I wrote it for you in combination with a paper. A little too much, but it's clearer.

A. Enterprises and individuals

E-commerce usually refers to a new business operation mode in which buyers and sellers conduct various business activities without meeting each other in a wide range of business and trade activities around the world under the open network environment of the Internet, and realize online shopping for consumers, online trading for merchants and online electronic payment, as well as various business activities, trading activities, financial activities and related comprehensive service activities. E-commerce covers a wide range, which can be generally divided into business-to-business or business-to-consumer In addition, there is a consumer-to-consumer growth model. With the increase of netizens in China, the consumption patterns of online shopping and bank card payment are gradually popularized, the market share is also growing rapidly, and e-commerce websites are also emerging one after another. The most common security mechanisms of e-commerce are SSL and SET.

classify

B2B, B2C, C2C, B2M four types of e-commerce mode.

B2B refers to business to business.

Just as enterprises do business with other enterprises, business-to-business e-commerce means that enterprises exchange products, services and information through the Internet. Generally speaking, the supply and demand sides of e-commerce transactions are merchants (or enterprises and companies), who use Internet technology or various business network platforms to complete the process of business transactions. These processes include: publishing supply and demand information, ordering and confirming orders, payment process, issuing, transmitting and receiving bills, determining distribution scheme and monitoring distribution process. Sometimes I write B as B, but for simplicity, I simply use its homonym B2B(2 is to). Typical examples of B2B are Alibaba, China Manufacturing Network and so on.

B2C is business to customer.

B2C mode is the earliest e-commerce mode in China, which is marked by the official operation of 8848 online mall. B2C means that enterprises provide consumers with a new shopping environment-online stores, and consumers shop and pay online through the Internet. Because this model saves time and space for customers and enterprises, it greatly improves the transaction efficiency, especially for busy office workers, this model can save valuable time.

C2C means consumer to consumer.

C2C, like B2B and B2C, is one of several modes of e-commerce. The difference is that C2C is a user-to-user mode. C2C business platform is to provide an online trading platform for buyers and sellers, so that sellers can actively provide online auction of goods, and buyers can choose their own goods for bidding.

B2M talks business with the manager.

Compared with B2B, B2C and C2C, B2M is a brand-new e-commerce model. This kind of e-commerce is essentially different from the above three, and its fundamental difference lies in the different nature of the target customer groups. The target customers of the first three are consumers, while the target customers of B2M are the sellers or workers of enterprises or products, not the final consumers.

Enterprises publish their products or services through the network platform, professional managers obtain the information of their products or services through the network, and provide products sales or enterprise services for enterprises. Enterprises achieve the purpose of selling products or obtaining services through the services of managers. Professional managers get commissions by providing services for enterprises.

Compared with traditional e-commerce, B2M has been greatly improved. In addition to the essential differences in user groups, B2M has a greater characteristic advantage: developing e-commerce offline! The characteristics of the above three kinds of traditional e-commerce: the buyers and sellers of goods or services can only be netizens, while the B2M model can completely take the information of goods and services on the network offline. Enterprises release information, managers get business information, and provide goods or services to everyone, whether online or offline.

Taking the China market as an example, the traditional e-commerce website faces 65.438+400 million netizens, while B2M faces 65.438+400 million China citizens!

E-commerce on the Internet can be divided into three aspects: information service, transaction and payment. The main contents include: e-commerce advertising; Electronic purchase and exchange of transactions and electronic transaction vouchers; Electronic payment settlement and after-sales online service. The main types of transactions are business-to-person transactions (B-to-C mode) and business-to-business transactions (B-to-B mode). There are four subjects involved in e-commerce: customers (individual consumers or enterprise groups), merchants (including vendors, manufacturers, storage and transportation companies), banks (including issuers and acquirers) and certification centers.

From the perspective of trade activities, e-commerce can be realized in multiple links, or it can be divided into two levels. The lower-level e-commerce is e-commerce, e-trade, e-contract and so on. The most complete and advanced e-commerce should be to use the Internet to carry out all trade activities, that is, to completely realize information flow, business flow, capital flow and partial logistics on the Internet. In other words, you can negotiate with customers online, place orders, pay (receive) money, open electronic invoices and even pay taxes through electronic customs declaration in one go.

