The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, and achieved fruitful results in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, etc. were famous throughout the ages. The invention and application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.

The Song Dynasty is an era of gathering stars. A large number of people such as Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Shen Kuo, Yue Fei, Zhu, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang and so on are dazzling in China and even in the world history. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to culture and education, and achieved great academic and cultural achievements, China's culture became more profound and mature, so more talents emerged. Amin Song Lian said, "Since the Qin Dynasty, civilization has flourished in the Song Dynasty." There were eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and six in Song Dynasty. Besides Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe, there are also Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong and Ouyang Xiu. Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Neo-Confucianism in Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu. Four Great Masters in Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. It is important that many celebrities in the Song Dynasty were born in poverty. Both Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu were born in single-parent families and grew up poor. Fan Zhongyan's father died when he was one year old, and his mother Xie took Fan Zhongyan, who was still in infancy, and remarried to Zhujiajian. Fan Zhongyan had a hard time since childhood, drinking porridge and studying hard. Ouyang Xiu couldn't afford a pen and paper at home when he was a child, and his mother taught him to read with a reed pole. In the end, through their own efforts, both of them became masters of culture, courtiers and pillars of the country. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu may have similar fates, and they became real friends. Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi and Ceng Gong are all cultural masters trained by Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi also trained four famous Su Men Bachelor: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao He. Lu You is a student in Ceng Gong, and Lu You and Xin Qiji are good friends. Their gathering together formed a cultural salon and a literary club. Many literary societies appeared in the Song Dynasty. In a word, Song Dynasty was a paradise for intellectuals.

Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Many famous painters appeared in Song Dynasty, including Fan Kuan, Guo, Zhou, Zhao, Xia Gui and Zhang Zeduan. What best represents the highest artistic level of Chinese painting is the broadness and artistic conception of landscape painting in Song Dynasty! There were many talented landscape painters in Song Dynasty, each with his own expertise and creation. Lin Yuan in the Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan's Mountains and Snow Scenery, Xu Daoning's Trees and Waters, Guo's description of the subtle changes of the four seasons, Zhao Lingxiang's Lyrical Scenery, Mi Fei and Mi Youren's Yunshan Ink Painting, and Xia Gui's Landscape all reflect the art of landscape.

Song Dynasty is a country of poetry. Song poetry is a huge treasure house. All aspects of knowledge are very rich. But this treasure house, our cognitive development is very little. Song poetry is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. There were more poets and more poems in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty enriched the types and forms of poetry. The number of Song poetry creations is unprecedented. Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9,000 authors, four times as many as the whole Tang poetry. The Collection of Song Ci has more than 1,300 people and nearly 20,000 chapters. Confucius added hundreds of poets and wrote more than 400 poems in Complete Song Poetry Supplement.

Lu You, a prolific poet in the Song Dynasty, claimed to be "10,000 poems in 60 years". Lu You now has more than 9,300 poems. Yang Wanli wrote more than 20,000 songs. But now there is only a small part left. You Mao, one of the four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, left even fewer poems. So many great poets have written so many poems that more of us can only have a chance to read a few of their poems. It can be said that we haven't even touched the fur, let alone experienced their fine bones. Song poetry reflects the expansion of social horizons and the deepening of efforts to cut into life. The climate and atmosphere of Song and Tang are different, and the poet is brave in innovation, thus forming a "Song tune" which is completely different from "Tang Yin". As a new type of symphonic poem, Song Ci can not only be recited on the desk of literati, but also spread to the voice of musicians, which enhances its entertainment and communication, and has a large audience.

Song is the second wave of China civilization. It not only makes the verve civilization develop to absoluteness, but also makes the civilian culture develop. Traditional Chinese opera, including burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, shadow play, rap, zaju, etc. There are hundreds of acrobatics among them. Petty bourgeoisie was serious in Song Dynasty, and most of the feelings expressed in Song Ci were to express the leisure of drinking lightly and singing low. Song Ci embodies the stable political situation and the prosperous, rich and superior social life in the Song Dynasty. The prosperity of prostitution originated from the high prosperity of urban economy in Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in Song Dynasty was more clearly divided into four categories: official prostitutes, geisha, geisha and commercial prostitutes. The "prostitute" in the Song Dynasty is not a "prostitute" in the modern sense. Most people can buy works of art, not bodies. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and art workers. They are usually talented and beautiful. Some people have profound attainments in piano, chess, songs, poems, books and paintings. Some can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitute" is the most admirable. They are not only outstanding in appearance, but also brilliant. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are outstanding. Nowadays, actresses and stars, or women who are engaged in literary and artistic work, are hard to compare with them, because the women in the Red Chamber were cultivated from childhood and constantly edified, but now some women in the entertainment circle may become stars if they are beautiful and have only studied for two years ... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than a modern female star.

