The typical artifacts of Yongle period in Ming Dynasty include the dragon-shaped blue-and-white jade pot spring bottle and the dragon-shaped blue-and-white seawater palace bowl unearthed in Yongle stratum of Zhushan Imperial Kiln Factory in Jingdezhen, which are typical artifacts of blue-and-white porcelain in Yongle period in Ming Dynasty.
The fetal quality is white and delicate, and the carcass is light and thin. The modeling curve is round and ingenious, and the slope inside and outside the wall is circled. The root of the foot wall is wider than the artifacts of Hongwu period, and the foot end is flattened. There are three kinds of utensils: jade pot, spring bottle, big spoon and high handle. There are two specifications for high-foot handles, namely, 8 cm caliber and 15 cm caliber. There are three kinds of cup targets: thick, short, thin and high, and bowls have two calibers: 13 cm and 20 cm. Most of the patterns are conformal patterns, and there are decorative ribbons along the mouth, near the circle foot and around the circle foot, which changes the layout of multi-layer decorative ribbons for the main decoration and auxiliary decoration of Yuan blue and white flowers. The varieties are blue and white and red. The glaze is white and slightly blue, and the glaze juice is rich, all of which are full of glaze color. This dynasty lasted for 22 years. It is worth noting that there is no royal year number on the unearthed blue and white porcelain. There is a blue-and-white Yunlong painted in the circle foot of the blue-and-white Yunlong pattern bowl, which is a pattern, indicating that the level of this bowl is imperial. This pattern is found in handed down products and is a precedent for the circle foot after Xuande Dynasty. Strictly speaking, stilts in Gao Zubei are all hollow. Bottles and cans of tires are repaired neatly, and the contact marks of tires are not obvious. The edge of the spoon is exposed and burnt.
Green material: There are two kinds of green materials used in Yongle blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty. One is rich in hair color and has "rust scar". Test this imported material with high iron and low manganese, that is, "Suni Ma Qing" and the like; The other, the hair color is slightly light and elegant, and there are fewer "rust scars" on it. This green material has not been tested. Yongle blue and white porcelain in Ming Dynasty can be divided into unearthed products and handed down products. The unearthed products were unearthed in Yongle stratum, the former site of Mingyu Kiln Factory in Jingdezhen City, which was divided into two periods, around the 17th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (14 19).
Early custom-made Jingdezhen porcelain in Yongle period of Ming dynasty: Yongle period of Ming dynasty and the following years. Decorated with broken branches, wrapped branches, flower peony patterns, lotus patterns, plum patterns and so on. There are big-lid cans, diamond-shaped hems or round hems, all with fine sand bottoms. These large-scale vessels were all decorative vessels or porcelain exported by the Ministry of Industry, which were fired for Zheng He's voyage to the West in the early years of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. Later period: about seventeen years of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. The spring bottle of Wulong jade pot in typical vessels is this period. The bottle is painted with five claws and five dragons, one big and four small, the lower abdomen is painted with waves, and the circle is decorated with clouds. The main decorative patterns of artifacts in this period are dragon pattern, cloud phoenix pattern, sea fish pattern, sea animal pattern, sea fairy mountain cloud dragon pattern, treasure pattern, assorted pattern, lotus flower pattern, lotus petal wheel pattern, broken branch chrysanthemum pattern, Sanskrit pattern and so on. , and the edge is decorated with lotus petal pattern, moire pattern, grass scroll pattern, palindrome pattern, tangled chrysanthemum pattern and so on. There are two kinds of brushes: real pen and sketch rendering.
