proficient in music and painting. He has developed a good psychological quality of being good at observing, paying attention to musicians' performances, being familiar with various music tunes and having artistic practical experience. Here, we can get profound enlightenment: the improvement of aesthetic observation ability can only be realized through the accumulation of knowledge and continuous practice.

How to cultivate one's observation quality and train and improve one's aesthetic observation ability?

First of all, we should make clear the significance of observation and the purpose to be achieved. No matter what kind of beauty is observed, we should make a good plan, that is, determine what to observe, what to observe from what aspects, what to observe first, and what to observe later, systematically and step by step, and fully mobilize the initiative of various aesthetic senses.

Second, we must master the method of observation. For example, to observe the natural beauty, we should grasp the timeliness and choose the best period and scenic spot. Determine the order of observation: from whole to part, or from part to whole; From outline to detail, or from detail to outline; From far to near, or from near to far; From obvious to subtle, or from subtle to obvious, and so on. Pay attention to the organization of observation.

Third, we should use our brains to organically combine perception and thinking, pay special attention to the perceptual characteristics and details of the beauty of the object, think while observing, improve the rapidity, completeness and authenticity of observation, and deepen the experience of beauty.

Fourth, we should conscientiously sum up observation and accumulate observation experience.

As long as we practice repeatedly and make constant efforts, our aesthetic observation will be gradually improved and our aesthetic perception will be enhanced accordingly.

First of all, artistic acceptance provides a purpose for artistic value creation. Someone once asked O Tolstoy whether his works would be read if he was left alone on a desert island. He replied: No, the fundamental purpose of artistic creation is to be appreciated, understood and accepted by the recipients. As Sartre said: "The literary object is a special peak that only exists in the movement. To make it appear, you need a specific behavior called reading. How long can this behavior last and how long can it last? In addition to these, there are only black symbols on the white paper. " (Note: Sartre's Why Write, see Selected Western Literary Theories, edited by Ren Lifu and Hu Jing, P96, Peking University Publishing House, 1987. ) acceptance, works exist as literary activities, while real creation and works exist as long as the act of acceptance continues, which determines the significance of dual construction of artistic activities and artistic aesthetic acceptance for creation. Ancient art activities are activities in which creators and recipients participate together, and the creators of art are also recipients of art. In Lu's Ancient Music in the Spring and Autumn Period, there are "Ge Zhile, three people fuck oxtails in the past, and they are full of songs: one is to carry the people, and the other is to tell the mysterious birds ..." (Note: Lu's Ancient Music in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Zhuan, Twenty-nine Years of Xianggong, The Analects of Confucius) ) This is an art activity as well as a sacrificial activity, so it is impossible to tell the creator and receiver of this ancient art activity. At present, the creative process and the acceptance process are mostly distinguished between the creator and the receiver, but the close relationship between them should be determined by the origin and essence of ancient art, and creation and acceptance cannot be separated.

Secondly, the artist acts as the first reader in the creation of artistic aesthetic value. In artistic aesthetic creation, the artist first reviews his own psychological process and appreciates the emotions contained in his works. The artist's creation is free, but it is not aimless and endless. It is first to judge whether the work can be understood and accepted by readers. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, there are "hidden readers" in writers' creation, and artists first create for "hidden readers". To realize the aesthetic value of art, artists must determine who the "hidden readers" are and feel their psychology. For example, Lu Yao said, "In the process of writing, I always cherish the contact with contemporary readers. Writing in one way or another does not consider what experts will think or say, but tries to figure out the feelings of ordinary readers wholeheartedly. " (Note: Lu Yao's "Evergreen Tree of Life" was published in Wenyi Bao 199 1.4. 13. For the creation of readers, try to figure out the readers' psychology, cultivate a reader group who accepts his works in the artist's heart, and let the writer become one of them and become the first reader of his works. Therefore, in order to be accepted, artists are required to create and act as the first reader, and artistic acceptance establishes the status of artistic creation.