To achieve a complete e-commerce will involve many aspects, besides buyers and sellers, banks or financial institutions, government agencies, certification bodies, distribution centers and other institutions need to join. Because the parties involved in e-commerce don't know each other physically, the whole process of e-commerce is not a copy of business activities in the physical world. Online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption, electronic signature and other conditions and technologies play an important and indispensable role in e-commerce.

superiority

E-commerce is a direct product of the explosive development of the Internet and a brand-new development direction of network technology application. Internet itself has the characteristics of openness, globality, low cost and high efficiency, which has also become an inherent feature of e-commerce, greatly surpassing the value of e-commerce as a new form of trade. It will not only change the production and management activities of enterprises themselves, but also affect the economic operation and structure of the whole society. The "electronic" technology platform based on the Internet provides a vast development space for traditional business activities, and its outstanding advantages are incomparable to traditional media means.

★ 1. E-commerce electronizes and digitizes traditional business processes. On the one hand, replacing physical logistics with electronic flow can greatly reduce manpower and material resources and reduce costs; On the other hand, it breaks through the limitation of time and space, so that trading activities can be carried out at any time and any place, thus greatly improving efficiency. Internet has changed the traditional concept of space, and a virtual space or virtual society has emerged, which is different from the actual geographical space. Individuals, companies or institutions in any corner of the world can be closely linked through the Internet to establish virtual communities, virtual companies, virtual governments, virtual shopping malls, virtual universities or virtual research institutes, so as to share information, resources and intelligence.

★ 2. The openness and globality of e-commerce have created more trade opportunities for enterprises. The Internet transcends national boundaries and time and space. No matter where you are, day or night, as long as you click the mouse with your browser, you can log on to the website of any country or region at will and communicate face to face with the people you want to communicate with.

★ 3. E-commerce enables enterprises to enter the global electronic market at a similar cost, making it possible for small and medium-sized enterprises to have the same information resources as large enterprises and improving their competitiveness.

★ 4. E-commerce redefines the traditional circulation mode, reduces intermediate links, and makes direct transactions between producers and consumers possible, thus changing the whole social and economic operation mode to some extent.

On the one hand, e-commerce breaks down the barriers of time and space, on the other hand, it provides abundant information resources, which provides more possibilities for the reorganization of various social and economic factors, thus affecting the economic layout and structure of society. 2 1 century is an information society, information is wealth, and the speed of information transmission is a matter of life and death for businesses. Internet is favored by merchants because of its fast information transmission speed. It can be said that people in the southern hemisphere can learn what just happened in the northern hemisphere in ten minutes or even a short time. The internet has really turned the whole earth into a global village.

★6. Interaction: Through the Internet, merchants can directly communicate, negotiate and sign contracts, and consumers can also reflect their feedback suggestions on the websites of enterprises or merchants, and enterprises or merchants should timely investigate product types and service quality according to consumers' feedback to achieve benign interaction.

Based on the above advantages, e-commerce appeared as a new business model in the last decade of the 20th century. Compared with traditional trading methods, e-commerce has many advantages, such as it can break through geographical and time constraints, so that people in different regions can freely transmit information, exchange needed goods and trade. Its quickness, rapidity, freedom and low transaction cost are liked by people. Why not?

The development of e-commerce in the world

Taking European and American countries as examples, it can be said that e-commerce business is developing in full swing. In France, Germany and other European countries, the turnover generated by e-commerce has accounted for 1/4 of the total business volume, while in the United States it has reached 1/3 or more, while the development of e-commerce in European and American countries has only been more than ten years. In the United States, well-known e-commerce companies such as AOL, Yahoo and E-Harbor started to make money around 1995, and in 2000, they created $780 million. E-commerce companies such as IBM, Amazon Bookstore, Dell Computer and Wal-Mart Supermarket have all made incredible profits in their respective fields. The rapid development of e-commerce in European and American countries has the following factors:

★ 1. There are many families and enterprises with computers in Europe and America, and the number of netizens accounts for more than 2/3 of the total population, especially teenagers, almost all of whom are netizens. Strong economic conditions and huge netizen groups have created a good environment for the development of e-commerce.

