Kong Rong, Ji Kang, Lu Ji, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao and many other literati were inexplicably involved in political disputes and killed. These are reflected in literature, and writers often feel the shortness of life and the impermanence of fate. Because of social unrest, Confucian orthodoxy was shaken, metaphysics and Buddhism prevailed, and academic culture developed in a relatively relaxed and free ideological environment.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the creation of Ci and Fu continued to advance along the style of Fu. With the decline of Confucian classics and the awakening of human nature, Fu Xiao, a lyrical poet, proliferated rapidly, showing great vitality. At this time, the fu writers showed infinite richness, complexity and extensiveness in subject matter. They turned their eyes from the court to social life and natural beauty, and paid attention to describing the spiritual world. In terms of artistic form, most of the poems at this time are short in length and pay attention to duality and rhythm, thus forming the mainstream of parallel prose creation.
The representative writers of Jian 'an literature are three Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an".
(Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy, Serina Liu), they have made extraordinary achievements in five-character poems and formed the era style of "Jian 'an Style". His ci-fu creation is mainly composed of lyric poems of four or six words, which are neat and delicate.
RoyceWong, whose name is Zhong Xuan, is tall and ugly. When I was young, I visited Cai Yong, which coincided with the full house of guests in Cai Fu. Knowing that RoyceWong was visiting, Cai Yong rushed out and put on his shoes. Cai Yong has great respect for RoyceWong because he appreciates his talent. At the age of seventeen, RoyceWong took refuge in the Jingzhou secretariat of Liu Biao to avoid chaos, but because RoyceWong was short and ugly, Liu Biao didn't like it, and he didn't use it seriously for many years. RoyceWong felt that time had passed and he was very sad. He went to the city to express his feelings and wrote a famous poem "Ode to the Building", which was endowed with the clue that "although I believe in beauty, I don't believe in my native land", which linked the scenery overlooking the balcony with the anxiety of missing talents.
Cao Zhi, the word Zijian, is brilliant and versatile. He is loved by his father Cao Cao and is almost
He became an heir, but gradually fell out of favor because of willfulness and debauchery. After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he became more suspicious and persecuted. Cao Zhi was under surveillance in the fief, with almost no freedom, and eventually died of depression. Cao Zhijin has more than 60 poems with a wide range of themes, many of which have profound implications, or criticize the current disadvantages, or vent their grief and anger, or pursue freedom.
The most distinctive features of Cao Zhi's poems are those chanting things. For example, Ode to the White Crane, Ode to the Cicada, Ode to the Harrier and so on. "Duckbird Fu" is like a fable. Through the dialogue between Suzaku and Sparrow, Cao Zhi expressed sympathy for the weak in vivid and popular language.
Cao Zhi's most acclaimed and far-reaching work is Ode to the Goddess of Luoshui, which describes the love story that Cao Zhi met and fell in love with the Goddess of Luoshui on his way back from Beijing, and finally had to be separated because of the different ways of man and god, among which the description of the goddess of Luoshui's appearance and posture was particularly delicate and vivid. The failure of love symbolizes the disillusionment of the political ideal of meeting the monarch and the minister.
The struggle of the organization has also intensified. In 265 AD, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty and unified the whole country in 280. The famous religions that Sima's family used to maintain the feudal ruling order had great hypocrisy in essence, so the first awakened Wei and Jin scholars clearly advertised that "the more famous religions, the more nature" and pursued individual life and inner value. Literature in this period is divided into Zheng Shi literature and Taikang literature.
Since Cao Pi, Sima's power has become more and more powerful, and the struggle between Cao Wei Group and Sima's Group has also intensified. In 265 AD, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty and unified the whole country in 280. The famous religions that Sima's family used to maintain the feudal ruling order had great hypocrisy in essence, so the first awakened Wei and Jin scholars clearly advertised that "the more famous religions, the more nature" and pursued individual life and inner value. Literature in this period is divided into Zheng Shi literature and Taikang literature.
The representative of Zhengshi literature is "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" (Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian), among which Ruan Ji is more prominent.
Most of Ruan Ji's poems express his inner anguish and cynical feelings in a hostile political environment, but most of them are obscure and tortuous. Through the concrete description of macaques, Fu on Macaques vividly depicts the ugly faces of those people in society at that time. The Biography of Mr. Adult has created an adult who is detached from reality and outside the world, which is actually the embodiment of the author's image. In fact, the seemingly upstream fairy is a way for the author to seek spiritual sustenance from the celestial world because of his worries and resentment. Shouyangshan Fu is a work of mourning for the past.
Ji Kang's "Fu Qin" is very distinctive in art, and its description of various tune changes of the piano sound is wonderful. Xiang embroidery's ode to nostalgia was written when Xiang embroidery returned from Beijing and passed by Ji Kang's former residence. When he heard the flute, he felt it To express the memory of an old friend who died of persecution, but the author didn't say it directly. Instead, he used the allusion that Reese was framed and executed by Zhao Gao to describe his protest against real politics.
There are two outstanding characteristics in the literature of Taikang period in the Western Jin Dynasty: 1, which is mainly lyrical. 2, advocating literary talent. On behalf of the Fu family are Zhang Hua, Pan Yue and Lu Ji.
Zhang Hua's "Emu Fu" compares the insignificant emu with those goshawks flying in the sky, and explains the meaning that what is useful is harmful and what is useless is certain.
Lu Ji was very famous in the literary world at that time. He is a gifted scholar with gorgeous words. He wrote more than 30 poems, such as Baiyun Fu, Missing Carving Fu and Feather Fan Fu, with delicate descriptions and beautiful words. Lu Ji is especially good at lyric poetry, or expressing his feelings, or homesickness, or mourning for the dead. Poem on Thinking pays tribute to the dead sister. "Yong Huai" mourns the lost relatives and friends, and is full of feelings about the passage of time and the impermanence of life. Sad feelings of life often become the keynote of Lu Ji's lyric poems.