In the vibrant nature, in the lively social life and in the colorful art field, beauty is everywhere. However, can all people find beauty keenly and feel it deeply? Not necessarily. Some people are good at discovering beauty, and they can not only capture beauty quickly, but also gain insight into the subtle content of beauty that ordinary people ignore, while others are slow to respond. Even if they can't see something beautiful, they feel dull and indifferent. How did this happen? There are many reasons. Due to the restriction of everyone's life experience, thoughts and feelings, artistic accomplishment, hobbies, personality and emotions, there will definitely be individual differences in aesthetic feeling. In addition, there is another important reason, that is, because of the different aesthetic observation ability, the aesthetic feeling is different. The French sculptor Rodin once said, "Beauty is everywhere. For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of beauty. " The artist's point of view is extremely correct. There is beauty in life. If you want to find it, you must have certain aesthetic observation and sensibility.

In the art class, we should guide students to read "life textbooks" in the "school under the blue sky", find the source of life, and let students participate in various senses in practical activities, so as to effectively cultivate students' observation ability, thinking ability and imagination ability, cultivate students' aesthetic taste, enrich students' creative materials, cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability, and comprehensively improve their quality.

Attach two articles written by teachers about improving students' aesthetics.

How to improve students' aesthetic ability

Chen Wei, Jiangyin High School, Jiangsu Province

Art appreciation course in senior high school has been warmly welcomed by teachers and students for several years. This is to further cultivate and improve students' aesthetic ability on the basis of art in primary and junior high schools.

Only by further strengthening the comprehensiveness of students' aesthetic comprehension, enriching students' aesthetic feelings and helping students to establish a reasonable aesthetic judgment can students' aesthetic ability be truly improved.

First, the comprehensiveness of student aesthetic comprehension.

Aesthetic comprehension is a student's understanding of artistic works, which mainly includes two aspects: (1) external understanding: the category and characteristics of artistic works, the content and theme of works, the author's life and background of the times. It is based on a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the basic knowledge of art in primary and secondary schools. (2) Internal cognition: The artistic language, image, connotation and aesthetic feeling of art works are interrelated and interactive. Aesthetic comprehension's comprehensiveness is mainly reflected in these two aspects of teaching.

Traditional teaching focuses on the analysis and explanation of the content, theme, author's life and background of the times, and does not talk about the role of artistic language, formal beauty and other forms of expression on the works. I once happened to talk to a high school physics teacher about Van Gogh's works. He said: "Van Gogh's works are incomprehensible, messy and ugly. My art teacher told me that Van Gogh was a psycho and cut off his ear … "It seems that the teacher knows a lot about Van Gogh's life, but he can't understand the beauty of color, strength and unique expression of Van Gogh's works. This traditional teaching has led to

In teaching, I found that students' understanding of art works often stays on the content and plot of the works, and it is impossible to analyze the form of art works and their visual phenomena. The works of interest often have certain plots, depicting very realistic works, such as Lie Bin's "The Tracker of the Volga River", which has been studied in Chinese class in primary school, art class in junior high school and appreciation class in senior high school. Most students can explain the content of the work and analyze the expressions and actions of the characters. However, when asked about the effect of artistic language such as light and shadow, color, space, composition and formal rules on the works, the students were speechless. In addition, when analyzing works of art, some teachers pursue vivid anecdotes of art, anecdotes of the painter's life and the explanation of the plot of the works themselves, ignoring the important role played by the expression of the works, which will lead to one-sidedness in teaching and will limit students' cognitive ability for a long time.

In order to let the students fully understand the work, I asked the students to analyze the work while enjoying Van Gogh's Starry Night:

Analysis of students and students

The teacher's help

job responsibility

theme

Starry night, a strange fairy tale world; Pour out the painter's strong subjective feelings; It shows the author's strong love for art and infinite yearning for a better life.

Theme style

It focuses on the painter's subjective feeling of objective objects, and can change the shape and color of objective objects at will, which represents one of the modern western painting styles.

post-impressionism

artistic language

body

Moon, stars, clouds, mountains, small villages and plants.

What shapes appear on the screen?

Unique, childish, exaggerated, deformed

The way to express your body?

bright

dark

Bright places are bright, dark places are dark, less bright and more dark.