There are two kinds of decorative patterns: dense and dense, and the overall feature is clear and neat. The thin lines of the pattern are mostly solid pens, while the thick lines and decorative patterns are sketched and rendered, which are very regular and do not leave the sideline. The main decorative patterns are all kinds of broken branches and fruits, such as litchi, pomegranate, fragrant rafters and peaches. , as well as patterns such as lotus, peony, alfalfa, lotus petals, lotus pond, Yunlong and Tibetan; The edge is decorated with lotus petals, Mei Duo, rolling grass, banana leaves, flowers and so on. The fetal quality is fine and white, and the carcass of small objects is extremely thin. There is a lightweight mortar bowl-a bowl made of slurry deposited on the upper layer of porcelain clay. Its glaze juice is rich and even, with blue in white, mostly very moist and fine sand bottom and glaze bottom. Shapes include plum bottles, Yuquan bottles, straight-mouth square flow pots, flat bottles, monk's hat pots, funnels, inverted double-ear flat bottles, ribbon gourd bottles, plum bottles, non-spread bowls, lotus seed bowls, folded bowls, rhombic folded bowls, round-mouth plates, hand-pressed cups and so on.
It is understood that the circle of alfalfa bowl is full of snowflake patterns, with lotus pond patterns inside and branches outside. This bowl is only available in Beijing Palace Museum, Taipei Palace Museum and Confucius House in Qufu, Shandong Province. Some of the patterns of this bowl are blue and white, some are gold, and the model is gold. There is a four-character seal script in the pressure cup, and there is nothing else. In terms of technology, the porcelain clay is fine, the drawing process is high, and the horizontal interface of the tool is not obvious. The blue and white of Yongle Imperial Kiln in Ming Dynasty has the characteristics of "light carcass, white glaze juice, rich colors and sparse patterns".
Characteristics of high-grade custom blue and white porcelain in Xuande in Ming Dynasty
Typical artifacts of Xuande period in Ming Dynasty: blue and white artifacts unearthed from Xuande stratum in the site of Zhushan Imperial Kiln Factory in Jingdezhen, and some precious artifacts handed down from generation to generation. Xuande blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty is the same as Yongle blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty. Other characteristics. The following are divided into two categories: unearthed products and handed down products, which are helpful to identify teachers 55438+0328+078+05.
Unearthed products: Unearthed in the Ming Xuande stratum of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory, divided into two phases. The early period was Xuande for one to five years in the Ming Dynasty. Unearthed cultural relics include: fragments of tattoos of sea water animals; Fragments of seal script "Xuande Year System"; Brick fragments; A large bowl printed with auspicious animals in the sea; Ganoderma lucidum fragments with outer branches and inner branches folded into Guo Rui patterns have a diameter of 74 cm, a basal diameter of 63 cm and a height of 10.9 cm after restoration; Parrot birthday peach pattern fragments, caliber 78 cm. In the later period, Xuande lasted for five to ten years. The objects unearthed from the Imperial Kiln Factory include flat chrysanthemum or dragon plum vase, blue-and-white algae Gao Zubei, cricket jar, bird food jar, brocade plaid butterfly ear cup, pear-shaped pot, flat shoulder pot, sea water dragon Sanskrit cup, seven-edged flowerpot and various flowerpots. The layout and pen use of decorative patterns are the same as those in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty.
Ming Xuande's high-end customized blue and white porcelain wares in Dezhen Imperial Kiln Factory mainly include grapes, chrysanthemums, camellias, peonies, lotus flowers, sea pomegranates, carnations, ganoderma lucidum, peony with broken branches, persimmons, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, camellias, peaches, ganoderma lucidum, plaid brocade, vanilla dragons, sea dragons, flower-piercing dragons, Tibetan styles and so on. The edge is decorated with large and small double-layer lotus petals, solid lotus petals, Ruyi Yuntou, continuous palindromes, rolled grass, banana leaves, petal-shaped zigzag patterns, mat patterns, seawater, wordless clouds, plum blossoms, geometric patterns and brocade patterns. The varieties are blue and white, light blue and white, blue and white, yellow and blue, blue and white relief, etc. The tires of small parts are white and delicate, and the tires of large parts are thick. The bottom glaze is blue, the small utensils are all glazed, and the large utensils are sand. Shapes are big and small, as big as 60 cm high and as small as 4.4 cm high, which can be played in the palm of your hand.
