I have been studying computer assembly and maintenance for 8 weeks, and I feel that I have benefited a lot from this semester's study. Let me talk about my understanding of computer assembly and maintenance.
Multimedia computer is mainly composed of hardware system and software system:
(a) computer hardware system:
Hardware system refers to the entities and devices that constitute a computer system (that is, computer objects that can be touched by hands), such as chassis, motherboard, memory, etc. Hardware system usually consists of CPU (including arithmetic unit and controller), memory, input device, output device and interface device. Let's start with the main components of the computer, and briefly talk about the functions and selection of these hardware.
1.CPU:
CPU is the abbreviation of "Central Processing Unit/ Central Processing Unit" in English. Generally speaking, CPU consists of logic operation unit, control unit and storage unit. The logic operation and control unit includes some registers, which are used to temporarily store data during the processing of data by the CPU. Main functions of CPU (core component): arithmetic unit and controller. It is through these pins that the CPU communicates with other parts of the computer and transmits data and instructions. At present, the mainstream CPU suppliers are Intel's and AMD's CPUs (please refer to the Internet for detailed types and models). In contrast, AMD's CPU has advantages over Intel's processor in 3D production, game application and video processing, while Intel's CPU has advantages in commercial multimedia application and graphic design. AMD's processor is slightly superior to Intel in cost performance.
Avoid buying fake CPU when buying, and pay attention to whether the packaging line, watermark and laser label are formal.
For ordinary users, it is best to choose to launch a CPU product of 1 to 6 months when purchasing.
2. Motherboard:
Motherboard is a rectangular circuit board installed in the chassis, which contains the main circuit system of the computer. The expansion slot on the motherboard is used to insert various interface cards and expand the functions of the computer, such as graphics cards and network cards. For general users, when purchasing motherboards, priority should be given to brand-name manufacturers or products with good after-sales service. When purchasing, we should also observe the packaging and plate quality of the motherboard: first, observe whether the packaging is formal and whether there is an anti-static bag, and then carefully observe the motherboard body, which is generally about 3-4mm thick. Under this premise, it is more appropriate to choose a thick one.
Note that the production date of chips on the motherboard (for example, 9452 is the 52nd week of 1994) cannot be too different (preferably not more than 3 months), otherwise the performance of the motherboard will be affected.
3. Memory module:
Memory sticks are used to store data or programs that the computer is using (that is, executing). What we usually call dynamic memory (DRAM) means that after we write data into DRAM, the data will be lost after a period of time, so we need extra circuits to refresh the memory. In other words, it is only a temporary storage, and the data will disappear after power failure. At present, the mainstream memory capacity is 1-2G, and the working frequency is above 800MHZ. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the memory stick is preferably 6 layers. In addition, the surface of a good memory stick has a strong metallic texture, and the parts are welded neatly. When purchasing memory chips, you should also choose big manufacturers and products with good after-sales service.
4. Hard disk:
Hard disk is the data storage center of computer. Almost all the application and document data we use are stored on or read from the hard disk. It includes storage disks and drives. Characterized by large storage capacity. Hard disk is an indispensable storage device in computer. At present, the hard disk capacity is generally 250-320G, and the cache is generally 2- 16M. When buying a hard disk, pay attention to the type of hard disk interface to match my computer (SATA interface is the mainstream interface on the market now). When shopping, pay attention to distinguish between "licensed" and "parallel". The methods to identify "parallel imports" are: first, look at whether the anti-counterfeiting labels are formal; Secondly, see if the numbers on the hard disk body are consistent with the warranty of the agent.
5. CD-ROM drive and burner:
This kind of hardware can be inserted into a CD to store data. CD-ROM drives or recorders require high stability and cache. Therefore, when purchasing this kind of hardware, the products of big manufacturers (such as Sony, BenQ, Samsung, etc. ) is the first choice. When purchasing, you should also pay attention to whether the interface type of the hard disk matches the computer.
6. Graphics card:
Graphics cards are also called display cards, graphics accelerator cards, etc. The main function is to speed up the processing of graphics functions. The graphics card connects the CPU and the display through the system bus, and is the control device between the CPU and the display. It is actually used to store the data information of the graphics to be processed. At present, the memory of mainstream graphics cards is above 5 12MB, and the interface is generally PCI-EX 16. Graphics card manufacturers mainly include ASUS, Gigabyte and Onda. When choosing a graphics card, you should pay attention to the matching between the memory and the performance of the host (the bit width should be greater than 128 bit). Moreover, priority should be given to products produced by large manufacturers or with good after-sales service.