Tea culture didn't reach the artistic level until the Song Dynasty. Tea in Song Dynasty is not tea in the present sense, but a kind of tea beverage. Some need sugar, some need salt and all kinds of tea. This is a kind of tea and tea culture with countless ways of drinking. Unfortunately, it, like most of the crafts and cultures of the Song Dynasty, has not survived until now. In the Song Dynasty, all kinds of petal tea were very popular. Song also has the wind of fighting tea. Cai Xiang introduced Jian 'an Doucha in Tea Classic, especially a semi-fermented white tea produced locally. Song people used all kinds of exquisite porcelain bowls to drink tea, among which Millie lamp and Tianmu bowl of rabbit were famous tea sets at that time. According to the subtle differences in the color of the rabbit's Millie lamp, people also call it "Millie the Golden Rabbit" and "Millie the Silver Rabbit". Tea cups in Song Dynasty were divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. "Light and beautiful horses, flowers in Chengdu, bowls of ice and snow, tea in Jian Xi." "Short paper is inclined to be grass, and the window is clear and the milk is divided into tea." "Three crows make the sky clear, arrange rice bowls and set tea bottles." "There are two or three thatched cottages on the roadside, and you can see the guests patting the horses and ordering tea." Tea culture is often permeated in the poems of Song Dynasty. "Seven sweet mixed core tea, colorful Yu Xia. When you first start drinking, you feel that your kindness is very heavy, so don't praise it. " Mei, a famous realist poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote such leisurely tea poems with the flavor of petty bourgeoisie plot. Twenty articles in Song Huizong's Daguan Tea Theory introduced tea culture. Tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.

Jade culture began to flow to the people in the Song Dynasty. Because Song Huizong likes jade so much. Jade carving that led to the unprecedented development of jade articles in Song Dynasty and the unprecedented development of secularization tendency. Jade articles in the Song Dynasty are much more interesting and less ceremonial. In the Song Dynasty, jade carving markets and shops specializing in selling jade appeared. Citizens become appreciators and owners of jade articles. Wearing jade is sought after and loved by the general public and literati. Besides jade carving, there are wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquer ware, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, tablet, seal, pen, ink, paper and inkstone. They all had high attainments in the Song Dynasty. All these show that the culture and art of the Song Dynasty are superb and profound.

