I. Examples of application skills of combination principles and combination materials
The so-called combination of reason and example is to combine the examples of citing principles or famous sayings in the composition, so that specific examples complement each other with scientific principles and famous sayings and play a better role. Especially in the writing of argumentative essays, we should pay attention to both theoretical argumentation and factual argumentation. Facts can reproduce the situation intuitively, and quoting celebrities can strengthen the discussion. The combination of the two is a common way of writing argumentative essays.
Let's look at two examples first:
Edison, right? He has an egg and a watch in his hand. He is going to boil eggs in the pot for five minutes, but he is thinking of an invention. He threw his watch into the pot and stared at the egg.
Newton, right? Concentrate on the experiment and forget to eat a meal on the table. Someone made fun of him and replaced the dish with a plate of leftover bones. He was so hungry that he went to eat, saw the bones on his plate and sighed, "I'm so confused, I've already eaten."
In fact, these two things are not forgetful, because they are absent-minded and absent-minded ...
Forgetting is not necessarily a bad thing. It takes a lot of effort to forget completely. The big trouble for people is to have a body, and forgetting the body means forgetting yourself. Only when a person has reached the state of selflessness can he achieve great things.
In the above paragraph, around the theme of forgetting, the author carefully selects materials, illustrates the meaning and scope of forgetting through examples of Edison and Newton, and then quotes Confucius to illustrate that forgetting is not necessarily a bad thing. These materials are familiar to people, and the quotations are appropriate, powerful, typical, accurate and convincing. Imagine, if there are only examples, or only quotations, is there such a good expression effect?
Second, the material processing and application techniques of constituent materials
Material processing is a common writing skill. In writing, we seldom copy materials. Usually, the material that the author has mastered should be processed according to the needs of writing content or expression, so that it can be changed from the original material to the processed theme in the article. In the process of writing, the processing of materials generally achieves two purposes: one is to focus on the topic and the center, and the other is to properly express the author's feelings. In other words, for the selected life phenomenon materials and the written materials obtained by reading, we should delete the parts that have nothing to do with the topic and inject our own emotional tendencies.
Let's look at a material before processing:
I remember eating at a relative's house once. I thought the sweet and sour fish was delicious, so I casually said, "Sweet and sour fish is delicious. I really hope I can eat it every day in the future. " My mother listened and said excitedly to me, "If you like it, I will cook it for you every time I go home." The next day, when I returned to school, I almost forgot about it. A few weeks later, I went home for dinner. My mother bought two fish from the vegetable market and was busy cooking sweet and sour fish, although I was so tired that I was sweating.
The following is the processed scenario:
Last Spring Festival, I ate at my grandmother's house. The sweet and sour fish is right in front of me, and the taste tempts me. Unknowingly wiped out the sweet and sour fish! When I realized this, I blushed like Guan Gong. Mother broke the awkward silence: "Grandma's craftsmanship is really superb, look …". On the way home, my mother whispered to me, "If you like, I'll make it for you every time I go home."
From then on, my mother's busy figure shuttled through the fish market every day, almost without exception.
Once, it was stormy and windy, and my mother caught a cold again. I think my sweet and sour fish must be ruined today.
When I got home at night, I just arrived at the door, and the familiar and attractive fragrance floated through the door. I really don't want to go in, I'm afraid my tears won't live up to expectations! I really don't want to go in because of my guilt and selfishness! I really don't want to go in, because mom's sweet and sour fish has a body temperature. ...
The processing of the above materials is manifested in two aspects: First, efforts are made in artistic reality, and scenes of buying and cooking fish are set. Second, try to describe the details. There are dialogues in line with real life and psychological activities of characters. In this way, maternal love is more concrete, true and strong.
When quoting and expressing materials, in order to better support the argument, we should also carefully process the materials from the language so as to make the seemingly dull materials shine. Please compare the following paragraphs.
(1) I admire Li Bai's road even more. Although it is unfair to say so, I still feel that Li Bai's life is hard and bumpy, but he firmly believes that his ideal will be realized, just as he said, "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs!" .
