Civilian women refer to women who are civilians, including emperors, governors, ministers who are slaves and handymen, and daughters of small officials who have no fiefs. The number of civilians recorded in history books is small, about 25. Because civilian women are less associated with political events (except Ti Ying, the daughter of a medical worker), it is not appropriate to classify them by politics. According to personality and mental outlook, it can be divided into ordinary people's wives, high foster mothers and filial daughters. The civilian women in Tai Shigong's works have outstanding personality and strong life breath.
First, the image analysis of ordinary citizens' wives
There are many civilian women with the characteristics of ordinary citizens in Historical Records. They added many funny and humorous bright colors to the People's Gallery of Historical Records. The so-called townsfolk characteristics, from the characters in Historical Records, often refer to a snobbish, utilitarian, hypocritical and narrow-minded townsfolk style. There are many wives of ordinary people involved in Historical Records, including Wang Wei, Wu Fu, Liu Bangsao, Huaiyin Tingchang's wife and Su Qin's wife.
The famous snob is my sister-in-law Su Qin. Su Qin came back down and out, and her sister-in-law ridiculed him; Su Qin returned home dressed in rags and came with wealth. My sister-in-law waited on him respectfully, afraid to look up. When Su Qin jokingly asked her why she bowed before and after, her sister-in-law replied, "Look at the season in Gao Fushuai." Words are simple, straightforward and vulgar. As the saying goes, ugliness to the extreme is beauty. Su Qin's sister-in-law is very beautiful.
There is also a kind of snobbery, that is, meanness brings tangible benefits. Represented by Liu Bangsao and Huaiyin Tingchang. When Liu Bang didn't make a fortune, he idled around and often took people to his sister-in-law's house for dinner. After a long time, eldest sister-in-law became impatient. When Liu Bang brought people here again, Sister-in-law deliberately scraped the bottom of the pot with a spoon, so Liu Bang had to walk away. He hated his eldest sister-in-law, and later became an emperor, deliberately not giving her son a title. Coincidentally, Huaiyin Tingchang's wife was impatient with Han Xin who came to eat for nothing, and deliberately ate it early in the morning. When Han Xin arrived, there was no rice in the pot. The narrow-mindedness of Mrs. Liu Bangsao and Mrs. Ting Chang is full of the simplicity and absurdity of rural women in Shan Ye. This kind of down-to-earth local women, Tai Shigong wrote simply and lovely.
The snobbery of Wang Wei and Wu Fu, the owners of Liu Bang's hometown tavern, reveals a secular atmosphere of being Nuo Nuo-only.
(Liu Bang) "Good wine is lewd. I often see dragons on it from Wang Wei and Wu Fu, all of whom are drunk. Strangely, Wu Fu and Wang Wei often see dragons on it. Gaozu kept drinking in every village, and the wine was several times. It's strange, but when 10 was old, the two companies often folded their coupons and gave up their responsibilities. "
Wang Wei and Wu Fu are two small hotel owners. Although Tai Shigong wrote that Liu Bang was born of a real dragon, he would never believe that Liu Bang was really the reincarnation of the son of a real dragon. However, Tai Shigong inadvertently exposed the myth that Liu Bang himself deliberately weaved with serious language. Beowulf and Wang Wei "see" Liu Bang's head "there is always a dragon, blame it." The strange way, of course, is to yell at everyone and say it. The myth that Liu Bang is the real dragon emperor is widely circulated, so "Gaozu kept drinking and drinking several times in every village." That is to say, since the "strange", every time Gao Zu drinks, he has to give Wu Fu and Wang Wei several accounts. Although the two men "folded their coupons and abandoned their responsibilities" at the end of the year, they actually got a lot of benefits. In this little trick, Liu Bang is the director and Wang Wufu is the actor.
Second, Gao Yimu's image analysis
Among ordinary women, there are also a group of brilliant and moving images of ordinary mothers, which are called high foster mothers in academic circles. There were mesons pushing mothers in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Qi's dead mother in the Warring States Period, and floating mothers in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty.
First of all, it is mesons that follow the principle of friendship. Meson Tui made a contribution to the protection of Jin Wengong, and Jin Wengong rewarded him for his contribution, but he forgot meson Tui. Mesons have complaints. Historical records? The Jin family recorded a conversation between their mother and son:
His mother said, "You asked for it. Who will die?" Tui said, "What's the matter?" . And complain, don't eat their bread "Mom said," What if I knew? " Right: "words, the text of the text is also; Use it safely if you want to hide it? The meaning of the text is to show it. " His mother said, "Will it be like this? Hiding with women. "I won't see you again until I die.
As the saying goes, a mother is more precious than a child. There is not a mother who does not want her son to become rich. However, for the sake of his son's great ambition, meson Tumu generously offered to live in seclusion in the mountains until he was burned to death, and refused to come out to see Jin Wengong. It is precisely because of such a mother who understands the righteousness that meson tui has such a clean person.