A large area of darkness forms a strong contrast with a small part of light.

colour

colour

Blue-purple theme

Main color?

Blue, purple, green, black, orange, red and white.

Color of composition?

Rich colors, strong contrast and strong light sensitivity.

Effect: strong emotion, subjective color.

empty

The space between/between/between/rooms.

Use the strong contrast between light and shade and color to express the sense of space.

How are the front and rear levels represented in the picture?

muscle

reason

Mottled, short lines (strokes), dynamic, dry and thick pigment accumulation, rich in texture beauty.

Texture effect of picture

Students can achieve a comprehensive understanding of the work by understanding the content and artistic language of the work.

teacher

works

analyse

theme

artistic language

student

analyse

New works

theme

artistic language

The improvement of students' thinking ability and aesthetic ability

Therefore, in the teaching of art appreciation in senior high schools, it is the primary task to strengthen students' comprehensive teaching of aesthetic comprehension. We should not only attach importance to the teaching of knowledge such as the content, theme and painter's life, but also vigorously strengthen the study and application of knowledge such as artistic language and formal rules. Taken together:

In this process, teachers' analysis of works provides students with a way to interpret works, and it is the teaching purpose for students to analyze works. The improvement of students' thinking ability and aesthetic ability depends on the comprehensiveness of aesthetic comprehension.

Second, enrich students' aesthetic feelings.

The so-called aesthetic emotion is a subjective emotional experience accompanied by aesthetic cognition. Psychology tells us that emotional process can only be produced through cognitive function. Emotion has a positive role in regulating and promoting people's cognitive activities. As a senior social emotion, aesthetic feeling is the perception and appreciation of beauty, which causes people to sing emotionally and gives people encouragement and strength. Therefore, enriching and enriching students' aesthetic feeling is another important part of appreciation class teaching in senior high school, the source of students' feelings and feelings conveyed by artworks, and the way for teachers to carry out moral education for students through teaching.

In teaching, students' aesthetic feelings can be spontaneous, and when they come into contact with the image of a work they have seen before, they will consciously show it. When talking about the painting "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival", students are more active in looking for riders, bearers and sedan chairs on the bridge because they have studied in the art class of junior high school ... I heard students say, "This painting is great." "This painting has drawn more than 500 people, and Zhang Zeduan is very powerful." And, pass on this emotional experience to other students in the classroom. In addition, the spontaneity of this aesthetic emotion is also highlighted in the choice of works. When appreciating The Fountain of Angels, Michelangelo's David, Raphael's Madonna in the Chair and Chen Zhifo's Cherry Blossom Birds, students show admiration and praise because of their realism, perfect images and aesthetic externalities, and their cognitive process tends to be active, so they are encouraged to read more books. Teachers have to solve the specific problems that students encounter when they appreciate, because solving problems naturally enriches their emotions. For example, in 1997, a famous printmaker and alumnus of China, Mr. Zhao Zongzao, held in our school, many students became interested in one of Mr. Zhao's works, The Party of Village Cadres. They tell us that the picture gives people a sense of pleasure, but they don't know what this is about. So I help students analyze from two aspects: form and theme: why is there a sense of pleasure? Because the author's composition is ingenious and uses the method of composition, the open umbrella has different postures, from near to far, from big to small, from strong to weak, and black and white are clear, which embodies the unified change of formal law and conforms to the principle of human vision. At the same time, Mr. Zhao showed the high trust of rural cadres in the Party organization in the 1950s and the theme of giving timely help, which reflected the hard-working style and collectivism of rural cadres at that time. Solve the specific problems in students' understanding, emotional barriers will be eliminated, and aesthetic feelings will be enriched and enriched.

