We can answer this question from two aspects: for the first paragraph, structurally speaking, it is to write down the topic, point out the center of the article, get straight to the point, get the full text, or play a role in causing the following; In terms of content, it lays the groundwork and foil for the following, and lays the foundation for the description of the following content. The problem of the middle paragraph plays a connecting role in structure. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people remember deeply and take care of the theme.
2. What thoughts and feelings does the article express?
This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, loving, admiring, moving, happy, longing, shock, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing relatives in hometown, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, grief and regret.
3. Summarize the main idea of the article.
For this kind of topic, we must read the full text carefully for several times before answering, and then we can use such keywords to answer: "The story of crossing ... We praise (praise) ... expressing the author's thoughts and feelings ... and revealing profound truth ..." We can also look for it from the text. In every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the article is full of philosophy.
4. What expressions are used in underlined sentences? What's the role?
When we see this type of topic, we must first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. In particular, description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scenery description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of lyricism can enhance the effect of the article. Highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, their function is to increase the mystery of the text and arouse readers' interest.
5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role?
There are many kinds of rhetoric, eight of which are commonly used, namely, metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition and rhetorical questions. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most frequently tested, and metaphor has three functions: first, it makes profound truth simple and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summarized things and give people a vivid impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings for them. Expressing something you like in a personification way can make it vivid and make people feel kind and natural. Things that show hatred can be written badly, giving people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly. Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things. It is an important link to improve the expression effect. The use of overlapping words and short sentences makes the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read.
Another rhetoric is quotation. Sometimes, in reading comprehension, poems, celebrity stories and related contents in celebrity language or celebrity works will be quoted. The question will be "What is the function of the quoted content in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words: one is "to set off the quality of the narrative object and highlight some spirit of the protagonist".
The above questions must be answered in combination with the specific content of the article.
6. What does a sentence in the text mean? Or tell us something profound? Please tell me your understanding.
The answer to this kind of question can't be solved simply by finding ready-made sentences from the text, which requires our students to read more and accumulate more at ordinary times, read more and remember more philosophical quotes, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article, enrich the answers and accurately express their understanding of the article in their own language.
7. Compare reading comprehension.
Sometimes exams compare articles in class with articles with similar content outside class. For this kind of topic, we can compare it from the aspects of content, writing characteristics and emotional tone.
For the reading comprehension of expository texts, we can grasp three points: the explanatory object, the explanatory sequence and the explanatory method. There are three interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order order and logical order. The most important thing is to explain the method and its function. Commonly used interpretation methods include classification, example, analogy, enumeration of data, comparison, definition, interpretation, drawing charts, citing data and so on. Among them, classification, examples, analogy, enumerating data and comparison involve more. Classification can make complex things clear. Examples can make the content concrete and enhance persuasiveness. The explanation of analogy is consistent with the metaphor in figures of speech. Enhance the vividness and vividness of the explanation. Enumerating data can make the things explained more specific and make it easier for readers to understand the relevant content. Comparison is similar to rhetorical comparison. When explaining some abstract or unfamiliar things, we can compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison, and the characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When answering the language questions about expository writing, we should pay attention to the accuracy and style of the language.
Reading common narratives and expository articles in the senior high school entrance examination, there are few argumentative articles, so I don't want to repeat them. I hope it will be helpful to your study and exam.
1, the basic essentials: grasp the whole, grasp the key sentences, and find the answers in the text. 2. Steps: (Read the article twice)
The first time: read the whole article and get a general understanding. Read the whole article roughly first, and get a general idea of it. When reading, underline the words and sentences that you feel are important; [Can be faster]
The second time: review the meaning of the question and read back the original text. Read the questions once to determine the reading range and answer the questions, and then find the relevant paragraphs and sentences to intercept keywords in combination with the questions (Shun Teng); Find out or summarize the answer (picking melons). [Slow down, be careful, read it again and check it]
Finally, make clear the main points and answer the questions carefully. According to the requirements of answering questions, process, transform and summarize. Try to answer the questions with the key words in the original text. ) Three steps to answer modern Chinese reading questions in detail.
The first time, read the full text roughly, get a general idea of the article, and be aware of it. So what should we know about this article?
1, understand the general content of the article. Who is it? What's the matter? What scene? What is this? What topic? How to write? Why do you want to write like this? what do you think? 2. Understand the general structure and main ideas of the article. What are the basic elements of the article narrative (who, what, when and where)? What is the author's emotional change? What is the material? What's the arrangement? How did the article transition? Find clues, sequences, levels, etc. 3. Understand the thoughts, feelings and main idea of the article.
