According to China's "National Defense News", the Gulf War broke out in June 199 1, which attracted worldwide attention because of the number of countries participating in the war, the fierce situation, the rapid fighting process and the disparity in losses between the two sides. Moreover, because of its extensive use of contemporary sophisticated weapons and equipment, the battlefield conditions, combat means and confrontation methods have undergone fundamental changes, which has opened the prelude to modern high-tech local wars.
1March to June, 1999, USA
The Kosovo war, code-named "Allied Forces" launched by the NATO military group headed by NATO, is a "non-contact war" with long-range and high-altitude precision strikes as the mainstay. From beginning to end, this war was characterized by large-scale air strikes and anti-air strikes, and achieved its strategic goal with completely independent air combat, marking an unprecedented rise in the status of air combat.
From 200 1 to 10, the war in Afghanistan carried out by the United States fully demonstrated the powerful power of information warfare and was a typical "asymmetric war". In this war, the U.S. military gave full play to the systematic effect of various combat means, which made the information system and combat system highly integrated.
These three local wars have fully demonstrated the basic characteristics and development trend of modern wars under high-tech conditions.
1. The extensive use of high-tech weapons and equipment has caused a series of profound changes in the mode of operations.
More than 50 years after World War II, under the impetus of the new technological revolution, the armed forces of developed countries competed to develop high-tech weapons, accelerated the upgrading of weapons and equipment, and constantly carried out practical tests in the "testing ground" of local wars, which made major changes in combat methods and methods. The most obvious performance is in the following aspects.
First, the development of air power has promoted air combat. Air and space forces are becoming the main force of the future battlefield, and the air and space battlefield is establishing its new dominant position. For example, in the Gulf War, among the 56 kinds of weapons that constitute the US high-tech weapons group, 44 kinds of weapons were equipped in the air or played a role through the air, accounting for about 78%, while the Kosovo War was a pure large-scale air strike.
Secondly, precision guided weapons, mainly cruise missiles and aviation weapons with satellite navigation systems, launched outside the defense zone have become the basic means of attack and the main attack weapons in high-tech local wars, making long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone the main mode of operation. In the war in Afghanistan, the US military dropped more than 22,000 pieces of various ammunition, including more than 65,438+3,000 pieces of precision-guided ammunition. The utilization rate rose sharply from 9% in the Gulf War and 35% in the Kosovo War to 60% in this war, creating a historical record of throwing 100 joint direct attack ammunition within 20 minutes in a strike mission.
Third, the continuous improvement of command means has greatly improved operational efficiency. For example, in the Gulf War, it took the US military a day to find a maneuvering target and launch an attack. In the Kosovo war, the time difference has been reduced to one hour. In the war in Afghanistan, due to the high integration of information system and combat system, it only takes 10 minutes from finding maneuvering targets to launching attacks.
Second, the information level of war elements is getting higher and higher, and the war form is developing in the direction of information.
Modern high-tech war will focus on the collection, processing, distribution and protection of information. Information warfare has become the basic form of high-tech warfare, and seizing and maintaining information control rights has become the center and focus of operations. Twenty-four hours before the Gulf War, the U.S. military conducted broadband high-power jamming, that is, "Snow White" operation, which interrupted most of the Iraqi army's communications and reached the suddenness of air strikes. In the Kosovo war, NATO gave full play to the function and advantages of satellite controlling the sky, and held the right of air and space information from beginning to end. During the war, NATO used over 50 satellites. These satellites are used as electronic reconnaissance, positioning and navigation, communication support and meteorological services respectively, providing timely and accurate target data for NATO naval and air forces' military strikes. NATO also used various advanced early warning aircraft and special electronic warfare aircraft in air strikes, which "blinded" and "deaf" the early warning, fire control radar and command and control system of the Yugoslav army respectively. Through soft and hard electronic attacks, NATO has always held the information control right in the combat area, leaving the Yugoslav army in a passive position and unable to fight back. In the war in Afghanistan, the US military achieved a high degree of integration of information systems and combat systems. In order to realize the real-time transmission of information between the information acquisition system and the air raid system, the US military has specially established a new joint air combat center at Prince Sultan Air Force Base in Saudi Arabia. The Joint Air Combat Center is equipped with the latest C4 I S R system, which comprehensively analyzes, processes and distributes battlefield information data obtained by various US military battlefield reconnaissance systems, and transmits the processed battlefield information data to various operational platforms such as bombers and fighters in real time. In addition, the information platform has the ability to attack at the first time. The U.S. Army R Q- 1 A Predator UAV not only has the function of intelligence gathering, but also has the ability to attack and find targets. On the battlefield in Afghanistan, Predator drones have repeatedly carried out instantaneous attacks on the discovered maneuvering targets.
Third, the development of military strength and equipment technology between the warring parties is unbalanced, and asymmetric war has increasingly become the basic mode of local war under high-tech conditions.
With the increasing technical content of war, especially the high-tech content, the imbalance of economic and technological development levels among countries has widened the gap in military technology development among countries, and even a "generation gap" has emerged. The strong side pays more attention to developing its own technological advantages, and the weak side also tries to find a way out from outside technology.
