[Literary Works] Journey to the West
The characters in Journey to the West are mainly in vernacular Chinese, with occasional poems and songs. They are usually exaggerated and figurative, arranged in parallel sentences, sonorous in tone and catchy, and suitable for speaking or singing loudly. The traces of storytelling, storytelling and drama scripts are very heavy, as if the storyteller or stage is in front of us. This kind of language has greatly played the role of tone and rhythm in people's psychology and enhanced their appeal. Its disadvantage is that the storyteller's tone is too strong. The vernacular is humorous and sometimes cunning, which is quite interesting in western languages; A large number of hymns and a large number of flowery rhetoric describe the beautiful, rich, peaceful and free fairy scenery and demon cave; Depicting Bishop's immortal image, demon image and so on. Let the reader be full of jewels, jade branches are lovely, dreamlike, like a fairyland. These "fairyland" are not just the dreamland in Buddhism, but the scenery that should be under the rule of Buddhism. India does have a relatively stable royal family and aristocratic class, and has been able to live a relatively healthy and prosperous life for thousands of years. Buddhism is suitable for the city-state system and can often "benefit" one side of the land! The Journey to the West is a petty bourgeoisie. The adventure plot design of a large number of demons in Journey to the West is related to Buddhism's emphasis on "strength" and "fearlessness".
The Journey to the West's style is actually Buddhist scripture, and its conception, genre, plot and expression are all derived from Buddhist scripture stories, using a lot of fantasy and exaggeration. The use of supernatural transformation, doppelganger, illusion (personification, materialization, transformation), magic, abnormal transformation (earthquake, ground fissure, fire, etc.). ), leaving the soul, sleepwalking, entering the ghost (hell), ascending to heaven, traveling to other worlds (Dragon Palace, sea, etc. ), etc., and use more vivid rhetorical methods. There are eight kinds of metaphors in Nirvana Sutra: "Eight kinds of metaphors: one is shun metaphor, the other is inverse metaphor, the third is present metaphor, the fourth is non-metaphor, the fifth is pre-metaphor, the sixth is post-metaphor, the seventh is successive metaphor, and the eighth is repeated metaphor." Then give an example. The Great Wisdom also points out that "there are two kinds of metaphors: one is false and the other is practical". This is the so-called "false metaphor" and "true metaphor", especially the so-called "metaphor", that is, putting all kinds of metaphors together. These are everywhere in concrete works, and there are too many to mention.
The Bunsen story of Buddhism is very similar to Journey to the West. In the translation literature of Buddhist scriptures, Bunsen Sutra is one of the most popular parts with the highest artistic value. Known as the "collection of folk fables in ancient India", it is also a treasure house of ancient world fable literature that can be said to be Aesop's fables in Greece.
Dharmaksema's Nirvana Sutra said: "What is the name of Tathagata Sutra (another transliteration of Bensheng Sutra)? If the Buddha is a bodhisattva and practices asceticism, then the so-called monk should know that I used to be a deer, a monk, a rabbit, a king of millet powder and a king of wheel saints. " The formation of Bunsen Sutra was roughly at the same time as the collection of Buddhist biographies. During the Buddhist period, the concepts of "Three Buddhas" and "seven buddha's Past Life" were formed, which made the sacred and immortal Buddha have his past life. Praise the Buddha's past life, and the Bensheng Sutra appeared. There are many stories about Bunsen and Buddhism in the relief of the three-foot pagoda archway built by Ashoka in Malva, Madhya Pradesh (268-232 BC). In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dharma went west to seek dharma. In Tianzhu, he went to the place where Bodhisattva cut meat, changed pigeons, gave eyes and gave his life to feed tigers. In the lion country (Sri Lanka), I met the king city to worship Buddha's teeth. At the ceremony, "the king stepped on both sides of the road and became a bodhisattva for 500 years." From then on, he realized all kinds of things: he wanted to sigh, or he made a change, or he became an elephant king, or he became a deer and a horse. In this case, all his images were painted and installed in the school and looked like a stranger. " Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of Datang" also recorded the story of the five-tone folk origin.
Hu Shi once said: "The last article of Hua Yan Jing, Entering the Legal World, accounts for more than a quarter of the book. It's a novel written by a gifted teenager who seeks dharma. Walking through the city after festival, meeting one master after another, perfunctory ... This endless fantasy, this cliche of "blindly chewing maggots", is the "list of gods". Sun Changwu, a professor in the Chinese Department of Nankai University and a doctoral supervisor, said: "The book" You must reach the essence of the house "in the Classic of Virtue gives Sharif a colorful artistic play to the plot of fighting with the Sixth Division. Chen Yinque talked about this story, and linked it with the wrestling between Sharifutsu and Mulian recorded in Volume 29 of "One Plus One Agama" and Volume 45 of "On Great Wisdom", pointing out that "the novel of Journey to the West, which is popular in this world, is the same as Sharifutsu's surrender to six novels. It is also said that the descendants of Sanzang, such as Pig Bajie, admire their cleverness, which is more severe than that of Sharifutsu, or it is not without similarities. "
Edit the introduction of the author of this paragraph.