★2. European and American countries generally implement the credit card consumption system, establish a complete credit guarantee system, and solve the online payment problem of e-commerce. In detail, the credit guarantee business in European and American countries has developed for 80 years. In Europe and America, people can move freely and will not be restricted by household registration as in China. In order to facilitate daily life, everyone has a unique credit code, which can't be forged for life. With this credit card, the issuing bank allows the cardholder to make a large overdraft, but the cardholder needs to return the borrowed money within the specified time. If a company or individual maliciously overdraws and fails to repay, it will realize that there is this stain on its credit record wherever it goes in the future. Therefore, westerners generally regard credit as their second life, and no one wants to be greedy for small profits and lose the righteousness. When shopping online, they will directly enter the password when clicking on the item and transfer the electronic money in the credit card to the website. The business website will organize home delivery immediately after confirming the payment.

★3. The logistics distribution system in Europe and America is quite perfect and formal. It is the emergence of large-scale third-party logistics companies in recent years that makes many netizens in different regions often receive the goods they need on the day of shopping or the next day. This is due to the development history of the warehousing and transportation system in Europe and America for nearly a hundred years. Taking the United States as an example, after the Second World Station, many enterprises have effectively changed the operation mode of military logistics support system and applied it to the field of material circulation, and gradually established a decentralized and pervasive logistics distribution network throughout the country. Even more than a decade ago, when the e-commerce business was not widely developed, as long as customers called for goods, they could almost enjoy free door-to-door delivery service. FedEx, UPS (Federal Parcel Express) and other large logistics companies are models, which are responsible for delivering products to customers for various businesses. With such a huge and perfect logistics distribution system, when the e-commerce era comes, the United States only needs to connect all distribution points with computers, which naturally completes the transition from traditional distribution to e-commerce era. The most important and complicated logistics distribution problem in e-commerce activities is solved in this way.

The Development of E-commerce in China

E-commerce in China started with 1997. If American e-commerce is "business-driven", then China e-commerce is "technology-driven", which is the biggest difference in the development model between China e-commerce and American e-commerce. In the United States, the practice of e-commerce is earlier than the concept of e-commerce, and the business needs of enterprises "promote" the progress of network and e-commerce technology and promote the formation of e-commerce concept. When the Internet era came, the United States already had a relatively advanced and developed e-commerce foundation. In China, the concept of e-commerce precedes the application and development of e-commerce, and the "enlighteners" are IT vendors such as IBM. Network and e-commerce technology need to constantly "pull" the business needs of enterprises, and then drive the application and development of e-commerce in China. It is very important to understand this difference, which is a major feature of e-commerce development in China and a key to understand the application and development of e-commerce in China.

1997 and 1998, the main body of e-commerce in China is some IT vendors and media, who conduct "enlightenment education" in various ways to stimulate and guide people's understanding, interest and demand for e-commerce. After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, e-commerce service providers with websites as their main features became the earliest e-commerce users in China and the main body of e-commerce in China at this stage. With the deepening of the application and development of e-commerce and the bursting of the capital market bubble, website e-commerce began to fall into a trough, and enterprises, especially traditions, began to enter the field of e-commerce on a large scale. China e-commerce entered the third stage from 200 1, and enterprise e-commerce became the new subject of China e-commerce.

This change is profound, but it also leads to some incorrect views on the e-commerce situation in China. People have become accustomed to taking website e-commerce, especially some "hot" websites e-commerce as an important or even the only basis for understanding and judging the e-commerce situation. Therefore, the decline of e-commerce in some "hot" websites has led many media and professionals to judge that e-commerce in China is at a low ebb, heading for recession or never recovering. Therefore, many people have great doubts about the development prospect of e-commerce, and more and more negative and negative opinions have begun to appear on the advantages of e-commerce.