Handed down products: Blue and white porcelain handed down from Xuande in the Ming Dynasty is basically the same as that in Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, except that the tire is slightly thicker and the modeling curve is not as beautiful as that in Yongle, and most of them are rich. Description: This dynasty lasted for ten years, and most of the official kilns were rich. Large pieces with sand bottom such as jars, bottles, plates, and some small pieces with full glaze such as bird food cans are engraved on the shoulders, sides or under the hem in the form of six-character regular script in horizontal section and six-character regular script in vertical section. Books with glazed bottoms, such as bowls, bottles, pots, etc., are included in the circle, in the form of double-circle six-character two lines, six-character three lines, single-circle six-character two lines, double-circle four-character two lines, and double-circle seal script (only two remnants are left). The word "four" and the word "heart" of the word "virtue" are very close, and there is no horizontal in the middle. The horizontal painting in the word "one" is just next to the word "one", and the tick of the fourth stroke of the word "one" is not connected with the left of the fifth stroke. For the process, see single overburning device, bird feeding jar, full glaze and glazed edge for overburning. Xuande blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty is characterized by dignified color, dense patterns, blue glaze, enlarged shape, heavy body and rich style.
Characteristics of high-end custom blue and white porcelain in Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty
Blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty, refined products in official kilns, and more products in late folk kilns. In addition to the continued firing of kilns in the Yuan Dynasty, many new kilns appeared in the Ming Dynasty, including Yaoli, Hutian, Guanyinge, Shibadu and Dongjiawu. Blue and white porcelain, with its unique advantages, took the lead in the production of porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty. Here, we mainly investigate the artifacts unearthed from tombs with exact strata and ages and the artifacts with ages.
Hongwu in Ming Dynasty: So far, there are three discoveries of artifacts unearthed in Hongwu stratum. The first one is a batch of fragments unearthed from Nanjing Ming Palace Museum in 1964. The second is a batch of fragments unearthed in the summer of Beijing No.4 Middle School 1984, and the third is a batch of fragments unearthed in Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. Although incomplete, it can be used as a typical instrument of a relatively complete handed down product. In addition, the blue-and-white "Spring Head" Yunlong Plum Bottle in Shanghai Museum and the blue-and-white Yunlong Yuhu Spring Bottle in Henan Museum are complete typical vessels. In the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, the blue and white was obviously less than the underglaze red, and there were fewer complete utensils. However, from the comparative analysis of a large number of data, the decorative patterns and vessel types of blue and white and underglaze red in this period are the same.
This dynasty mainly used domestic materials with different purity, but it did not rule out a few cases of using surplus imported materials from the Yuan Dynasty. The green materials in this period can be roughly divided into three categories: one is fresh and bright light blue, with stable tone and no smudge, and dense ornamentation can also show the level of blue and white; The second kind of blue and white hair color is light and light, and there are often obvious dark spots scattered irregularly in the decoration, like stars; The third kind of blue and white is gray in color and gray in glaze. Because this kind of pigment contains high manganese impurity, the pattern is large black and blue, and some of them go deep into the fetal bone, which is uneven. The varieties are mainly white and blue.
The layout follows the multi-layer decorative belts and suitable patterns in Yuan Dynasty. The common themes and features are as follows: the main decorative patterns are various flowers and dragon patterns. The flower pattern consists of peony, flat chrysanthemum, camellia, lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, rose and other colorful flowers. It is mostly used for the inner and outer abdominal walls of vegetables and bowls. Assorted flowers, plantain gardens, pine, bamboo and plum stones are mostly used for the outer wall of larger knives and the bottom of large plates. Dragon pattern: the dragon body is slender, which is typical of the dragon pattern of the official kiln in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The dragon pattern basically maintained the style of the Yuan Dynasty, but changed the strong feeling of the dragon pattern in the Yuan Dynasty. Most of them are five-claw wheels, but there are also three-claw and four-claw ones. The claws are separated from each other, so that the pig-shaped mouth opens its mouth and sticks out its tongue. There are also various auxiliary ceramic decorations, such as lotus petals, rolling grass, palindromes, Italian clouds, banana leaves, ganoderma lucidum, seagulls playing in the water and so on. Pinziyun is a typical pattern of Ming Hongwu porcelain, which is described in many varieties.