(2) Li Bai is free and easy, not relying on the solemnity of Gaotang, not envious of the wealth of bureaucrats, standing on the top of the Tang Dynasty, standing in the position of a poet, letting the breeze cleanse the soul and dance with Yue Hui. "Since God has given talents, let it find employment!" , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " He sang a lot of fighting spirit; "We both hold high the idea of going far away, who wants to go to the blue sky and embrace the bright moon", and he sang great verve, so the history of mountains and rivers in the Tang Dynasty added a bit of heavy and agile atmosphere! Is it true that Li Bai, who has no official career, does not reflect his own value? I can't.
The ratio of the above example (2) (1) should be vivid and more vivid. Among them, the author (2) used more description and imagination when dealing with the material, thus raising the same material to a new height.
Thirdly, the combination and arrangement of composition materials.
"Combination and parallelism" in the application of materials is not a general rhetorical device, but a method of using materials. It can also be called "multi-material combination". The "multi-material combination" mentioned here does not mean the general practice of continuous use or even superposition of similar materials, but refers to the concise expression of similar materials, which are combined in the same paragraph to explain the same argument. Its advantages are eloquent, informative and confident, and it can achieve good rhetorical effect. The language expression should be neat and the arrangement order should be reasonable (such as time sequence, from far to near, from main to secondary, etc.). ).
For example, the following example:
Jiangnan is where your soul lives.
Throughout the ages, many people have found their homes here. Sanmao, a legendary woman, has been wandering around the world for decades. Her hair was messed up by the wind. As soon as she came to Jiangnan, she cried. Just like seeing a kind old woman, she finally found a place in her life where she could feel at ease. Shen Wanshan, a giant in the south of the Yangtze River, experienced many ups and downs in the shopping mall, and finally settled at Zhouzhuang Waterfront, no longer striving for fame and profit. There are also literati hermits who do not leave their names. Perhaps they have thought about being the top scholar and their careers are proud. Then day after day, intrigue and intrigue finally made them tired, so they packed their bags. Arrived in Jiangnan and died in Sri Lanka. (Excerpted from 2006 Zhejiang Volume Full Score Composition "Living in Jiangnan")
This paper uses three examples to show that Jiangnan is the place where souls live. These three examples are typical. One is Sanmao, a wandering wanderer; the other is Shen Wanshan, who has experienced the ups and downs of shopping malls; the other is a group image; and the other is a literati official who was proud of his official career in ancient China. These people all regard Jiangnan as the destination of their lives, which further shows the beauty of Jiangnan. This is of course an effect that a single example cannot achieve.
The author combines similar materials side by side, which not only strengthens the viewpoint and enriches the content, but also shows a momentum and a certain literary talent in language. This method of using materials is processed by the author's subjective choice, which is completely different from the practice of stacking materials regardless of the content needs.
Fourthly, the application skills of composition materials avoid maturity and survival.
The "development level" part of the outline requires "fresh materials". Some materials, from the time of birth, may not belong to new materials, but because people don't know much, they are not used much, so they are quite fresh. But in fact, the aging of composition materials is a serious problem, always "repeating yesterday's story", especially like to apply historical themes and ask the ancients for help. "Du Li's article has been passed down from generation to generation, and it is not new now." Who will like the composition materials if they are always old-fashioned sesame seeds? "The article is timely, and songs and poems are combined." The times are advancing by leaps and bounds, the social development is changing with each passing day, and the material selection should also keep pace with the times. Only by bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new can the article have a sense of the times and realism. Of course, traditional materials can also be used, but fresh materials will definitely give readers unexpected surprises.
A classmate wrote a composition on the topic of "Examination". He didn't use the materials of Du Fu, Wen Tianxiang, Su Wu and other historical figures, but wrote the case of Ming Zheng Bin, deputy director of Baoshan Public Security Bureau, Yunnan Province, which touched China that year:
Ming Zheng Bin, deputy director of Baoshan Public Security Bureau, Yunnan Province, who danced on the tip of a knife, has experienced numerous tests of life and death and composed numerous iron and blood symphonies at the forefront of the anti-drug front. In front of drug dealers, he is scared, unable to buy, and difficult to fail; Under his control, drug dealers can't get through, can't hide, and can't escape. Because of him and his comrades-in-arms, we can stand the test, stand up straight and carry it, and enjoy fresh air and bright sunshine.