This view is understandable, but not correct. In fact, contrary to the surface, e-commerce in China is developing in depth and breadth, and the overall situation is healthy. The main body of e-commerce is changing from IT vendors, media and e-commerce service providers to enterprises. Traditional enterprises are entering the field of e-commerce on a large scale, which is characterized by firmness, effectiveness but not attracting "eyeballs". Enterprise e-commerce is the main perspective to observe and judge the future e-commerce situation.

In the application and development of e-commerce in China, there are many basic issues that need to be reconsidered, such as what is e-commerce, whether e-commerce is e-commerce or e-commerce, how big the scope of e-commerce, whether government procurement is e-commerce or e-government, whether online advertising is e-commerce, whether e-commerce packages contain ERP, how to calculate e-commerce transaction volume and so on.

The main application systems of e-commerce include

★( 1) Enterprise-Enterprise Application System (B to B)

E-commerce among enterprises will be the main body of e-commerce business, accounting for about 90% of the total transaction volume of e-commerce. At present, e-commerce has greatly improved the efficiency of enterprises in supply, inventory, transportation and information circulation, and the most enthusiastic promoter of e-commerce is merchants. Business-to-business transactions are places where the introduction of e-commerce can produce many benefits. For a commercial enterprise in the circulation field, because there is no production link, e-commerce activities almost cover the management activities of the whole enterprise, and it is the enterprise that uses e-commerce the most. Through e-commerce, commercial enterprises can obtain consumer information more timely and accurately, so as to order goods accurately, reduce inventory and promote sales through the network, thus improving efficiency, reducing costs and obtaining greater benefits.

The general transaction process of e-commerce among enterprises can be divided into the following four stages. The first is the preparation before the transaction. This stage mainly refers to the preparatory activities of the buyers and sellers and the parties involved in the transaction before signing the contract. The second is transaction negotiation and contract signing. This stage mainly refers to the negotiation of all the details of the transaction between the buyer and the seller, and the results of the negotiation between the two parties are determined in the form of documents, that is, the trade contract is signed in the form of written documents and electronic documents. The third is to go through the formalities before the transaction. This stage mainly refers to the process from the signing of the contract between the buyer and the seller to the beginning of the performance of the contract. The fourth is the performance of the transaction contract and the claim.

★(2) Business-consumer application system (B t0 C)

In the long run, business-to-consumer e-commerce will eventually occupy an important position in the field of e-commerce. However, due to various factors, at present and for a long time, this level of business can only account for a relatively small proportion. It takes the Internet as the main means to provide services, realize public consumption and provide services, and ensure the electronization of related payment methods. With the appearance of the World Wide Web (WWW), it has developed rapidly, and it can be regarded as an electronic retail. At present, there are all kinds of commercial centers all over the Internet, providing all kinds of consumer goods and services, from flowers and books to computers and cars.

This shopping process has completely changed the traditional shopping methods such as face-to-face transaction, cash delivery and interview. This is a new and effective way of electronic shopping. Of course, if we want to safely and boldly conduct e-shopping activities, we need a very effective e-commerce security system.

3) Enterprise-Government Application System (B to G)

Including government procurement, taxation, commodity inspection and management rules. Everything between the government and enterprises can be covered. For example, the government procurement list can be published through the Internet, and enterprises can reply electronically. With the development of e-commerce, such applications will grow rapidly. The government has two roles here: it is the user of e-commerce, making purchases and acting as a commercial actor. It is also the macro-manager of e-commerce and plays a supporting and normative role in e-commerce. In developed countries, the development of e-commerce often relies mainly on the participation and investment of private enterprises, and the government only plays a guiding role. Compared with developed countries, enterprises in developing countries are small in scale, backward in information technology and low in solvency. Government participation is helpful to introduce technology, expand the scale of enterprises and improve the solvency of enterprises.

The supporting environment of e-commerce

E-commerce not only affects the transaction process of all parties, but also changes the market structure and rules to some extent. Traditionally, the market transaction chain is formed in the exchange of goods, services and currency, and e-commerce strengthens the importance of information factors. So there are information goods, information services and electronic money. The essence of trade has not changed, but some links in the trade process have changed their forms accordingly because of the changes in the attached carriers. In this way, from the perspective of a single enterprise, some changes have taken place in the way of trade. From the perspective of the whole trade environment, some business opportunities have disappeared, while new business opportunities have emerged, some industries have declined, and some industries have risen, thus making the whole trade pattern take on a new look.

