Exam notes: Political papers, editorials, short comments, small comments, miscellaneous feelings, prefaces and postscripts, declarations, statements, opening speeches, written speeches and reports that we often see in newspapers and books are argumentative. Argumentative writing plays a great role in "the construction of two civilizations" and daily life. We must study hard and master this style of writing.
1, three elements of argumentative writing
Every argumentative paper is inseparable from arguments, arguments and arguments. Therefore, clear arguments, conclusive arguments and rigorous argumentation are the three basic elements of argumentative writing.
Argumentative essay (1) is the author's views or opinions on the issues to be discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative essay writing, which plays a leading role in guiding the whole text and making it clear at the beginning. Establishing arguments is the premise of writing argumentative essays. Argumentative argument has the following five requirements:
1 correct. The purpose of writing argumentative essays is to preach the truth, distinguish right from wrong, distinguish right from wrong, beauty and ugliness. Therefore, the correctness of ideological views is the first.
2 very different. In the article, the author must clearly express his views and express them unequivocally, so that readers can see at a glance and understand them clearly.
3 tight. The expression of arguments must be cautious, rigorous and impeccable, and people who disagree should not be given any chance.
4 concentration. An argumentative essay can only put forward a central argument, and the whole article always focuses on one argument, expounding the truth in depth and solving problems. The requirement of centralization is to avoid the shift of arguments, and the arguments in the latter part are different from those in the former part, or the concepts are confused.
⑤ profound. The arguments put forward in this paper should be the author's fresh and original views on things, which can profoundly reveal the essence of things, rather than general platitudes, so as to convince readers more effectively and give people profound enlightenment.
When writing an argumentative essay, we should pay attention to explaining the central argument and sub-arguments clearly. The central argument is the basic point of argumentative writing, the theme and core of the whole paper, and plays a leading role in the article. Subordinate argument is an argument that clarifies and serves the central argument.
There are various forms to put forward arguments, generally the following four: First, put forward arguments at the beginning. The second is to put forward an argument at the end. The third is the argument put forward by the article. Fourth, the argument runs through the whole paper. The usual writing methods are ① and ②, and the essay should also be based on these two methods, and then learn the latter two writing methods.
(2) Arguments are facts and reasons used to prove arguments. So arguments include factual materials and truth, that is, theoretical materials. Fact materials include both positive and negative facts, and data materials are one of them. What principles should be followed in selecting factual and theoretical materials?
For positive factual materials, the first is the principle of authenticity. If the parameter is true, the parameter can be *; If the argument is not valid, the argument is suspicious. Secondly, the principle of typicality. It is required to choose materials that can profoundly reveal the essence of things, that is, materials with broad representation as arguments. An argument often has many arguments to prove from different aspects and angles. But among many arguments that can prove it, there are always some most appropriate and convincing arguments, which are typical arguments. In addition, we must follow the principle of novelty. When reading articles, people are easily attracted by novel materials, and they are also easily disgusted with old materials. Therefore, the choice of factual arguments must also follow the principle of seeking novelty, belittle the old, seek near and far, and work hard on the word "new".
The principle of negative facts should be adopted. In order to explain the truth thoroughly, argumentative papers need to analyze and demonstrate arguments from multiple angles, which requires us to choose arguments from different angles, not only to choose positive materials, but also to explain things from the front; We should also choose negative materials, analyze things from a negative perspective, compare positive and negative, compare positive and negative, and highlight the central argument. Negative materials complement incomprehensible results.
Data materials should follow scientific principles. On the surface, the data are just a few simple numbers. In fact, it has rich connotations, often the crystallization of a lot of labor, the performance of brilliant achievements, the reflection of unremitting efforts, or the record of waste and destruction. It is indisputable that the introduction of scientific data into argumentative essays can enhance the effectiveness of argumentation.
Theoretical materials are the famous sayings of classical theorists, scientific axioms, laws and well-known truths proved to be correct by practice as arguments to prove the correctness of the argument. To cite theoretical materials as arguments, we must follow the following principles: first, the principle of possibility. As the basis of argument, the theoretical materials cited must be conclusive. Whether quoting the original words or the general idea of celebrities, we must first find out who the author is, and we must not ignore Confucius' words and quote others' words. If you quote the original, you must check the original and don't copy it wrong; If you quote the general idea, you must summarize the original content correctly and accurately. Secondly, the principle of pertinence. The purpose of quoting theoretical materials is to serve a certain point of view, and it must not be far-fetched, aimless and arrogant. Third, the principle of extension. This means that after citing accurate materials as arguments, we can't stop there without analysis, which will lead to no evidence and can't give full play to the role of arguments. The correct way is to quote theoretical materials, and then make scientific inferences about the theoretical materials, from which we can deduce new meanings, generate new ideas, and then promote the argumentation of the article. In addition, there is the principle of simplicity. The purpose of citing theoretical materials as arguments is to prove the correctness of the viewpoint, further elaborate and deduce the viewpoint, and to demonstrate it by yourself. If too many theoretical materials are cited, the effect will be counterproductive.
(3) Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, so that arguments and arguments are organically linked to form a unified whole. The method of argumentation is generally to raise a topic first and draw a conclusion after argumentation and analysis. The process and method of demonstration are analyzed layer by layer, some draw conclusions while analyzing, and some demonstrate by asking questions.
Writing an argumentative essay requires clear hierarchy, rigorous reasoning, rigorous logic, thorough reasoning and convincing arguments.