Such an example is close to reality, with a strong sense of the times, which is gratifying.
Comparison and contrast of verb (abbreviation of verb) composition material application technology
Positive argumentation and negative argumentation are two methods of argumentation in argumentative writing. When you have determined your argument, you should prove your argument is correct with arguments. Comparative argument is not only a method of argument, but also a method of using materials. This is a commonly used persuasive argument method. After comparing two things with opposite nature, the differences between them are deduced, which makes the conclusion stand out, can effectively convince readers and make the author's point of view stand out. Because the characteristics and essence of things are most easily revealed in comparison, especially the comparison of positive and negative things, which has great significance and can leave a deep impression on people. After comparison, the correct argument is more stable. The ancients said: "If there is no contradiction, the power is not obvious." By comparing the pros and cons, people will find out the truth more clearly and recognize the essence of things.
For example, this passage: Beethoven put aside the noise of the world and jumped in the country of music; The curies abandoned the confusion of fame and fortune and took a far-reaching step in the scientific community; Tao Yuanming forgot the worldly darkness and picked chrysanthemums leisurely on the free Nanshan ... Their life was very easy, and they smelled the fragrance of the world. While Rykov was not bound by the secular world, Grandet was dragged to the edge of death by money. They didn't run with all their strength and ease, and finally they were involved in the turbidity current of the secular world ... (selected from the full text "Easy Introduction")
When we face the same topic, we can always find the material of both positive and negative characters. By comparing these two characters together, we can make a deep comparison, and the advantages and disadvantages, good and bad, beauty and ugliness will naturally become more prominent. This method can be widely used in the writing of various articles.
Sixth, the application skills of composition materials of new stories.
Topic composition allows the compilation of stories, and the compilation of "new stories" with classical masterpieces has become popular in recent years. Strictly speaking, The New Story is an alternative use of materials. This is not a new style, but an ordinary novel. Its writing method is to select characters and plots according to the needs of expressing the theme, make some transformations, and form a new story plot, while the characters have not changed much, and basically maintain the original style. This kind of story can not only avoid making up lies, but also add a lot of interest and make people love to read in the new era background.
Please look at the following example:
The alliance between Mu and Shi is really touching, but I didn't plan this marriage. I am also pursuing my own love! Didn't I show my true feelings when Baoyu was beaten? But sister Lin's red and swollen eyes won everyone's sympathy, and people naturally turned a blind eye to me. The switch plan has brought me a curse, but who knows that when I hear Baoyu's "Sister Lin", my heart is also extremely painful? I can't get the love I want, and I'm accused of ruining other people's feelings. Who said a good word for me? ("Bao Chai Ming Yuan" Hubei examinee)
The above example is a typical new story. Based on the famous macro, among Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai, the examinee boldly chose the angle of "rehabilitating Baochai" and listed various facts in the original work, which made sense and persuaded the readers. Starting from the topic of composition (feelings and cognition of things), it is commendable for candidates to make full use of the relevant materials of famous people and serve their composition center in the examination room on the premise of fully grasping famous people.
Seven, the composition and application skills of extended materials.
Most of the materials we remember in our life are thick, simple and rough, lacking sufficient details, so we often need to expand them when using them. The specific method is nothing more than expanding the plot and adding details to make the story flesh and blood, which is more conducive to expressing the theme and the author's thoughts and feelings. Zhao Shuli, a famous modern writer in China, accidentally heard about the love tragedy of a militia squad leader in a liberated area and a girl in the same village. As a result, both of them were stoned to death by villagers. After that, he let go of his imagination, polished the story, and made reasonable expansion and transformation, so he had the famous novella "The Marriage of Little Black Boys". A large number of facts prove that "art exists by imagination" (Gorky language). When writing a composition, an object, a scene, a touching story, a little worried mood, a feeling of joy and so on. According to topics and themes, follow the inherent laws of life, trigger associations, or add branches and leaves, enrich development, and make ordinary events radiant.