In addition to traditional business factors, the supporting environment for e-commerce also includes:

★( 1) Information superhighway actually refers to the construction of network infrastructure: it is mainly composed of backbone network, metropolitan area network and local area network, so that any networked computer can be connected to the world at any time through the network. Information can be transmitted through telephone lines or radio waves.

★(2) Formulation of e-commerce policies, regulations and technical standards: e-commerce is a trade mode based on cross-border information networks, and relevant policies and regulations must be consistent with it. However, the national conditions of different countries are far from each other, and conflicts often occur between the requirements of e-commerce and the specific conditions of each country, which requires the coordinated solution of the international community. For example 1996, the United Nations Trade and Development Council adopted the Model Law on Electronic Commerce. The United States, Russia, Germany, Britain and other countries have promulgated many laws and regulations to promote e-commerce. As far as the whole network environment is concerned, standards are very important to ensure compatibility and universality. Technical standards define technical details such as user interface, transmission protocol and information release standard. At present, many manufacturers and organizations are aware of the importance of standards, and are making joint efforts to formulate unified standards. For example, the publishers of VISA and Master Card cooperated with the industry to formulate the SET protocol to ensure the safe payment of e-commerce.

★(3) Publishing, querying and retrieving information online: Online bookstores like Amazon publish product catalogs and inventory lists on their own websites, attracting a considerable number of customers on the websites. In addition, a complex website server can provide a directory for specific inquirers that conforms to their personal habits, and its function is better and more lasting than any user registration card.

★(4) Development of multimedia information dissemination tools: The contents disseminated on the Internet include words, pictures, sounds and images. , but also need to ensure that the information it conveys is reliable, unbreakable and undeniable, and can provide appropriate evidence in case of dispute. Network communication tools are used to provide two communication methods: one is unformatted data communication, such as messages we send by fax and email, which are mainly aimed at people; The other is formatted data exchange. Electronic data interchange is a typical example. Its transmission and processing process can be automated without manual intervention, that is, machine-oriented. Orders, invoices and freight documents are all suitable for formatted data exchange.

Problems encountered in e-commerce

★ 1, the network itself has limitations.

A consumer ordered a new type of women's backpack online. Although the quality is good, the style is not as good as that on the Internet. Many consumers report that the goods they actually get are not the goods they fancy online. What's going on here? In fact, in the process of reducing a three-dimensional object into a flat picture, some basic information of the commodity itself will be lost; Only part of the information of manually selected goods is input into the computer, so people can't get all the information of the goods from the Internet, especially the most vivid and intuitive impression of the goods.

★2. The search function is not perfect enough.

When shopping online, a big problem users face is how to find what they want in many websites and buy it at the lowest price. The search engine looks very simple: a user enters a query keyword, and the search engine searches the database according to the keyword and returns the most suitable web page link. However, according to the recent research results of NEC Research Institute and Inktomi Company, there are at least 654.38 billion pages on the Internet that need to be indexed. Existing search engines can only index 500 million web pages. Still half can't be indexed. This is mainly not because of technical reasons, but because online merchants want to protect the privacy of commodity prices. Therefore, when users go shopping, they have to search from one website to another until they find products with satisfactory prices.

★3. Users' consumption concept can't keep up.

A big difference between e-commerce and traditional business methods is that the two sides of the transaction do not meet, and the transaction is virtual, which requires a better credit environment for the whole society and the concept of credit consumption is deeply rooted in people's hearts. The development momentum of e-commerce in western countries is relatively good. An important reason is that the western market order is relatively good, the credit system is relatively sound, and the concept of credit consumption has been generally accepted. But in China, on the one hand, people's awareness of credit consumption is very weak, and the use of credit cards is far from universal; On the other hand, people are afraid to buy fake and shoddy products when they go to the mall, let alone on the Internet where they don't know how far away they are.

★4. The security of the transaction cannot be guaranteed.