Note: The above objectives can be achieved in the following ways:
First, grasp the key words and phrases in the article. Key words in the article: title, opening sentence, closing sentence, independent paragraph sentence, central sentence, epigram, metaphor sentence, continuous sentence, turning sentence, lyric sentence, argument sentence, recurring words, key related words (such as words at the beginning of a paragraph: not only ... but also ... because of this), etc. Special attention should be paid to those words that reflect the author's position and viewpoint, reflect the profound content, rich connotation and vivid image of the article. Note that the main idea of the article is often hidden in these sentences. Some essays are rather obscure by expressing their ambitions and symbols, and we can also find clues from these words.
Second, clarify the structure of the article.
It is easier to grasp the ideological content of the article from the structural form, that is to say, it is easier to understand the central idea of the article if the structural level is clear. From this perspective, clarifying the structure is the basis of narrative reading.
A clear understanding of narrative structure can be carried out from the following aspects.
Find clues to the article. The clue forms of narrative are: taking time and space transfer as the clue, taking a person, an event and an event as the clue.
When reading an article, try to find out the clues of the article, and follow the clues to understand the hierarchical structure of the paragraph.
(2) Clear the order of articles. The order of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and insertion.
Sequential narration refers to writing according to the time sequence of events' occurrence, development and ending, such as The Emperor's New Clothes. Flashback refers to writing the things in front and the things in the back, and then writing the things in front. Interpolation, such as antelope carving.
When reading, paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation is helpful to find narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article.
(3) Clarify the level of the article. Clarifying the level of the article is an important part of clarifying the structure of the article.
(4) Grasp the details of the article. When selecting and using materials, the article should be primary and secondary, and there should be a detailed plan.
The second step is to review the meaning of the question and read back the original text. After we have a general grasp of the article, we will read the stem carefully, find out the main points of each question, read back the original text and correspond the stem with the article. What are the methods and steps to read back the original text?
1. Find the relevant area of the corresponding topic in the original text. See which paragraphs or fields the topic involves and which sentences are related to it. 2. Contact the context and grasp the key words. As long as we find out the relevant fields in the original text and carefully ponder the context, we can accurately grasp the key words, and the answers to most questions can be found in the original text. 3. Analyze and synthesize, and pick melons in a proper way. Combine the test questions (in an appropriate way)
The third step is to clarify the main points and answer the questions carefully. 1, quote the original text. If the topic requires quoting the original text, find the answer directly and write carefully.
2. Grasp the corresponding keywords. If you don't explicitly ask to quote the original answer, you can't copy the original sentence mechanically. Generally speaking, some key words and sentences involved in the answer are in the original text, so we should grasp these important words and phrases and extract, edit, summarize, reorganize and induce them effectively. 3. Organize language answers. Answer several key points according to the score before answering. When answering, stick to the meaning of the question. Try to include the corresponding keywords in the text, choose the appropriate sentence patterns, choose the appropriate angle to answer, that is, how to answer, according to the requirements of the stem, rearrange and combine the known information in the text, so that the answers are sufficient, in place, accurate and organized. But there are still some questions that cannot be answered simply by reorganizing the language of the article. Then we need to organize our own understanding and express it in our own language. 4. Some questions appear in the form of multiple-choice questions, so it is necessary to understand the rules of setting the wrong options for such questions (such as taking them out of context, stealing concepts, unclear scope, making out of nothing, imposing causality, and accidentally confusing them before they happen), and make a one-on-one comparison between the options and the relevant sentences in the original text to make an accurate judgment and choice.
The answer mode of modern Chinese reading questions
First, the general topic:
(1) Summarize the content of the article: according to the basic elements of narration (behavior and experience) or the plot of the novel or the words and deeds of the characters or the emotional changes of the author, select materials and combine the answers.
The general operation idea is: 1. Summarize according to the central sentence. The concreteness of an article is usually described, discussed or explained around a certain center. So if you grasp the central sentence, you grasp the specific theme. 2. Summarize and summarize the key words by refining the key points. In some articles, it is difficult to find the central sentence that prompts the specific content, so it is necessary to extract the relevant points.
3. Summarize by identifying the correlation. The specific content of any article is a whole composed of parts. Starting with the relationship between parts, that is, identifying the relevance between sentences or paragraphs, is an important way of induction and summary. For example, Zhu Ziqing's Spring has 65,438+00 natural paragraphs, except ① ② The natural paragraph is The Desire of Spring, ②. 3 Spring grass, spring flowers, spring breeze, spring rain and Spring Festival are all written in the natural section, and they are all written in the natural section. It is not difficult to find that the author's description of spring is all-round, so we can summarize the contents of paragraphs 3 to 6 as "painting spring"
4. Take the lead in summing up. Taking the lead is to grasp the beginning of specific content; The end of the connection is the end of the connection. By taking the lead in summarizing the tail, the essence of its content surfaced.