Fetal glaze: the carcass is white and the porcelain is fine, but it is thicker and looser than Yongle Imperial Kiln, and the carcass has pinholes or tiny cracks. Porcelain clay has good plasticity, and objects rarely collapse and are relatively flat. The glaze color is full, with blue in white, and there is glaze accumulation at the mouth edge of the round vessel, forming a circle of obvious natural thick lips. Some objects have thick glaze layers, indicating that small glaze bubbles are densely gathered, giving people a warm and soft feeling. In particular, the light blue and white patterns are more elegant under this full glaze color.
The shapes of Hongwu blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty mainly include bowls, plates, lamp holders with rhombic flower mouths, holding pots, jade pots and pomegranate-shaped melon-side pots. Two kinds of pier bowls with a bowl diameter of about 20 cm and 40 cm are the most common, which are divided into straight mouth, round lip and left mouth, deep arc belly, flat cut round foot and glazed bottom. Plates with diameters of about 20 cm and 45 cm are the most common. There are two kinds of diamond mouth and round mouth. The shape of rhombic mouth plate is wide folded edge, the shallow arc belly is the convex edge of melon flap, and the round foot is cut flat. Three pieces of blue-and-white moire plates unearthed from the Palace Museum in Yuming, Yudai, Nanjing, have no edges, but combined with the complete red-and-blue glazed plates with the same ornamentation collected by the British Museum, they are shallow-bellied, with large circle feet, and the circle feet are inclined inside and outside, and the introversion is even worse. The foot end is cut flat, and the bottom of the sand is red.
The diameter of the rhombic cup holder is about 20 cm. It is wide folded along the rhombus mouth, square lip and shallow arc wall, showing petal-shaped ribs, and a circle of ribs protruding from the center is used to place cups, which are shallow and full, with no glaze at the bottom and flint red. During the Hongwu period, there were many continuous palindromes on the outside of the square lip of the cup holder. Holding a pot: the height of 30 cm and 20 cm is the most common. The shape is a small straight mouth, a long neck, smooth shoulders and a round belly. There is a long arc-shaped flow in the abdomen, and the mouth of the flow is connected with the jug neck. The neck and abdomen are connected with a curved plate-shaped rib handle. There is a small round hole system at the upper end of the handle, and the lid of the pot is a pagoda-shaped ball button, which is inserted inside.
Jade pot spring bottle, there are two sizes, the largest is 30 cm high. Skirt, long neck, shoulder belly, circle foot, bottom glaze. Pomegranate-shaped melon ridge pot This kind of pot is a typical shape in Hongwu period, with different sizes and a height of about 60 cm or more, generally about 50 cm. Lip drop, short neck, rich shoulders, long abdomen, twelve melons with ridges and abdomen, bound shin, perfect, sandy bottom, flint red. Plum vase: small mouth, round lips, short neck, slightly larger than the upper part but smaller than the lower part, rich shoulders, gathered lower abdomen, Gaskin eversion, round foot, flat cut, oblique knife on the outside, sand bottom, central bulge, and flint red in some parts. Description and craft: The description is only found on Mei Ping's shoulder, and the word "Chunshou" in seal script. From the technological point of view, there are obvious contact marks on the inner wall of the tool, and obvious flint red can be seen at the bottom of the tool, commonly known as "cinnabar" bottom.
It can be seen that the blue and white porcelain of Hongwu period in Ming Dynasty has peony flowers, flat chrysanthemums and clouds on the white edge. There are gaps in the leaves of Paeonia suffruticosa and Chrysanthemum, and the leaves of banana are double stems, leaving a blank in the middle; Stamens are flat chrysanthemum patterns with fine squares. Palindrome is continuous in both directions. The feet are cut flat and have kiln red.