However, this spontaneous emotional experience has certain limitations. In teaching, I find that students are either satisfied with the external pleasure of their works or choose realistic, meticulous and exquisite works with certain content and plot. If the form and content of the works are far from the students' original aesthetic comprehension, many students show inadaptability, and even have strong rejection psychology, which is considered as "dirty, messy and poor". After observation, this kind of emotional experience of rejecting a certain work is common among students. For example, Munch's "Scream" and Huang's "Wash the Pool on Mount Emei", students generally reject "aesthetics", so the role of teachers should first create classroom situations, especially teachers' own feelings about the works, such as changes in expressions and cadence of language, so that students can immerse themselves in specific situations. I remember when I was in middle school, the art teacher talked to us about Huang's paintings: he said that he was going to cry when he saw Huang's car, which was too powerful. At that time, his expressions, movements and voices were deeply reflected in his mind. This kind of emotional experience, especially from teachers, can often affect students' aesthetic feelings. As isler, an American modern art educator, said, "Nothing can influence students more than teachers praising their works in front of them." Of course, teachers should avoid defining works of art subjectively and arbitrarily, influence students' emotions with teachers' own likes and dislikes, and guide and help students more.

In teaching, giving full play to the advantages of textbooks and educating students on patriotism, idealism, outlook on life and morality is another important way to cultivate students' noble aesthetic feelings, such as Zheng Banqiao's Zhu Lan, Xu Beihong's galloping horse, the Forbidden City in Beijing, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and other representative works, which are the pride of the nation. We should make full use of the thoughts and feelings conveyed by the works themselves, and cultivate students to make progress, distinguish between love and hate, and distinguish between right and wrong.

The richness of aesthetic emotion comes from aesthetic comprehension's comprehensiveness.

The second article

How to improve students' aesthetic ability in art teaching

Yang Hui from Huaxi Primary School in Yushan Town, Changshu City

Aesthetic education is an important part of quality education and the key to improve the quality of art education. Art teachers can improve students' aesthetic awareness, cultivate students' aesthetic ability, stimulate students' aesthetic interest and continuously improve students' aesthetic ability by changing evaluation criteria, teaching students how to appreciate art works and guiding students into nature.

[Keywords:] improve the artistic aesthetic ability

Text:

Aesthetic education plays an important role in education in China. As an important part of quality education, aesthetic education is the key to implement the development strategy of quality education and improve the quality of art education. Therefore, we should strive to create a beautiful aesthetic education atmosphere for students, let them consciously master the correct aesthetic taste, let them actively think more, practice more, learn to create beauty, and let them give full play to their intelligence in a happy mood.

Then, how to cultivate students' aesthetic ability in art teaching?

First, change the evaluation criteria and improve aesthetic awareness.

Because children's physical and mental development is closely related to cognitive things, children's art is the natural product of children's physical development level, perceptual ability, emotional attitude and life experience, and it is a feature in the process of children's development, so it is only a "phased" achievement. We teach children to learn art, not to cultivate them into artists, but to cultivate their sentiments, improve their aesthetic awareness and cultivate their various abilities in the learning process. Therefore, we should know more about children and respect their thinking characteristics. Taking children as an example, it often has the following characteristics: (1) It is not bound by objects, with strong subjectivity and many impression elements; (2) Casual, strong contrast, exaggerated and unrestrained. (3) The colors and lines are bold and simple, creating a strange and surprising effect inadvertently, which is the charm of children's painting. Therefore, when evaluating children's works of art, we should not judge whether they are like or not, but whether they truly reflect children's inner feelings in the paintings and whether they have unique and novel performances. The world in children's eyes can never be described on the same level as that of adults, because most of their visual images are a combination of intuition and imagination. Only with the growth of age, the accumulation of knowledge, the improvement of skills and the reappearance of intuition and understanding can we become active re-creation. Only by understanding children and respecting their cognitive laws can we correctly judge their works. As art teachers, we should not only have this aesthetic consciousness, but also pass it on to students. Encourage students to play boldly, create boldly, draw their own feelings, draw their own ideas, change the consistent artistic evaluation standards, and improve aesthetic awareness.

Second, cultivate aesthetic ability through artistic appreciation.

Art appreciation plays a very important role in stimulating students' interest in learning and improving their aesthetic ability, so that students can learn to appreciate and make full use of classroom works appreciation and exhibition works appreciation to improve their aesthetic ability.