If you ask the general idea of a paragraph: find the central sentence and pay attention to the first and last sentences of the paragraph. Summarize the meaning of the paragraph (if there is no central sentence): this paragraph (generally or specifically) is written as "who-what" (or "what-how")
(2) The method of summarizing the central meaning problem 1 and the central meaning.
Grasp the topic. Topic is the "eye" of the article, and the topic of the article can always convey the theme of the article explicitly or implicitly.
(2) Grasp the materials in the text and tell the readers the central idea directly. take for example
(3) The topic sentences and key sentences that indicate the central meaning in the opening and closing paragraphs of the article are generally lyric argumentative sentences.
⑷ Summarize the central idea through structural analysis, connect the main ideas of all parts of the article, make a comprehensive summary, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author.
Starting from the background of the times, good articles are branded with the times and the author's writing background is analyzed.
2. The center of the summary narrative has a general format:
This paper tells the story (deeds, process, events, scenery) of ..., expresses (reflects, praises, exposes and criticizes) the thoughts (personality, spirit and essence) ..., and expresses the author's views on ....
(C) the structure of the article
1, ask the structure of the article and paragraph: pay attention to the total score formula (a total score, b total score, c total score); Step by step; Parallel type; Contrast.
2. Seek clues to the article: pay attention to the words that appear many times in the article.
3. Ask the order of the articles. (1) The sequence of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
Sequential narration refers to writing according to the time sequence of events' occurrence, development and end. Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. The flashback method tells the end of the event first, attracting readers to be eager to know the cause and process of the event, and the contrast is more obvious and impressive. Flashback is suitable for those touching and distinctive endings and must resonate with readers.
When reading, paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation is helpful to find narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article.
(2) Interpretation order:
Time sequence, spatial order, logical sequence (phenomenon-essence, cause-result, whole-part, generalization-concreteness, feature-use, subject-times, total points).
4 ask the level of the article. Analysis of the structure level, there are generally the following methods:
Articles focusing on writing: 1. Analyze according to the time when things happen and develop; 2. Make change analysis according to the place where things happen and develop; 3. Analyze according to the development stage.
Focus on writing people's articles: 1 According to the analysis of personality growth stage; 2. Analyze the characters according to their different places; 3. According to the different personality characteristics of people with different conditions; 4. Analyze according to the change of characters' feelings.
Scenery-oriented articles: 1. According to the characters, the changes of the observation points of the scenery are observed, that is, the spatial change analysis; 2. Analyze the changes of different scenes at different times, that is, the changes of time. 5. Ask for the details of the article. When selecting and using materials, the narrative should have a subject and a time, and there should be a detailed description. Detailed description refers to the treatment of materials. When we write an article, after determining the topic, we should choose the composition materials around the central idea of determining the topic, and then carefully deal with these materials to make the best use of them. essay
Materials written in detail and fully used must closely follow the central idea of the article in order to clearly and fully highlight the central idea. If these materials are written in detail, concretely and vividly, readers will be deeply impressed by the article. When reading the narrative, we must understand the content of the article in detail and briefly, understand the author's writing intention, and grasp the focus and center of the article.
Second, understand and taste words and phrases.
1. Pronunciation and explanation questions: "Accumulation and application" generally examines the phonetic notation and interpretation of words, and the memory of idioms and famous sayings. This kind of questions need to accumulate more words and little knowledge at ordinary times, and unfamiliar words can be analyzed in combination with the context.
2. Ask what the demonstrative pronoun "this, that" refers to: find the answer from the words before the pronoun.
3, you can get rid of a question, or change to another question solving mode:
A. answer yes or no; Not ordinary, especially in the original text of the book.
B, explain the meaning of words, compare the differences between two words, and analyze why words should be used in combination with sentences (emphasize or limit the specific expression effect+or modification of sentences, which expression effect is better and can express something more vividly or appropriately)
C. What changes have taken place in the context after not using or changing (not using can not reflect the accuracy, rigor, vividness and vividness of the language, or it is inconsistent with the facts or too absolute, but using can reflect the accuracy, vividness, vividness or rigor of the language. )
4. Taste words: a. Analyze what rhetorical devices are used, such as metaphor and personification. If not, don't write this.