Therefore, asymmetric war is increasingly becoming the choice of both sides. For example, in the Kosovo war, one side of the war was the most powerful military group in the world, which was composed of 19 developed countries-NATO led by the United States. Its overall economic strength is 700 times that of Yugoslavia, and its overall military strength is 400 times that of its rivals. All high-tech weapons except nuclear, chemical and biological weapons were used, and 78 days of high-intensity long-range air strikes were carried out against Yugoslavia. The high-tech weapons invested account for more than 50% of its total equipment. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is only a country with a population of 1000 million and an army of 654.38 million. The overall quality of weapons and equipment is at least one or two generations behind each other, and the quantity is also very different. This war is an air raid by powerful military groups against weak sovereign countries, a high-tech air raid against middle-low technology, mainly using aviation and missiles, and an asymmetric operation against air defense operations with general weapons as the mainstay. The US military strike against Afghanistan is also a typical asymmetric operation. The military strength of the United States ranks first in the world today, and it has comprehensive advantages in personnel, military technology and weapons and equipment. As of March 8, 2002, the US military has dispatched 24,000 sorties of various types of aircraft, with an average of 200 sorties per day. * * * dropped 1.767 million bombs and 74 cruise missiles. In addition, the US military has also invested in new weapons and equipment, including Global Hawk and Predator UAV, Joint Direct Attack Ammunition, Blue-1 18B Thermal Bomb, Wind Correction Ammunition Distributor, and Joint Air Combat Center. The Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan are just groups organized by Islamic radicals on the basis of simple individual weapon systems, and their strength cannot compete with the US military with absolute superiority.
Fourth, the space for direct participation in the war is gradually shrinking, and the space related to the war is constantly expanding.
Compared with previous wars, local wars under high-tech conditions have gradually reduced the direct combat space of wars, while the related space of wars is constantly expanding; The campaign space of war is shrinking, while the strategic space is expanding. In the three wars, the targets of the US military were concentrated in a specific country or region. In attacking the intended targets, the US military also changed the previous practice of "carpet coverage" and "carpet bombing", but chose some key parts to carry out precise strikes, which greatly reduced the combat space and even basically achieved "non-contact operations" in the Kosovo War and the Afghanistan War. At the same time, the space related to local wars under high-tech conditions is also expanding. For example, in the Kosovo war, the US military's B-2 A stealth strategic bomber took off from the Missouri base in the United States every time, and strategically maneuvered more than 20,000 kilometers to carry out bombing missions. Also in the war in Afghanistan, the B-2 stealth long-range heavy bomber flew directly from the United States to Afghanistan for long-range attack. After the air raid, it landed on Diego Garcia Island, about 4,200 kilometers from Afghanistan, and flew for 44 hours without landing. In addition, with the comprehensive application of a large number of advanced weapons and equipment in the battlefield, various complex battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, sky and electromagnetism are interrelated, coordinated and overlapped, forming an all-round, high-dimensional, all-field and multi-level battlefield space, and military operations extend to all the ground, marine battlefields and even outer space.
5. Modern warfare is a system-to-system contest, and the outcome of the war depends on the overall confrontation ability of the combat system.
The experience and lessons of the Gulf War, the Kosovo War and the Afghan War have proved that only by comprehensively applying various forces, closely coordinating the services and arms, and complementing each other's advantages, can the overall power be exerted and the systematic effect of "1+ 1 > 2" be achieved. During the Gulf War, the multinational forces launched air strikes against Iraq. In addition to a large number of fighter planes, attack planes and bombers, they also used a large number of army attack helicopters, a large number of early warning aircraft, transport planes, tankers, ambulances and other aerospace weapons, such as the navy's Tomahawk cruise missiles and space precise positioning systems composed of various satellites, forming a strict operational system to jointly attack targets. During the war in Afghanistan, the US military connected the stereoscopic perception system composed of various reconnaissance and early warning means with the fire attack system composed of various combat platforms of various arms and services through the information processing network and data link system, which were highly integrated and complemented each other, forming a battlefield system that organically combined near-real-time perception and long-range precision strike, and basically realized the integration of the three services' operations, the systematization of weapons and equipment, the networking of information processing and the integration of battlefield inspection and strike. For example, the relevant information obtained by Predator and Global Hawk unmanned reconnaissance aircraft can be transmitted to the pilot of a C- 130 special combat aircraft over the battlefield in Afghanistan in real time through the Joint Air Combat Center, and a C- 130 can immediately attack the target.
6. The consumption of war is increasing, and the war is more dependent on a solid economic foundation and a strong comprehensive guarantee.
Under the condition of high technology, the consumption of war has increased dramatically in geometric series, reaching an alarming level. As far as material consumption is concerned, the Gulf War is 20 times, 10 times, 7.5 times, 4.2 times and 3.5 times higher than World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, the Fourth Middle East War and Falklands War respectively. According to statistics, during the Gulf War, the US ground troops consumed more than 200 kilograms of materials per capita, the aircraft carrier formation consumed 1. 1 ~ 1.38 tons of materials per capita, and the US military consumed more than 30 million tons of various materials, almost equivalent to the sum of the materials consumed by tens of millions of Soviet troops in the four-year Great Patriotic War. The multinational forces spent more than $60 billion in the war, exceeding the annual gross national product of most countries in the world, and even the United States itself could not afford it. In the Kosovo war, NATO used 1200 aircraft, dispatched 38,000 sorties, launched 1500 cruise missiles and dropped1300,000 tons of various ammunition, costing as much as $65,438 billion. However, under NATO air strikes, many military facilities were destroyed, weapons and equipment were damaged, military materials, especially strategic materials storage sites were attacked, command centers and communication hubs were destroyed, communication lines were interrupted, and a large number of civilian facilities, factories and mines were bombarded indiscriminately, resulting in economic losses as high as hundreds of billions of dollars. After the "911"incident, the United States allocated $40 billion in emergency funds for counter-terrorism; The monthly combat cost of the United States in Afghanistan exceeds $654.38 billion; The cost of a Tomahawk cruise missile of the US military is 6.5438+200,000 US dollars, and more than 6.5438+200,000 precision guided missiles and bombs were dropped in three months. Such a huge war consumption is unbearable without a solid economic foundation and a strong comprehensive guarantee.
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