To appreciate a work of art, we must first learn how to appreciate it. Teachers should guide students, take the initiative to capture a strong first impression, stimulate students' deep feelings of beauty, and grasp the artistic conception of the works. Due to the huge number of artistic works left over from ancient times to modern times, in order to let students be influenced by beauty in this ocean of art, students should first learn the classification of art. For example, art can be divided into two categories: ornamental art and practical art, and can be divided into four parts: painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and architecture. Painting can be divided into two categories: oriental painting and western painting, as well as Chinese painting, oil painting, watercolor painting, gouache painting, printmaking and sketch. On the basis of learning these categories, students are guided to master the artistic characteristics, social functions and the relationship with human civilization of various works. Secondly, students should learn to compare and evaluate their works, so as to deepen their appreciation. Usually, when students appreciate works, they only use "good", "beautiful" and "beautiful" to evaluate works, but it is difficult for students to say where to say hello, so teachers should help students compare and comment on works with the same theme when guiding students to appreciate works. What is the difference between the forms of expression of the same work? What changes have people felt? What are the differences in techniques such as lines, colors, proportions and conception skills? What is the impact on the theme of the performance, and so on. And then talk about the experience of appreciating the work.

When students have a certain appreciation ability, teachers should take various teaching methods to expand students' appreciation and appreciation ability. They should not only collect and select works of art that students like to enjoy, but also organize students to visit art exhibitions, so as to open the door for students to appreciate art treasures and let them see the profoundness of eastern and western art, especially the appreciation of ancient works of art in China. They should not only let students know the high achievements and characteristics of China ancient art, but also further inspire students. Through the appreciation of a large number of works, students can learn to "make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China", and establish their determination and confidence to study hard for the development of China's art career and the construction of a strong motherland.

Third, go into nature and stimulate aesthetic taste.

Nature is a natural classroom, and the beauty contained in nature is endless. From plants, flowers, animals, humans and all natural images, we will find many novel and extremely beautiful shapes and colors. It not only broadens students' minds and cultivates their beautiful sentiments, but also increases their scientific knowledge and cultivates their spirit of exploration. In art teaching activities, teachers pay attention to guiding students to develop good observation habits, lead students out of the classroom, into nature, be diligent in observation, be good at observation, be a caring person in life, let students perceive and understand everything in nature, feel beauty, discover beauty, create beauty in their hearts, and let students observe flowers and house shapes on campus. Observe passing vehicles, people, etc. For example, in the flower sketch class, I ask students to observe different flowers carefully, and then guide them to analyze and understand the growth and structure of flowers, improve their interest in learning and promote the development of their observation ability. Students use artistic methods to reflect and describe everything in nature, and all kinds of vivid and rich things naturally emerge from the paper.

Fourth, in artistic creation, improve aesthetic ability.

Creativity refers to a person's unique, outstanding, extraordinary and valuable talent in a certain field. It is not a single ability, but a synthesis of various abilities with creative thinking as the core, which is used to grasp information, reclassify organizational changes, keenly imagine, speculate and innovate, and decisively choose the best scheme according to the existing information. Successful innovation has three indispensable factors, namely, innovative attitude, innovative thinking and innovative skills, and the formation and development of these factors are inseparable from innovative activities. The foundation of creativity can be said that creativity is the reprocessing and organization of existing knowledge, and the content created is restricted by knowledge, otherwise it will become passive water. In our art extracurricular group activities, we take improving aesthetic quality as the main line, improving modeling ability as the breakthrough point and improving creative ability as the starting point. Teachers' subjective will is never imposed on students, so that every student has personality, characteristics, specialties, good observation, courage to express and dare to be unconventional. They often take students to sketch, learn to observe with their own eyes, analyze and compare, think about how to create paintings, and teach them to learn all kinds of painting techniques suitable for children: such as ink painting, children's painting, blow printing ... in painting creation, find the best. Tell the students that art comes from life and is higher than life. In creation, we should learn to refine useful things. Let your work have bright spots and moving places.

Kant said: natural beauty is a beautiful thing, and artistic beauty is the expression of the beauty of things. To teach students to express beauty, we must teach them what beauty is. Therefore, aesthetic teaching in art teaching is very important.

(This article was published in the annual meeting of art teaching in primary and secondary schools in Changshu. )