B, ideographic (superficial meaning) and expressive effect (vividly writing characteristics)
C, deep meaning (related to context, theme, the author's intention, what are the reasons, ideas, feelings, etc. ) affirmation/praise/praise/criticism/irony/denial/refutation, or the impression, enlightenment, truth, etc.
5. Ask whether the key words and sentences in the text can be interchanged: A, B, Word: Explain these two words respectively, Sentence: Briefly summarize the contents of these two paragraphs or two parts C, Word: Why do you want to arrange the order in this way (emphasize one of them, or it is consistent with the previous order or conforms to the collocation habit, as well as the internal order)
Sentence: point out the relationship between these two sentences, so they cannot be interchanged (if it is explanatory text, it depends on the chronological order or spatial order or logical order; If it is other styles, it is parallel or layered or total score)
Third, understand and taste sentences and paragraphs 1, understand the role of sentences and paragraphs: we should consider them from three aspects.
First, from the structural point of view, it often plays the role of A connecting the preceding with the following, transition, B quoting the full text, opening the following or C summarizing the above;
Secondly, from the writing technique, there are often some characteristics, such as A's opening, B's paving the way for the following, C's paving the way, D's deepening center, E's prominent theme (the finishing touch) F, setting off G, rendering H's echo, taking care of the contrast between I and J, symbolizing K's first suppression and then promotion, and L's predictive function.
Third, from the content (symbolic meaning, figurative meaning, the ideological character of the characters, and the ideological significance of the full text)
2. Talking about writing skills and functions
① Environmental description: the function of social environmental description: to explain the background of the times, social customs, ideas and the relationship between people.
Natural environment (including location, season, climate, time, scenery and scene) functions: explain the background of the times, render the atmosphere, show the character's personality, set off the mood, promote the plot development and deepen the theme.
② Character description: (language, action, appearance, expression, psychology) shows some thoughts, feelings or personality characteristics of a character.
③ Contrast, rhetorical question, parallelism, etc. Highlight or emphasize the xx characteristics of the object. Parallelism: enhance the momentum.
4 the role of metaphor, personification and exaggeration. Similarity between metaphor and personification; B. vividly express (describe) the xx characteristics of the object.
⑤ The function of symbols symbolizes a certain spirit (quality, thought) of things.
The Expression and Function of Three Questions Narration
Narration is the main way of expression, including description, discussion, explanation and lyricism. ① Narrative has direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric is to express one's thoughts and feelings about things directly on the basis of narration. Indirect lyricism includes expressing feelings for people, things and things through scenery, which naturally permeates the author's feelings between the lines of narrative description.
(2) Proper narration will often make the article icing on the cake, especially at the end of the article. Even using one or two notes between paragraphs can play a wonderful role in connecting the preceding with the following.
Fourth, ask the writing characteristics of the article: we can consider it from the perspectives of material selection, structural layout, language and conception, combined with the writing techniques of the article.
1, material selection: materials are typical, authentic, detailed and appropriate, showing and highlighting the center.
2. Structural layout: the layout is reasonable, ingenious and rigorous.
Language: simple or vivid, accurate image; Or bold or graceful; Or fresh or dignified; Or straightforward or implicit or fluent, the use of rhetorical devices, etc.
Idea: profound and novel, seeing the big from the small, full of philosophy, etc.
5. Evaluate and appreciate the characters and themes of the article (talk about your own understanding of the characters and themes)
◆ Read the full text, filter important information, and analyze the spirit or quality contained in the words and deeds of the characters. The answer can be composed as follows: the spirit of the character (quality, character, thought and personality) is expressed in the text by ×× (words or actions).
Generally speaking, the answer consists of three parts. The first half of A briefly summarizes the content of the article, which can be expressed as follows: ① The article is narrated by …; (2) The author of this article is ... (something) and has been used. ...
The second part summarizes the ideological significance of the content of the article, which is embodied in: revealing, criticizing, praising, persuading ... (some kind of ideological truth). Sometimes the topic can be a part of the answer, which is a necessary content.
C. State which view you agree with and explain the reasons. On the basis of the overall perception of the text, find out the sentences that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article, and respond with specific materials.
6. Ask about your feelings, experiences and practices in a specific situation in the text. A point out the ideological significance and truth contained in this specific situation;
B talk about your feelings, experiences and practices with specific examples in the article, and explain the reasons. Summarize your point of view.
Seven, ask after reading, experience, enlightenment, views, pay attention to the correct and healthy views, pay attention to rationality.
Answer the questions in the order of the total score: a, you can find out the sentence answers that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article from the gains, experiences and understandings you get from the article. B, illustrate with specific examples and materials in articles and life, and clarify the reasons C, then what should we do?