Pan Yue pays attention to the language beauty of poetry, describes objective images and expresses subjective feelings. "Ode to Autumn" first depicts bleak autumn scenery and the resulting sense of impermanence in life, and finally expresses the feelings of getting rid of the shackles of officialdom and retiring to the mountains. "The Western Expedition" recorded what was seen and heard about land expropriation, and expressed the generosity of nostalgia that hurt the present. "Nostalgia Fu", "Mourning Fu" and "Living in Seclusion Fu" are all deeply emotional and touching. For the first time, Cheng Gongxiang's "Heaven and Earth Fu" takes heaven and earth as the description object, and "Dahe Fu" praises the Yellow River positively for the first time.
In 3 16 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty perished and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which settled in the south of the Yangtze River, began. The complicated and sinister political environment changed the life interest of literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They avoid the secular world and like to talk about metaphysics, which directly affects the formation of quiet and ethereal style of writing. During this period, there was still the voice of generosity in Ci and Fu works.
Guo Pu's "Fu Jiang" depicts things like rivers and seas in a spreading way, and the scene is grand and magnificent. Sun Chuo's "Poem on Traveling to Tiantai Mountain" is praised by later generations. It combines the description of Tiantai Mountain scenery with Hyunri's Buddhist thought by taking travel as a clue. He himself is quite proud of this poem. After writing Fu, he said to his friend Rong Fan, "You should try to throw the ground and make a stone."
As a recluse poet, Tao Yuanming's three poems (Return Poems, Leisure Poems and Great Sorrow Poems) have great influence in the field of Fu. Xi Ci, a poem about going back to Xi, expresses his desire to retire to the countryside and his satisfaction with rural life. "Fu is a person who has never met before" expresses the grief and indignation of those who have never met before. Leisure fu seems to have profound meaning, which not only expresses the pursuit of love, but also lies in the pursuit of ideal personality.
In the Jin and Song Dynasties, the style of writing changed from plain to beautiful. Under the influence of this literary atmosphere, many scholars came out in Song Dynasty, but Xie Lingyun, Yan Yanzhi, Xie Zhuang and Bao Zhao stayed.
Xie Lingyun is a famous landscape poet in the history of China literature, and his poems are highly praised. In the 12th year of Eastern Jin Dynasty, the author of Zhuanzhengzheng was ordered to visit Pengcheng to comfort Emperor Wu of Song, and the technique was quite similar to that of the previous generation Pan Yue's Xifuzhengzheng. The description of landscape in "Mountain Residence Fu" gives it leisure and interest.
Xie Zhuang Yuefu, under the pretext of "Moonlight Drifting" by Cao Zhi and RoyceWong, combined the empty moonlight with distant sadness, forming a bleak atmosphere. The ancients said that "only writing about the moonlight, not giving the bright moon" is indeed an accurate theory.
Bao Zhao, Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi are also called "Yuanjia Sanjie". Bao Zhao's poems are full of sadness and elegance. The most outstanding person should push "Wu Cheng Fu" to compare the prosperity of Wu Cheng (Guangling, now Yangzhou) with the decline and desolation of today, which makes people feel infinite sadness and melancholy.
The rulers of Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties loved literature and formed a court literature group. Literary creation is mostly confined to the palace boudoir and the narrow personal world, and the style of writing tends to be light and the spirit is lacking. However, they made great contributions to China literature in form, mainly reflected in the pursuit of language beauty, precise duality and harmonious temperament.
Representative Fu writers in this period include Beauty Fu, Xie Chang's Garden Fu and Lin Chujiang Fu. Jiang Yan has dozens of poems, among which Bie Fu and Hate Fu are the most famous. "Hate Fu" starts with the extreme of hate, and then writes the hatred of emperors, the hatred of national subjugation and the hatred of national subjugation. Finally, the death of people with different fates is attributed to the word "hate". "Beppu" takes the whole article as "Those who are ecstatic can only say goodbye", and then features life differences such as wealth, Ren Xia's farewell, joining the army, going abroad, the farewell of husband and wife, and learning to say goodbye, and finally ends with the difficulty of writing another love. Jiang Yan described two universal feelings of human beings-hate and parting, which aroused strong thinking of future generations. No wonder it is enduring and popular.
Those who have made outstanding achievements in the creation of Ci and Fu by combining the literary styles of the North and the South and integrating the achievements of Ci and Fu in the North and South Dynasties should be advocated. Geng Xin was originally an official in Liang Dynasty, and later went to the Western Wei Dynasty, which coincided with the demise of Liang Dynasty and had to be detained in the Western Wei Dynasty. After the Northern Zhou Wei Dynasty, he served as an official in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Geng Xin's Fu can be divided into two periods. Before becoming an official in the north, he wrote mostly about court life, such as spring fu, lamp fu, mirror fu, and bamboo fu. After he became an official in the north, he focused on the pain of national subjugation and homesickness, and his writing style changed from gorgeous and light in the early stage to vigorous and sad in the later stage, such as Fu on Dead Trees, Fu on Small Gardens and Fu on Bamboo Sticks. The most representative is Regret for the Past Jiangnan, which is regarded as the most wonderful chapter in the history of China's Fu. It describes his family background and his experiences and feelings in the first half of his life, focusing on a series of historical facts that led to the decline of the Liang Dynasty, such as Hou Jing rebellion, the local corner of Emperor Liang Yuan, the war with the Western Wei Dynasty and Chen Baxian's usurpation. In this series of narratives, the author uses his own eyes to capture the social psychology of the country and the nation in distress, mourn for the old country, and grasp the historical spirit from a higher level.