Portrait of Wu Cheng'en
Wu Cheng'en (150 1 year-1582) is named ruzhong. No. Sheyang Mountain, Shanyang County, Huai 'an Prefecture (now Huai 'an District, Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province), Han nationality, novelist of Ming Dynasty. Wu Cheng'en didn't get a one-year-old tribute student until he was about 40 years old. He went to Beijing to wait for an official position, but he was not selected. Because his mother was poor, he went to Changxing as a county magistrate. In the end, he was falsely accused and left home two years later. In his later years, he made a living by selling documents at the age of 8 1. A country in the Zhou dynasty
Wu Cheng'en and his hometown (8 photos)
Chengen likes to read wild stories and is familiar with ancient myths and folklore since childhood. The frustration of officialdom and the hardships of life deepened his understanding of the feudal imperial examination system and the dark society, prompting him to express his inner dissatisfaction and resentment in the form of strange novels. He said to himself, "although my title is intellectual monster, I don't know ghosts, but I actually remember the variation of human beings, and I have a lesson."
Hu Shi's research on Wu Cheng'en;
The following information is taken from Hu Shi and The Journey to the West. Four. About the year Wu Cheng'en died:
I wrote the preface of The Journey to the West the year before last, and I still don't know who the author of The Journey to the West is. I can only say: "The novel of Journey to the West must have been written after the middle of Ming Dynasty", "It was written by an unknown novelist after the middle of Ming Dynasty". See "Textual Research of Novels" on page 76, quoting Yang Shanding, saying that The Journey to the West was written by Gong Sheng Wu Cheng'en, a middle-aged man in Jiajing, Huai 'an, according to "Bibliography of Old Records of Arts and Literature in Early Kangxi, Huai 'an Prefecture". Textual research novels contain the worst materials. Dante Rock is a scholar, and his words are based on the records of Huai 'an government, so we follow his guidance to find materials about Wu Cheng'en. Now, Mr. Zhou Yucai copied many materials he found to me and transcribed them as follows:
Revelation "Huai 'an Prefecture Records" XVI. "People's Wisdom" II. "Modern Literature" Wu Cheng'en is sensitive and wise, well-read, beautiful and elegant, and has the style of Qin Shaoyou. The revival of good comedies and several miscellaneous stories were famous for some time. A few eccentric people were awarded the county class II by Mingjing, but soon they lost face and left their hometown. Wild poetry and wine, pawn. There is a collection at home. Qiu Shao and Stuart merged to carve it.
Also with the book 19, Literature and Art 1, Huaixian Wenmu] Wu Cheng'en: Sheyang Collection, four volumes, oral volume; Preface to Chunqiu Zhuan; Journey to the west.
Kangxi's record of Huai 'an Mansion (xi, XII) is similar to that of the Apocalypse.
Tongzhi's "Shanyang County Records" XII, "Man"] Wu Cheng'en's word Ruzhong, whose real name is Sheyang Mountain, is an exercise book. Jiajing middle-aged (the election record does not contain any year), the official to Changxing County Cheng. British people are rich in tea, and the world pushes it. In an instant, the stone spoke more than his hand. The family is poor, there are no children, and many manuscripts are lost. Qiu Zhenggang, a citizen, packed up the defects and published them in four volumes. Prefect Chen Wen lit a candle as a preface, which was named "Sheyang Save Draft" and a volume of "Continued Draft", which covered its contents.
And 18, Yiwen] Wu Cheng'en: Sheyang Save Draft has four volumes, and Continued Draft has one volume.
Guangxu's records of Huai 'an House (28), People (2) and Arts (38) are the same as above. There are also Yang Shanzhi V, Guan Yi and Ming Taishou, which say, "I have been with Qin Long for two years. Uncle Chen Wen, a native of Mianyang, is a scholar, and has just come to Qin Long. Shao Yuanzhe, the first in Wanli. " Jiao Xun's Opera Volume 5 quotes Ruan Kuisheng's Tea Guest Talk;
According to old books, Wu Sheyang is sensitive and wise, and his writing of poems has become ridiculous. There are several kinds of miscellaneous notes written, which became famous for a while. I don't know why Miscellaneous Notes is a book today. However, "Asking Mother with a Fairy" includes "Popular Romance on a Journey to the West" written by Mr. Wang ... which is the beginning of the popularity of this book in the next season, and people in the alley enjoy it. ..... Not far from Sheyang, there is no need to change the surname with secular novels. Its statement should be well-founded. Dialect slang is spoken in rural dialect streets, and children in the streets are familiar with it, but others are unfamiliar, especially pregnant people. However, this is a special pen for Sheyang game, and it talks about the laughter of Zicun Weng boy. You must seek the secret of cultivation and carve it.