Wuqi's mother, a native of Wei Wenhou during the Warring States Period, was the mother and strategist of Wuqi's foot soldiers. When Wu Qi led his troops, he loved soldiers like children and shared weal and woe with them. Soldiers fight for their service and they are willing to die. Wu Qi sucks the wound for a foot soldier with gangrenous skin. The soldier's mother heard about it and began to cry. Please look at Tai Shigong's touching record:
If a pawn is sick and gangrenous, he is sucking. Mother cried when she heard this. The man said, "I am a pawn, and the general sucks his gangrene." Why are you crying? " Mother said, "No, it isn't. A few years ago, Wu Gong sucked his father, but his father didn't fight immediately and died in the hands of the enemy. Wu took another bite of his son and didn't know where he died. Just cry. "
Some people think that it should be the honor of the foot soldiers and their mothers that the famous soldier Wu Qi sucks gangrene for a small foot soldier. Why is mother crying? The response of the mother is embarrassing: "A few years ago, Wu Gong sucked gangrene for her husband, and as a result, her husband died in battle. Now Wu Gong is sucking gangrene on his son. I wonder where his son will die. ! So I cried. " In this regard, Cai Shixin of Taiwan Province Province commented: "It is not easy to say' martial arts' twice to show sincere respect, because I had the pain of losing my husband before my death, and I was worried about losing my son afterwards." The pawn mother deeply understands the great righteousness and understands that Wuqi loves soldiers to serve the country, and the foot soldiers desperately repay Wu. Accept a drop of water when necessary, and I will repay your kindness with spring water. Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country. Wuqi's single mother can proceed from the righteousness, reluctantly give up what she loves, and it can be said that her husband is righteous and upright.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, she drifted away from her mother, being charitable and loving. Han Xin was hungry and went fishing at the gate. My wandering mother felt sorry for her, and she came to the river for dozens of days in a row, bringing Han Xin rice every time. Han Xin said that he would reiterate the report. The floating mother was furious: "A gentleman can't eat for himself. I eat for my grandson. How can I repay him! " If you don't repay them, this is a simple and sincere civilian woman. Zhong Ming Xing commented on this: "If you believe in happiness, you will report it and your mother will be angry. How can this anger be good? " Angry wandering mother, angry at Han Xin for treating her as a person who usually repays her kindness. What a noble and noble village! Moreover, perhaps the wandering mother has a good eye for people and sees that Han Xin is not an idle person, so she tries her best to help. The care of the floating mother gave Han Xin great courage to struggle. Han Xin was named King of Chu, and the first thing he thought of was to repay the floating mother and future generations for remembering her insight and warmth. A scholar from a poor family can't help but miss his mother when he feels lonely and depressed. Cui You, a poet in Tang Dynasty, wrote a five-character poem "Floating on Mother's Shore";
Surabaya flows into the Huaihe River, and the ancient shore in the south exists. In the Qin dynasty, there was a floating mother who ate the king's grandson here. Wang didn't meet him, so what's the point of feeding him? Later, the king of Chu came, and gold thanked his mother for her kindness. The deeds left here have hurt the soul for thousands of years. There is a lonely dock in the vast water. I can't see it in the distance, and the gray smoke tree is faint. After several years of collapse and burial, the ebb tide marks are seen day by day. There are many ancient places, so I dare not say. Tears in the evening, stay in Luzhou village.
It reflects a kind of nostalgia for the wandering mother and loneliness of not meeting talents. Li Bai even shouted: "There is no wandering mother in the sand dunes. Who wants to eat the king's grandson?" He deeply missed his wandering mother. In seven poems, such as Love in Wusong Mountain, Going to Xun's Home, Giving a New Flat Boy and Walking with a Tiger, he used the allusions of wandering mother Mi Xin to call for a kind of warmth and a kind of acquaintance. The image of floating mother has become synonymous with a deep understanding, kind and wise mother.
Third, the image analysis of a good wife
Among the common women, Sima Qian also created a virtuous and virtuous wife image, that is, Yan's wife in Biography of Yan Guan. Historical records are as follows:
Yan Zi was born at the same stage, and his royal wife peeked at her husband from the door. Her husband is a relative, and he is very big, arrogant and complacent. When he came back, his wife was invited. Husband asked him why. The wife said, "Yan Zi is less than six feet long. He is in a state of harmony and is famous as a vassal. Today, I look forward to it with deep ambition and always follow the bottom. My son is eight feet long. He is a servant. However, he thinks he is satisfied and wants to go. " After that, the husband suppressed his loss. Yan Zi asked me a strange question, and he was telling the truth. Yan Zi recommended him as a doctor.
Yan's wife is a clever woman. First of all, she has a pair of penetrating eyes, and her shallowness and complacency can be seen from her husband's driving posture, and her profound ambition can be seen from Yan Zi's modesty and mediocrity. Secondly, as a wife, she can make a decisive decision, ask to leave and encourage her husband to make progress. Make her husband constantly turn over a new leaf, improve his personality, and grow from an ordinary coachman to a doctor. Yan Yu's wife is smarter than men. Although there is only one such civilian wife in historical records, she is dazzling.
Fourth, the image analysis of filial piety.