The security of e-commerce is still the main factor affecting the development of e-commerce. Due to the rapid popularization of the Internet, e-commerce has aroused widespread concern and is recognized as the most potential new growth point of IT industry in the future. However, how to ensure the security of data transmission has become one of the most important factors in the popularization of e-commerce when conducting transactions on the open network. The survey company conducted an online survey on the application prospect of e-commerce. When asked why they don't want to shop online, most people's problems are fear of being attacked by hackers and losing credit card information. Therefore, some people or enterprises are unwilling to use e-commerce for fear of security, and security has become the biggest obstacle to the development of e-commerce.

★5. The management of e-commerce is not standardized.

The diversity of e-commerce has brought brand-new business rules and methods to the world, which requires the standardization of management. The concept of management should cover many aspects such as business management, technology management and service management, so it is impossible to achieve satisfactory standardization in these aspects at the same time. In addition, it is also important for the e-commerce platform to be consistent in front and back. The Web platform at the front desk directly faces consumers and is the facade of e-commerce. The internal management system in the background is a necessary condition to complete e-commerce, which is related to whether the business undertaken by the front desk can be realized well in the end. A perfect back-office system can better reflect the comprehensive strength of an e-commerce company, because it will ultimately decide what kind of services to provide users, whether the management of e-commerce is effective, and whether the e-commerce company can finally achieve profitability.

★6. Tax issues

Taxation (including customs duties and taxes) is an important financial source of a country. Because e-commerce transactions are carried out in the environment of international information network without fixed places, it is difficult for the state to control and levy taxes on e-commerce.

★7. Standard problem

Different countries have different national conditions, and there must be some differences in the trading methods and means of e-commerce. Moreover, we are facing borderless and global trade activities, so it is necessary to establish relevant and unified international standards in e-commerce transactions to solve the interoperability problem of e-commerce activities. The current problem of e-commerce in China is that the concept is unclear, and those who engage in electronics engage in commerce and those who engage in commerce engage in electronics, which are discrete, disorderly and biased.

★8. Payment problem

Due to the backward financial means and the imperfect credit system, China people prefer cash transactions and have no habit of using credit cards. In the United States, cash transactions are rare, and national shopping is basically paid by credit card. In addition, for financial, tax and public safety reasons, the state encourages the use of credit cards to reduce cash flow. A perfect financial system and convenient, reliable and safe means of payment are the basic conditions for the development of B to C e-commerce. It is not difficult to see that the factors that affect the development of e-commerce in China are not only the narrow network bandwidth, high Internet access cost, shortage of talents and lagging distribution, but also the imperfect credit system and people's living habits.

★9. Distribution problem

Distribution is a nerve-racking problem for both merchants and consumers. Online consumers often encounter the phenomenon of delayed delivery, and the delivery cost is very high. Insiders pointed out that there are no systematic, professional and nationwide commodity distribution enterprises in China, and the distribution and sales organizations have not formed an efficient and complete distribution management system, which undoubtedly affects people's shopping enthusiasm.

★ 10, intellectual property issues

Among the legal problems caused by e-commerce, the protection of intellectual property rights bears the brunt. Because the computer network carries digital information, the problem of copyright protection is particularly prominent in the field of intellectual property (patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets).

★ 1 1, Legal Issues of Electronic Contracts

In e-commerce, the written contract used in traditional business transactions is no longer applicable. On the one hand, electronic contracts are easy to forge, and it is difficult to prove their authenticity and validity; On the other hand, the existing laws do not regulate the legal effect of digital seals and signatures of electronic contracts.

★ 12, identification of electronic evidence

The information in the information network is unstable or changeable, which makes it extremely difficult to lock or obtain infringement evidence when the information network infringes, and brings great obstacles to solving infringement disputes. How to ensure the stability, authenticity and validity of information under the network environment is an important factor to effectively solve infringement disputes in e-commerce.

★ 13, other details

Finally, there are some irregular details, for example, the prices of online goods are uneven at present, and the biggest difference between the prices of major trading categories is 40%; The regional differences of online shop services are large; There is a problem with the online shopping invoice; The response speed of online stores to orders is uneven; The law on e-commerce does not clearly stipulate the rights and obligations of the parties to the transaction.