The medieval plague reappeared in the last century.
● Extremely fast spread ● Extremely painful all over the body ● Died of madness and disorder.
Epidemic bubonic plague, commonly known as the "Black Death", is an infectious disease that spreads very fast with rats and fleas as the medium. In the Middle Ages, a Black Death that ravaged Europe, coupled with war and famine, caused about half of the population in Europe to die. The death toll, confusion and terror caused by this disaster surpassed the two world wars in the 20th century.
The Black Death is a terrible disease. Witnesses wrote: "The symptoms of this disease are severe fever and chills. The patient felt a splitting headache and lay dying in bed, unable to move. Severe pain spread to the back and limbs. Red lumps appear under the armpits and groin, which will be very painful once touched. There will be a large number of bleeding spots under the skin, and finally black congestion will be formed. The patient was in a trance, groaning, fidgeting, tossing and turning, and repeatedly grabbing the sheets. Their mania will only be slightly relieved when they fall into shock, and only death can finally stop it. "
The Black Death broke out in San Francisco at the beginning of last century.
When it comes to the "Black Death", many people think that it only happened in the medieval history of Europe, but little is known about the "Black Death" that broke out in San Francisco at the beginning of last century: from 1900 to 1905, from 1907 to 1908, there were 280 in San Francisco.
The first to die was the Chinese in Chinatown.
1900 In March, the first person suffering from the Black Death in San Francisco died. His name is Huang, 4 1 year old, and he is a timber merchant living in Chinatown. Without waiting for the exact diagnosis, the municipal health department surrounded the buildings in Chinatown with ropes overnight, isolating the community. The Ministry of Health blames all local Chinese residents, but the commercial enterprises run by white people in Chinatown are not isolated.
With more and more people infected with this deadly infectious disease, the US government stopped its action against Chinatown and sent its Commissioner Rupert Blue. After taking office, Rupert took strong public health measures, focusing on eliminating rats and eliminating the environment conducive to the proliferation of rats. He replaced wooden buildings with cement buildings and launched a campaign to encourage people to catch mice. Every time they catch one, they will get a reward of 10 cents. Blue's efforts eventually established a broad "anti-mouse alliance", and the Black Death did not continue to spread.
19 18 Spanish influenza
The king who killed 50 million also confessed.
● It's a mutation of avian influenza ● It specifically attacks young adults ● Ceng Bo went to China.
In the First World War, mankind fell into internecine warfare, and hundreds of thousands of people died, which became a catastrophe in human history. However, at the end of the disaster, an outbreak of influenza killed nearly 50 million people, which was the Spanish flu that people smelled in the last century, or 19 18 flu. This year1October 5 10, scientists discovered that Spanish influenza is actually a variant of avian influenza.
The American expeditionary force brought germs to Europe.
During the First World War, the world was in great turmoil, reorganization and popular disorder. It was against this background that the Spanish flu occurred. At that time, Spain was the first to announce the flu epidemic, so it was called Spanish flu. Because this flu caused a worldwide epidemic, it happened in 19 18, so it is also called 19 18 flu.
The flu first appeared in February 2008 in Finson Barracks, Kansas, USA. 19 18 March 1 1 Before lunch, a soldier in the barracks felt fever, sore throat and headache, so he went to the military hospital to see a doctor. The doctor thinks he has a common cold. However, what happened next was unexpected: by noon, more than1000 soldiers had similar symptoms. A few days later, on the weekend, more than 500 "cold" patients came to this military camp. It soon spread to Detroit and other three cities → the American Expeditionary Force took it to the front line of Europe by boat in March → the French army in April, and then troops from Britain and other countries → Italy, Spain, Germany, Africa, Mumbai and Golgotha in India in May → the British Expeditionary Force spread to Britain in June, and then to Russia, Asia, China, the Philippines, Oceania and New Zealand →1966.
The disaster caused by this influenza is the most serious in the history of influenza epidemic, and it is also the plague with the largest number of deaths in history. It is estimated that the number of patients worldwide exceeds 500 million, the incidence rate is about 20% ~ 40%, and the number of deaths exceeds 40 million, more than the total number of deaths in World War I.. The flu shows quite strange characteristics. In the past, the flu always killed the elderly and children, but this time the death curve was "W"-young people aged 20 to 40 also became the target of this death.