7. Network card:
A network card is an input and output device that connects a computer and a network. The main function is to process the data sent from the computer to the network, decompose the data into packets of appropriate size according to a specific network protocol, and then send them to the network (at present, most of them are motherboard integration). Because the actual environment of different types of network cards may be different, it is necessary to make clear the network type and transmission medium used by the network card and the bandwidth of the network equipment connected to it when purchasing. The high-quality network card is made of tinplate, and the exposed part is white; The exposed part of the inferior gold lacquer network card is yellow. In addition, the identification of MAC address (ID number) of network card is the best way to know the advantages and disadvantages of network card. The MAC address of the network card produced by a regular manufacturer is generally a set of 12 bits 16 bits (the first 6 bits are the manufacturer's ID, and the last 6 bits are the unique ID assigned to the network card by the manufacturer). When buying, if you find that the MAC address marked on the network card given by the merchant is the same, then it must be inferior. Finally, it depends on the workmanship of the product. The advantages and disadvantages of workmanship are reflected in the solder joints, gold fingers and baffles of the network card: the solder joints of the circuit board of the high-quality network card are uniform and clean, the gold fingers and baffles are neat and shiny, and the components are distributed reasonably and compactly.
8. Sound card:
The main function of sound card is to process sound signals and transmit them to speakers or headphones, so that the latter can make sound. The purchase of sound cards is similar to the purchase of network cards and graphics cards. You should choose products with good after-sales service from big manufacturers, and pay attention to whether the interface type matches your motherboard. The sound quality of the graphics card is the standard to judge the quality of the graphics card, including signal-to-noise ratio, sampling number, sampling frequency, total harmonic distortion and other indicators. At present, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sound cards mostly reaches 96db, the sampling number is greater than 16bit, and the sampling frequency is greater than 44. 1kHZ (the higher the value, the better). Theoretically, 44. 1kHZ can achieve CD sound quality. In addition, if the buyer is only for ordinary applications, such as watching CDs and playing some simple games, it is enough to choose cheap sound cards; If it is used to play large 3D games, you must choose a sound card with 3D function, because 3D sound effects have become the trend of game development, and now all games are supported.
9. Power supply:
The power supply is the main accessory for supplying power to the computer, and it is the equipment that converts alternating current into DC voltage. Power supply is related to the stable operation of the whole computer, and its output power should not be less than 250W W W. Pay attention to the brand, output power, certificate and packaging of power supply when purchasing power supply.
(2) Computer software system
Computer software system The sum total of various programs used by a computer system. The software system and the hardware system * * * together constitute a practical computer system, and they complement each other. Software systems are generally divided into three categories: operating system software, programming software and application software.
1, operating system:
A computer can accomplish many very complicated tasks, but it "doesn't understand" human language. In order for the computer to do relevant work, there must be a translator to translate human language to the computer. The operating system software is the translator here. Commonly used operating systems include Microsoft's Windows XP/Vista operating system, as well as Linux operating system and Unix operating system (server operating system).
2, programming software:
Programming software is a computer language written by a specialized software company for programming. Programming languages mainly include machine language, assembly language and programming language (C++, Java, etc. ).
3. Application software:
Application software is a program used to solve various practical problems and realize specific functions. In order to let ordinary people use computers, computer professionals will write common working programs in advance according to people's work, study and life needs. When using, users only need to click the corresponding function buttons (such as copying and dragging tasks). Commonly used application software includes MS office software, WPS office software, image processing software, web page making software, game software, antivirus software and so on.
With a good configuration, of course, installation is indispensable. Let's take a compatible computer as an example to briefly introduce the assembly of multimedia computers.
Second, the assembly of multimedia computers:
1 installing chassis: mainly about how to disassemble the chassis. You can open the chassis by unscrewing two screws (the large screw and the small screw) on the right side of the back of the chassis.
2. Install the power supply: First, install the power supply in a fixed position of the chassis, and pay attention to the fan of the power supply facing the back of the chassis, so as to dissipate heat correctly. Then fix the power supply with screws. After installing the motherboard, connect the power cord to the motherboard.
3. Installing CPU: Gently push the handle next to the CPU slot on the motherboard outward, then pull the handle upward to the vertical position, then align and insert the CPU. Pay attention to alignment before inserting, otherwise it will damage the CPU, and then press the handle back and fix it in its original position. Moreover, the CPU is coated with heat-dissipating silica gel to better stick to the heat sink on the fan.
4. Install the fan: Install the fan on the CPU of the motherboard. First, hang the hooks on the fan on the fixed positions at both ends of the CPU socket of the motherboard, and then insert the three-hole power plug of the fan into the fan power socket of the motherboard (generally near the CPU).
5. Installing the motherboard: firstly, fix the positioning screw on the chassis according to the screw hole of the motherboard, and then align the I/O port of the motherboard with the back of the chassis. The locating hole on the motherboard should be aligned with the motherboard fixing screw hole on the chassis, and the motherboard should be fixed on the chassis with screws. Pay attention to the screw properly to prevent the motherboard from being deformed.
6. Installing the memory: First, open the handles on both sides of the memory slot on the motherboard, align the notch on the memory stick with the notch on the memory slot on the motherboard, and press the memory vertically. The fixing clips on both sides of the slot automatically jump up to clamp the memory and make a "click". At this time, the memory has been locked.
7. Installing the hard disk: First, fix the hard disk on the chassis with screws. Next, plug in the power cord, connect the IDE data cable to the hard disk, and then connect the other end of the data cable to the IDE interface of the motherboard. Note: Do not connect the data cable upside down.