In 2003, Repentance of the King of Chu, an excellent composition in Hebei Province, expanded a paragraph about Chu Huaiwang in Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan. In textbooks, Chu Huaiwang is a minor figure, and Sima Qian uses less pen and ink in his writing, so his characters are relatively thin. In the composition, candidates portray Chu Huaiwang as the main character, adding many psychological descriptions for him: "My heart is like the waves of the sea, and my thoughts are like the flowing Yangtze River. On the one hand, my beautiful wife, and on the other hand, the doctor who nagged in my ear all day, the balance in my heart began to weigh for a long time. " "I'm so confused. Why should I believe my' beloved wife' and this femme fatale? Why should I exile my' San Lv' and this loyal and patriotic saint! I can't forget the figure that he left in court, and I can't forget his deep affection with tears in his eyes ... "In Wang Huai's contradictory thoughts and spiritual confession, he pointed out the theme of" Different feelings lead to cognitive errors ",which made the story more substantial, rich and vivid.
Eight, the application techniques of composition materials are refurbished.
In some classic works, there are some well-known characters and stories, as well as a large number of ancient China fables. These materials are often frequently used by candidates and become "popular lovers" in composition materials. These materials that people are used to will have aesthetic fatigue because there are too many opportunities to meet with the marking teacher. If you skillfully apply these contents to your own articles and give them new ideas, you can turn decay into magic. This method of "making the past serve the present" is also called "new wine in old bottles" in recent years, and many excellent compositions have done this, such as The New Biography of Sanzang in 2000, The True Story of Ah Q in 200 1, Wei Yan's Complaint in 2003 and Three Explanations of Borrowing an Arrow from a Grass Boat in 2006.
The so-called old example refers to the old material, the old material. Not only those timeless ancient and modern characters and stories, but also those materials that often appear in general articles and compositions and have long been widely used. Or because everyone knows that it is too "familiar" and too "vulgar"; Or the story is simple and the content is thin; Or a thousand people, similar to each other; Or lack of personality, boring. These materials include characters or examples in textbooks (mainly Chinese textbooks), classic works and popular books in extracurricular reading, and characters or examples in movies and television (such as people who touched China). Generally speaking, this kind of material belongs to the "classic", but at the same time it belongs to the familiar category. If it is not used well, it will be difficult to achieve a unique and fresh expression effect. If you use these old examples frequently in your composition, it may lead to "deja vu" in expression and a sense of obsolescence in theme. Material aging is a common shortcoming in composition. Fundamentally speaking, candidates should choose fresh materials, including what happened recently in time and what happened around them in space, which are all fresh materials for readers to see. However, when we can't find fresh materials, it is also a way to transform old materials.
The most important thing in the renovation of old materials is to create new materials from an angle. We can get inspiration from the "overturned articles" that have been proved to be correct in history and serve as an example for our transformation. For example, Luo Yin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Xi Shi Yong": "Why do Wu people complain about poetry when the country rises and falls? If the stone overthrew the State of Wu, who would be the vanquished of the State of Yue? " This poem refutes the ancient view that "women are disasters" and objectively analyzes the reasons for the rise and fall of the country in history, which is a model of "reversing the verdict". Using the old renovation method has its special advantages. There are at least two advantages: first, there are many old examples, which is convenient for us to choose calmly; Second, old examples are familiar and easy to accept. At the same time, the reformed old examples are integrated with unique personality and creative spirit, giving people a sense of freshness and flashing the author's wisdom.
Nine, one of the application techniques of composition materials is multi-purpose.
When writing argumentative essays, most students suffer from lack of materials. In fact, everyone has a lot of materials stored in their minds, but why are they worried about insufficient materials? There is a very important problem here, that is, some students will not make efficient use of the materials they have and are not good at multi-purpose. Because of the diversity of things themselves, a good material is always three-dimensional and has multiple attributes. In addition, different people have different understandings of materials and different angles of conception. Therefore, the same material can often dig out several different viewpoints. For example, in the article "The Power of Candle to Retreat the Qin Teacher", we can cut in from many angles:
Gold always shines. Zhu Ziwu is a piece of "gold". When I was young, I was energetic and brilliant, but I was buried for decades and was eclipsed. In his later years, when the country was in danger, he was entrusted with an important task and sent to the state of Qin to save the nation.