Mr. Zhou's Tea Guest Talk is based on Volume 4 of Sanyanglu, and the original text is:
Mr. Jiu Zhilie of Apocalypse is the head of the garden of modern literature, saying that he is "quick and intelligent, full of bookish spirit, writing for poetry, good and ridiculous." There are several kinds of miscellaneous notes written, and the names are shocking for a while. "I don't know why Miscellaneous Notes was waiting for books at first. And read "Huaixian Wenmu" by Mr. Journey to the West. Textual research on The Journey to the West's old name Proverbs, that is to say, it conforms to the purport at that time. "Preface to Yuan Yu Taoist Temple Garden" said that this book was written by Qiu Changchun at the beginning of the founding of the country. And "county annals" refer to the hands of Mr. ... When the apocalypse comes, Mr. is not far away, and his words will be true. Written at the beginning of Changchun, Italy, Mr. Zhi made it a popular romance; For example, The History of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou, while The Romance is called Luo Guanzhong. There are many dialects in my hometown in the book, and there is no doubt that there are people who go abroad. Or the cloud has "After Journey to the West", written by Mr. Sheyang. Wu Yuxi also mistook Qiu Changchun in The Journey to the West. The Journey to the West by Qiu Changchun, prefaced by Yu Ji, is a geography book about travel, which has nothing to do with this book. Ruan Kuisheng, though based on Wu Shuo, didn't believe what the real people in Changchun said. Probably after Qianlong, scholars knew the nature of Changchun's original book and said it was broken.
There are many materials about Wu Cheng'en in Volume 4 of Wu Yuxi Yang Shanzhi, which are recorded as follows:
During the Jiajing period, Wu Youen was a native of Sheyang Mountain, and I was a scholar of Huai Dynasty. Wu Min Bocha has more hands, and he wants to give a ceremony on the stone tablet for a while. Recommend gentry and brother Tai as knife catchers. Gu Shuqi is not even a tribute to Changxing County. The poor old man lacked an heir and many manuscripts were lost. Qiu Situ just cleaned up the defects, which were recorded by his friends Ma Qingxi and Ma Zhuquan, and also collected by fellow villagers. It is divided into four volumes, engraved with the title "Sheyang Save Draft". "Five Yue Wen Candles" is the preface. It simply says, "When Chen Zi was guarding Huai 'an, Changxing Xu Zi crossed Huai 'an. Go to Changxing, such as Zhongcheng, and be nice to your son. The three men called for wine in the Han harem, and they were tireless in writing and poetry. Ruzhong said that since the Six Classics, only the Han and Wei Dynasties were close to ancient times. The poem is from "Three Hundred Poems", but the Tang people are near ancient times. Scholars have become apprentices of Xie Chaohua in recent years, but they don't know much about animals. Without knowing how to wash their hands, it is difficult for them to express their views. Xu Shi Sheng and his son are convinced of this.
Today, You Zhong's works are beautiful because of love, clear and bright, implicit and profound. After a hundred years of prose deficiency and a thousand years of legacy, Zhang Wenqian is just a person after him. "Li Shimin push xu, is very proud. Reading his collection of posthumous works, fifteen counties ranked first in the Ming Dynasty. I'm sorry that the book board doesn't exist. I just took a manuscript at first, and all the paper and ink have been used up. Later, four volumes of engraving were collected one after another, and one volume of sequel was also completed. All his poems are included in Old Collections of Yang Shan, where one or two of his outstanding people are chosen to express the fragrance of petals.
Accordingly, when Chen Zhen was guarding Huai 'an, Wu Cheng'en was still in its early stage (about 1570). From this, we can get his age:
Jia (about 1550) was born in at the age of.
In the last years of Jiajing (about 1560), he served as the county governor of Changdian.
Qin Long (about 1570), a native of Huai 'an, was friends with Chen and wrote a paper with wine.
At the beginning of Wanli (about 1580), Wu Cheng'en died.
Wu Cheng'en was born in the late years of Zheng De (about 1520) and died in the early years of Wanli (about 60 years old). Records of the Apocalypse in Huai 'an was compiled in the sixth year of the Apocalypse, and it has been forty or fifty years since I went to Wu Cheng'en 1626.
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