8. Install floppy disk: The installation method is similar to that of hard disk.
9. Install the graphics card: insert the graphics card into the PCI slot on the motherboard and fix it on the chassis with screws.
10. Connection control line: First, find the connection position of the indicator light and button on the chassis panel on the motherboard (according to English on the motherboard), and then distinguish between positive and negative connections. Connect HDD LED (hard disk light), PWR SW (switching power supply), Reset (reset), speaker (motherboard speaker), Keylock (keyboard lock interface) and PowerLED on the chassis panel.
165438+ Next, connect the monitor data cable to the graphics card.
12. After completing the above items, you can turn on the power and observe whether the computer is running normally.
13. Next, make CMOS settings (depending on the BIOS of the motherboard used for this option).
Install the operating system (take Win XP as an example):
1. To install from the CD, please set the BIOS so that the system can boot from the CD. The method is as follows:
(1) Start the computer, press the Del key on the keyboard (or press F2 in some cases), and enter the main interface of BIOS setting of the motherboard.
(2) Select the advanced BIOS function option, and then press Enter to enter the setup program. Select the first boot device option, and then press the arrow keys on the keyboard to set it to CD-ROM (CD Boot), thus changing the system to CD Boot.
(3) Press F 10 to save the prompt (y) or not to save the prompt (n), and select y to exit the setting.
(4) Then put the CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive, restart the computer, and the computer will automatically run from the CD-ROM, display the installation interface, and install it step by step according to the prompts.
Note: Before Windows XP copies files to the hard disk and restarts the computer for the first time, the CD-ROM must be removed from the CD-ROM drive, otherwise the system will still boot from the CD-ROM, and the installation program will be executed circularly.
(5) Next, basically click Next to go on! Until you enter the XP system interface normally!
2. Install hardware drivers
Put the CD provided by the motherboard manufacturer into the CD-ROM drive to read the CD-ROM and let it run automatically:
(1) Install the motherboard driver and select the motherboard chipset driver for installation.
(2) Install the sound card driver, and select the sound card driver for installation.
(3) Install the network card driver, unzip the selected network card driver to the specified folder and install it in the device manager.
(4) Install the video card driver, put it into the video card driver CD provided by the video card manufacturer and click Install.
3. Install application software
Commonly used application software includes office software (such as OFFICE2003), decompression software (such as WinRAR), Chinese character input software (such as sogou input method), antivirus software (such as Norton antivirus software series) and download software (such as Thunder). Only when these applications are installed can the assembly of the computer be completed.
After the computer is installed, some faults will inevitably occur, which may be hardware faults or software faults. Generally speaking, newly installed machines are more prone to hardware failure, and the failure rate is relatively reduced after the machine runs for a period of time. For hardware faults, as long as we know the characteristics of various accessories and the occurrence of common faults, we can eliminate them one by one.
Third, the hardware fault maintenance:
1. Bad contact fault
Poor contact is generally reflected in poor contact of various cards, memory, CPU, etc. And the motherboard, or the power cable, data cable, audio cable, etc. are poorly connected. Among them, various interface cards and memory are in poor contact with the motherboard. Usually, the fault can be eliminated by replacing the corresponding slot or wiping the golden finger with the image skin.
2. The parameter setting is incorrect
The setting of CMOS parameters mainly includes the types of hard disk, floppy disk and memory, as well as passwords, machine startup sequence, virus warning switch and so on. Because the parameters are not set or set incorrectly, the system will prompt an error. If the virus warning switch is turned on, Windows XP may not be installed successfully.
3. The hardware itself is defective
Hardware failure, in addition to its own quality problems, may also be caused by too much load or other reasons, such as insufficient power supply or overclocking of CPU, which may cause machine failure.
4. Software failure
It is usually caused by improper installation of hardware drivers or virus damage.
If there is a conflict between drivers or drivers, you can find some marks in resource management under Windows XP, including "?" Indicates an unknown device, usually the device is not installed correctly, "!" Indicates that there is a conflict between devices, and "×" indicates that the installed device driver is incorrect.
The harm of viruses to computers is well known, ranging from affecting the speed of machines to destroying files or causing crashes. In order to facilitate the maintenance of the computer at any time, tools such as DOS startup disk or WindowsXP startup disk, antivirus software and disk tool software must be prepared to deal with the situation that the system is infected with virus or the hard disk cannot be started. In addition, drivers of various accessories should be prepared, such as CD-ROM drive, sound card, video card and modem. Cleaning discs and cleaning solutions for floppy disks and CD-ROM drives should also be kept in stock.
Compared with other electrical products, computers are prone to failures of one kind or another. Computer failure is a headache for many computer enthusiasts. How to deal with and solve the computer failures we encounter?
First, investigate first, then get familiar with it.
Second, the first opportunity, after the machine.
Third, machinery first, then electricity.
Fourth, software first, then hardware.
Five, first clean, then repair.
Sixth, power supply first, then machine.
Seven, common fault first, then special.
Eight, the outer circumference first, then the inner circumference.