With the development of market economy, the value and importance of goodwill are increasingly prominent, especially with the arrival of economic globalization and new knowledge economy, which has intensified the global wave of mergers and acquisitions. Therefore, goodwill has become an unavoidable focus in enterprise mergers and acquisitions and accounting treatment. Many scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on goodwill from different angles, but due to its particularity and complexity, goodwill is still a difficult problem in the accounting field.

First, the nature of goodwill

For centuries, many scholars and academic groups have done a lot of research on goodwill from the perspectives of law, economics and accounting, trying to explore the essence of goodwill. However, there are still great differences in the understanding of goodwill at present, mainly including "goodwill value theory", "intangible resources theory", "excess income theory", "synergy effect theory" and "total pricing account theory". The dispute over the nature of goodwill directly leads to confusion in the confirmation and measurement of goodwill.

1. Goodwill Value Theory

According to this view, goodwill comes from the good image of the enterprise and the good feeling and cognition of customers to the enterprise. Mr. Yang Rumei believes that the success of an enterprise depends not only on the goodwill of customers, but also on the goodwill of employees, investors and financial institutions.

2. The concept of intangible resources

This view holds that there are many factors that affect the position of enterprises in market competition, and it is impossible to list them one by one. Therefore, it is biased to attribute goodwill to a certain factor, and goodwill should be recognized as an intangible asset that has not been accounted for by the enterprise. Mr. Luo Fei believes that goodwill is all kinds of unrecorded intangible resources owned by enterprises, which can enable enterprises to obtain excess returns calculated according to assets in current account.

3. The concept of synergistic effect

This view holds that goodwill is essentially a synergistic effect among the elements of an enterprise. M i I 1e: Mr. Wang believes that the synergistic effect between the components of an enterprise should be the fundamental reason why the overall assets of the enterprise are greater than the total value of individual components, and it is also the essence of goodwill. Mr. Deng Xiaoyang believes that the essence of goodwill is the synergistic effect produced by the organic combination of various constituent elements of enterprises.

Second, the confirmation of self-created goodwill

Among all the theoretical problems of goodwill accounting, the confirmation of goodwill is the most intense and lasting discussion. Because confirmation is the premise and basis of measurement, recording and reporting, many problems about goodwill accounting treatment are caused by confirmation, so it is extremely important to discuss the theory of goodwill confirmation.

Third, the problem of negative goodwill.

On the discussion of negative goodwill, accounting scholars are also controversial. If there is negative goodwill, then goodwill must be redefined, and the measurement of goodwill and the accounting treatment of goodwill impairment should be technically dealt with again. At the same time, if we agree with the existence of negative goodwill, we can reach an agreement on the nature of goodwill. The concepts of surplus value and synergistic effect can better explain the possibility of negative goodwill, thus providing theoretical support and basis for the rationality of negative goodwill.

Fourthly, the measurement method of self-created goodwill.

(A) Capitalization method of income

Income capitalization method is to discount the "excess income" that an enterprise can earn in the future according to a certain discount rate, and confirm the sum of its present value as the value of goodwill. Its calculation formula is: Goodwill II (expected annual income of the enterprise-average annual income of the industry x total identifiable net assets of the enterprise)-discount rate. This method is a simplified version of the present value method of income. Its advantage is that "excess income" is simply capitalized, and the result is not affected by the bargaining power of buyers and sellers and market prices. The fatal flaw is that the expected income of the enterprise is not solid, and the value of goodwill changes with the operation of the enterprise, so the value of goodwill calculated by the income capitalization method is not authentic.

(B) the present value of income method

This method regards goodwill as the value of potential excess profits. In the specific measurement, the goodwill is valued by quantifying the excess profit of the enterprise. Determining the excess profits of enterprises is the key. Calculating the value of goodwill is to determine the value of goodwill by converting future excess profits or losses into present value.

(3) Overall evaluation method

The calculation formula of the overall evaluation method is: goodwill value = investment cost of the acquired enterprise-fair value of the net assets of the acquired enterprise. It takes the difference between the purchase price of an enterprise's net assets and the sum of its fair value as the value of its goodwill, and the size of this difference mainly depends on the negotiation results of both parties to the transaction. Its calculation formula is: goodwill = the repurchase price of the enterprise-the sum of the fair value of the net assets assessed by the book.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the relationship between goodwill and accounting equation

The calculation formula of the overall evaluation method: goodwill value = investment cost of the acquired enterprise-fair value of the net assets of the acquired enterprise. Because goodwill is not produced in enterprise merger and acquisition, but the result of enterprise operation, and it is always carried out in enterprise operation. Therefore, enterprises should also be measured in their continuing operations. The author believes that the investment cost of the acquired enterprise is the transaction price of the enterprise's equity. Therefore, for listed companies, the transaction price of equity is reflected in the stock price, and non-listed companies determine the transaction price of corporate equity through evaluation methods. This formula will be proved mathematically.

Conclusion of intransitive verbs

In the process of deriving self-created goodwill from accounting equation, it reflects that goodwill is closely related to accounting equation. If the accounting equation is balanced, there is no self-created goodwill, and if the accounting equation is unbalanced, it will produce goodwill. Practice has proved that self-created goodwill exists objectively, which means that the accounting equation must be unbalanced, which will lead to the collapse of the theoretical basis of double-entry bookkeeping and the application of the three-dimensional dynamic measurement model of market price. With the advent of the Internet and the era of big data, it is possible for them to measure the three-dimensional dynamic market price and self-created goodwill, and will usher in a great era of accounting reform.

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