Cultural glory

With the abundance of material life, spiritual pursuit became more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty had a strong cultural demand while developing its economy. People's leisure life, aesthetic taste and life taste contributed to the high prosperity of culture in Song Dynasty, and the arts such as poetry, songs, acrobatics, opera, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture developed rapidly in Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in Song Dynasty, among which Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu and Li Qingzhao were all famous. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their glory is undiminished. In the Song Dynasty, there were six of the eight most famous masters in ancient and modern times, which shows their culture. Calligraphers are numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the great traitor, can learn a good pen and dance well. If he is decent, he must be a calligrapher and writer. Not to mention a hero like Yue Fei! Because of the blossoming of culture, everyone in the Song Dynasty was divided into the north and the south. There are four famous people in Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism) were two courses in the Northern Song Dynasty. There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu. It is precisely because of Song Wenhua's vigorous development that the Song Dynasty completed the "revival of Confucianism" and produced new Confucianism (that is, Neo-Confucianism), which made the traditional "study of Confucian classics" enter a new stage of "study of Song Dynasty". It also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Ci rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty after the Five Dynasties. So there are Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu and so on. It can be seen that Ci is one of the representatives of Song culture and one of the deep charges. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must first understand its ci, and Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon is the most representative. Almost everyone knows this word, even ordinary children can sing a few sentences. The whole poem is elegant and elegant, which makes people feel like they are in a fairyland. In the outside world, there is loneliness and sadness everywhere. It can be said that it is the pinnacle, and the advantages of the mink epigraph are brought to the extreme! "What about Jiang?" He also wrote Hunting in Mizhou, and other poets also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao were familiar with it, but only Li Qingzhao was good at writing and reached such a level. Also, if I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not finish talking for a day. If I go on, I will only count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, there are more than 300 poets and nearly 20,000 poems in the whole book/kloc-0. Kong's Supplement to Song Ci added more than 400 poems by hundreds of poets on the original basis. This is enough to show the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty, to show that Ci is worthy of being the representative of Song Wenhua, and to show the cheerful vitality of Song Wenhua! "Poetry" is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was promoted to a new level, a more popular level and a more free metrical level. Although Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ci, it was also a country of poetry. No matter primary school, middle school, university or even graduate students, most of them are Tang poetry and Song poetry, which is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. In Song Dynasty, poets were more extensive, poems were more abundant, the types and forms of poems were rich, and the number of poems was unprecedented. As far as I know, Peking University is studying it. As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the largest number of poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's last wish for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you forget, then listen! "Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and did not forget to tell Nai Weng about the family sacrifice. "What a simple language! The last sentence of a patriotic righteous man, I didn't see Zionism before my death, and I will hear this news after my death ... My child, don't forget the Zionism of Dasong, and tell your father this news at the memorial ceremony ... Let me be in the grave ... I closed my eyes when writing this, but I don't know why, I can't stop crying. Yes, yes, I cried! Tears streaming down her face! Tears are not only for the sadness hidden in The Poetry, but also for the patriots like Lu You in Qian Qian and Qian Qian, and even for the final fate of the Song Dynasty! (Ha ha, the keyboard is wet. Let's have a rest. Let's cheer up and continue to write. Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poetry contains countless wealth of knowledge, but we know little about this treasure house and develop it. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop, why don't we be tempted? Before talking about the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about calligraphy. The achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty are well known, but which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters are: Fan Kuan, Xia Gui, Guo, Zhang Zeduan. The art world is famous by Zhang Zeduan. Throughout the history of China, the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting can best represent the landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty, which are sometimes boundless and sometimes ethereal, with artistic conception like flowing water and implications like flowing water. Landscape painters came forth in large numbers in the Song Dynasty, each with his own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty include Fan Kuan (famous for its majestic mountains and snow scenes), Xu Daoning (famous for its wild trees and wild water), Guo (famous for depicting the subtle changes of the four seasons), Li Cheng (famous for its tranquility) and Zhao Linglong (famous for its lyrical scenes). The landscape poems of Xia Gui, Ma Yuan and Li Tang in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the constant change and development of landscape painting. Together with Liu Songnian, it is called the Four Schools of Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many unknown or reclusive folk painters, which shows that painting and calligraphy in Song Dynasty reached the peak of artistic creation. In addition, the story books in the Song Dynasty also opened a new era in the history of China literature. It can be said that it initiated the vernacular novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the civilian culture also flourished, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, zaju, rap and so on. With the rapid development of economy and the increasingly superior material life, prostitution is booming. Prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, geisha and official prostitutes. Of course, this prostitute is not another prostitute. Most of them don't sell themselves, but only perform art. And quite a few people are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry and songs. Some prostitutes can even set up their own families, which are now folk artists. Among these four types of geisha, the most talented and charming is the "official prostitute". The status of natural official prostitutes is also high. In the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures also had flavor. According to personal preference, it is not so much tea as poor drinking. Even tea cups are divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. It can be seen that Song people are also superior, so enjoy it. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the wind of fighting tea, and various petal teas were popular among the people. Hui Zong also introduced tea culture in twenty articles in Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of China's ancient elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Because Hui Zong likes it very much, the jade carving art has made great progress. At the same time, wood carvings, bamboo carvings, lacquerware, inscriptions, seals, bronzes, gold and silver wares, horns, Naihe pens, ink, paper and inkstones all have high attainments. All these show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty! The Song Dynasty also created the "Song Character" that is now used, which shows its far-reaching influence on the writing. Great changes have taken place in the field of historiography in the Song Dynasty. There are many schools of historiography in Song Dynasty, and local chronicles came into being. Epigraphy (similar to archaeology) is also very rich in historical works, and famous scholars come forth in large numbers, reaching the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. The earliest dictionary in China, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, has been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also edited by Xu Xuan brothers in the Song Dynasty.