② Maxima needs Bole's discovery and support. Maxima is a candle, Bole is an orphan. If I don't fully understand and strongly recommend the candle skill, I won't have a chance to show my talent.
(3) The overall situation is paramount, and the national interest is above everything else. Candlelight weapons can't be reused when they are young, which inevitably leads to resentment and dissatisfaction. But when the country was in trouble, he decided to go to Qin regardless of personal grievances.
(4) the responsibility has been forgiven and tolerant of others. Facing the injustice of candle, Zheng Bo didn't show any dissatisfaction, but deeply blamed himself. He even said, "I can't use my son early, but it's my fault to be anxious to have a son."
⑤ The Art of Candles is good at rhetoric and worth learning. Different from the alarmism of strategists in the Warring States period, Candlewood's diplomatic rhetoric is euphemistic and tortuous, with rigidity in softness and overtones. In today's market economy, interpersonal communication has greatly increased, and people who are not good at words will not find their place.
A material can have many uses, but first of all, you must have an analytical mind to find different meanings from the same material. At the same time, the application materials are not copied intact, but should be made according to the needs of different viewpoints, highlighting and strengthening the places related to the viewpoints in the narrative, and ignoring other irrelevant contents. If one thing can be used for multiple purposes, then one material can demonstrate several different viewpoints and explain several different problems, and then the materials in students' minds will be multiplied. Why worry about "a clever woman can't cook without rice"?
Ten, rebound pipa composition material application techniques
Rebound Pipa is the application of reverse thinking in writing. The so-called rebound pipa is a way of thinking that aims to achieve a certain goal, intentionally breaks the routine and finds or solves problems through reverse thinking. "Rebound" is to establish a new viewpoint and expound a new viewpoint from the opposite angle of an argument. For a material, if we consciously use this kind of thinking, our composition will create a new realm and receive unexpected results.
Playing the pipa is an important method of composition innovation. Using it, the article can be unconventional and get a refreshing artistic effect. For example, people say that "those who are near are black", and I say that "those who are near Zhu are not necessarily red, and those who are near ink are not necessarily black"; People say "the boss is sad" and I say "the boss doesn't have to be sad"; People say "where there is a will, there is a way", and I say "where there is a will, there is a way"; Some people say that "opening books is beneficial", and I say that "opening books is not necessarily beneficial". This is a reverse argument, and the positive is the reverse. Of course, the negative side can also be discussed in a good direction, such as "whimsy can open the sky", "playing the piano for the cow" and "pot calling the kettle black". When writing, "playing the pipa" will open a new world for you, which not only enriches the content of the article, but also enhances the expression effect of the article, making it full of new ideas.
The key to playing pipa in reverse is to get rid of habitual thinking and dare to liberate from the shackles of traditional concepts. Su Shi said in his poem, "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain." It often happens in life. Being immersed in a thing for a long time and influenced by the environment for a long time will make people form a fixed pattern of habitual thinking, thus making people unable to see the multiple attributes of things and their true colors. This model often dominates people to solve problems according to a certain model. Although people sometimes feel confused about the problem, or feel that the effect of solving the problem is not obvious, they will not consider changing it because they think it is familiar. But at this time, if you use reverse thinking to "bounce back the pipa", you will jump out of things that have been immersed for a long time, resulting in the feeling that "the distance is different from the side of the ridge", thus reaching the realm of "one village is bright". However, if "rebound" is mistaken for "random play", the argument is biased, which will make people laugh and even damage the ideological content of the article. Third, not all materials can "bounce". Those "springiness" that violate scientific principles, people's knowledge and hurt people's feelings are out of date. For example, belittling mantis has become common sense. If we want to praise it and change people's traditional ideas, people will find it difficult to agree.
When you write an article according to conventional thinking, you might as well play the pipa at this time. I believe your article will be novel, unique and more personalized!