Among ordinary women, there is also a talented woman who is filial and brave, and that is Ti Ying. Ti Ying, the daughter of a physician in Taicang, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, whose deeds can be found in Biography of Xiao Wen and Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong. In May of the 13th year of Emperor Wendi, Dr. Chun Yu was asked to go to Chang 'an for corporal punishment because of his careless behavior. In the Han Dynasty, corporal punishment resulted in limb amputation, which made people disabled, and in severe cases, they would die. Five daughters are crying in the back. The male commander in Taicang can do it, scolding his daughter and saying, "It's not good to have children without boys. It is not good to have priority! " Ti Ying, the youngest daughter, wept for herself, so she went to Chang 'an with her father and wrote to Emperor Wendi, saying, "My father is an official, and people in Qi called him Lian Ping, so he should be punished by law. The concubine of the injured husband cannot be resurrected, and the torturer cannot be reinstated. Although she wants to turn over a new leaf, there is no reason. I am willing to be a public servant, redeem my father's punishment and start over. " The book plays the son of heaven, and the son of heaven pities him and writes a letter to abolish corporal punishment.
Ti Ying wrote a letter saying that corporal punishment had been done and he was willing to be a servant girl in the government to atone for his father and give him a chance to turn over a new leaf. Emotion and reason are all there, which moved filial piety, thus abolishing corporal punishment and exempting father punishment, and benefiting the people at one time. Ti Ying is a talented woman with wit, courage and filial piety. As Tai Shigong praised: "Ti Ying knows everything, and his father will be better in the future."
Sima Qian also created a group of civilian women with great personality: Zhuo Wenjun ran at night and boldly sold wine as a stove, which can be described as brave and rebellious; Nie Rong went to North Korea to identify Nie Zheng in order to raise his brother's reputation. He is valiant and heroic, calling for heaven and grabbing land, showing compassion for others, and being brave and heroic.
Tai Shigong also recorded two capable businesswomen, which are admirable and respectable. Sichuan widow Qing, who runs the ancestral cinnabar mining industry, won the respect of Qin Shihuang, built a platform for her to bear a daughter, resisted all kinds of riding, and became famous all over the world. She was called Su Feng by Taishi Gong. Chen Junfu, a woman, is famous all over the world for her horses, and she is a young girl's Bole.
Taishigong is also full of sympathy, and records the women who are squeezed to do chores for the nobles, such as Han Nv, a waiter in North China, and Shu, a senior technician. This woman Shu is a senior mechanic bought by Han Ji Bei Wang. She was exploited and squeezed, worked hard day and night, and finally vomited blood and died.
In addition to the above two categories of nobility and commoners, some women are full of mystery, so they are classified as other types of women. There are three people: Bai Di Zimu, crying in the field at night. The Queen Mother of the West, whom King Miao Zhou saw as "forgetting her joy and returning home", should be an immortal beauty. But in Sima Xiangru's works, the Queen Mother of the West has become a "white head", an old woman with white hair who can command three feet and five feet. Motome is mysterious and resentful. Teddy asked Motome to play the 50-string harpsichord, while Motome played the miserable harpsichord. Teddy couldn't bear to hear it, so the ban stopped and Motome wouldn't listen. Teddy broke it into 25 strings. Later, Li Shangyin's untitled poem began with Motome's bitterness and rebellion: "I wonder why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval."
In a word, the female images in Historical Records, the images of aristocratic women are complex and changeable, and ordinary women have outstanding personalities and are full of social life, which can be said to be a great and successful part of Historical Records.
References:
[1] Sima Qian. Historical records [M] Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959.
[2] Ban Gu. Hanshu [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959.
[3] Han. General theory of historical records [M]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 1990.
[4] Han. Historical records appreciation collection [M]. Chengdu: Bashu Bookstore, 1988 edition.
[5] Du. The evolution of women's ideas [M]. Zhengzhou: Henan People's Publishing House, 1988
[6] Ren Yuji. China's philosophy [M]. Beijing People's Publishing House 2003.
[7] Ji Xianlin. Literature research in pre-Qin and Han dynasties [M]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 2003.
Nie Shiqiao Sima Qian's essays [M]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 1987.
[9] Zhang Ke. Dictionary of historical figures [M]. Guilin: Guangxi People's Publishing House, 199 1 version.
Shi Ding. A new theory of Sima Qian [M]. Zhengzhou: Henan People's Publishing House, 1982.
[1 1] Yu Lan. Several female images in Historical Records [J]. China Knowledge, 2005, (2).
[12] Yu Lan. On several female images in Historical Records [J]. Chinese World, 2005, (1 1).
[13] Wang Xiaohong. On the female characters in Historical Records [J]. Journal of Weinan Teachers College, 2005, (3).
Zhang Ying. Respect for history and respect for women —— On the female images in Historical Records [J]. Journal of Ankang Teachers College, 2004, (1).
[15] ginger. Sima Qian's portrayal of women —— On the significance of female images in Historical Records [J]. Journal of Lingling Teachers College, 2002, (2).
[16] Tian on the description of female characters in Sima Qian's Historical Records [J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University (Social Science Edition), 2000, (1).