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The king of Spain was not spared.
The death toll in America is 500,000. On June 65+1October 65,438+00, 438, 759 people died of influenza in Philadelphia, and 8 million people fell ill in Spain, including King Alfonso III. One-third of the citizens in Madrid were infected, some government departments were forced to close, and trams were shut down. George V of Britain was not spared. The death toll in England and Wales reached 200 thousand, and the royal fleet could not enter the sea for three weeks, which affected the operation. 7 million people died in Mumbai, India; Some Inuit villages were devastated. In one village, 80 people died of influenza and 73 people died. 20% of Western Samoans died of influenza. In many countries, corpses pile up into mountains; There are no passengers on the tram in Ottawa, Canada; Schools, dance halls and cinemas have no lights, and swimming pools and bowling alleys are empty; Due to the lack of coffins, a small town in South Africa was hastily buried with blankets, with funerals all over the streets during the day and ambulances shuttling at night.
19 18 Spanish influenza also spread to China, from Guangzhou to the northeast in March, and from Shanghai to Sichuan, with a wide spread. More than half of the police in Beiping are sick, 40% of people in Harbin are infected, schools are closed and shops are closed. There have also been two waves of popularity in Shanghai.
Spanish flu is a variant of avian flu.
But where did the Spanish flu come from? Why is the morbidity and mortality so high? Why are these series of problems mainly attacking young people and puzzling people for nearly a century? Only on June 5, 2008, scientists found that the disease that killed many people on June 5438+09 18 was avian flu. According to the BBC, research by American scientists shows that the Spanish influenza virus that killed 50 million people in1918-19 probably originated from birds. American scientists published an article in the journal Nature, saying that they found the genetic variation of the virus 19 18, which is the same as the avian influenza virus H5N 1 that appears in Asia now. Another research group in the United States also published an article in the journal Science. They have successfully reproduced the virus of 19 18 in mice. Some genetic codes they found will help to predict and respond to the next influenza epidemic.
Other deadly influenza in history
The flu, which seems to be a "minor illness", can pose the most deadly threat to human beings. Influenza is a serious threat to the development of human history because of its variety and rapid spread. According to statistics, since the last century, apart from the Spanish flu, human history has experienced at least three large-scale influenza attacks.
1957 Asian influenza swept the world within 8 months.
The second threat to the epidemic is the "Asian flu". This kind of influenza is named after its origin in Asia, and it should be called influenza A 2 subtype (H2N2). This virus first appeared in the west of Guizhou Province in February 1957, and swept the world within 8 months. The incidence rate is about 15% ~ 30%, and the mortality rate is not high.
It is difficult for people to think that the H2N2 strain evolved from the previously popular H 1N 1 strain, so most people speculate that the H2N2 strain originated from animal influenza virus.
Fortunately, 1968 Hong Kong flu is not fatal.
Hong Kong influenza, named after its origin in Hong Kong SAR of China, should be called influenza A 3(H3N2) subtype. This virus first appeared in China SAR in mid-July, 1968. The transmission speed and incidence rate are not as good as that of H _ H _ N _ 2 subtype influenza.
1969 65438+ 10 spread to Japan,1968 spread to North America in September due to the Vietnam War, and 1969 spread to South America and South Africa.
1976 American swine flu locals talk about pig discoloration
1In February, 976, an influenza epidemic caused by swine (H 1N 1) subtype strain occurred in the new barracks in Fort Dix, New Jersey, USA. About 200 people were infected and one died. At that time, President Ford wanted to be re-elected, and personally approved $654.38+35 billion to prepare swine flu vaccine for universal immunization. Other countries held a wait-and-see attitude. As a result, the United States made a mistake in speculation, and the vaccine ended in failure, which caused many objections and lawsuits. Ford approved the risky plan for the presidential election, and pig farms protested to change swine flu to New Jersey flu to prevent residents from talking about pigs. The analysis of this flu and pathogen shows that swine flu virus is directly transmitted from pigs to people.