Hakka dialects include Ninghua Gannan dialect, Shenzhen Yuedong dialect, Heyuan Shuiyuan dialect, Pingping Pingpo dialect, Changting Tingzhou dialect, Longnan Guanglao dialect, Huizhou Huicheng dialect, Ganxian Panlong dialect, Meizhou Chengxiang dialect, Taiwan Province Hayes dialect, Sichuan Cantonese, Guangxi Xinmin dialect, Tonggu Huaiyuan dialect, Zhaoan dialect and Raoping dialect.

Hakka dialect originally belonged to the northern dialect, and in the process of Hakka ancestors moving south, it merged with other dialects in the south, forming a new language different from the northern dialect but different from the southern dialect, namely Hakka dialect. Huang Zunshi, a famous scholar in Guangdong, once said: "This guest came from Heluo and entered Guangdong from Fujian. It has been passed down from generation to generation for 30 years and 700 years, but the language has changed a lot. With the word "dialect" and "erya", the exegesis family loses its meaning, while the guest still knows the ancient meaning. Yes, Liu Yuanyun, the poet mispronounced, and the guest still has an ancient sound. The final formation of Hakka dialect appeared in the Song Dynasty, so the current phonetic system of Hakka dialect is very similar to the phonology of Central Plains written by Mr. Zhou Deqing, which reflects the late Southern Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty. In other words, Hakka dialect is about the Central Plains pronunciation in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Phonetic system of Hakka dialect

Hakka dialect has many accents. Sixian dialect has seventeen initials, sixty-one finals and six tones. These six tones are Yin Ping, rising tone, rising tone, falling tone, yin entering tone and yang entering tone. But * * *, there are seven tones, divided into yin and yang.

Phonetic Features of Hakka Dialect

First, the pronunciation of Hakka dialect is pronounced as aspirated sound. That is to say, ph and Th are much more than P and T, which is mainly due to the fact that in other dialects, flat and oblique sounds are basically the distinguishing conditions for the pronunciation of different words when the voiced initials in Middle Chinese become unvoiced initials. However, all Hakka dialects have become aspirated voiceless.

In the second and fourth counties, there is only ts group in the initial consonants of the tongue-stop fricative. That is to say, the elite group of medieval Guang Yun and the initials of Zhi, Zhang and Zhuang merged into ts. But some sub-dialects are not like this.

Thirdly, there are some light lips pronounced as heavy lips in Hakka dialect. Such as axe, fat, floating, flying, etc. , showing the phenomenon of "no light lips in ancient times". There is also a V vowel with labial sounds, such as "Wen", "Wu" and "Wu". This is rare in Chinese dialects. This V initial exists in the phonology of the Yuan Dynasty. By the Yuan Dynasty, the original initial consonant had lost its nasal component and became a V. This V in Hakka dialect can be said to have preserved the initial consonant of the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Fourthly, in Hakka dialect, the initials of Zhizu in the Middle Ages have mostly become fricative sounds on the tip of the tongue, that is, they have been combined into fine groups and chapter groups. However, there are still a few words that retain the pronunciation of tongue sounds, such as recognizing words. This reading method reflects the pronunciation after Tang and Song Dynasties.

5. In Hakka dialect, the mud initials in the Middle Ages are pronounced as N or ng respectively, and the Japanese initials in the Middle Ages are also pronounced as ng.

Sixth, in the Middle Ages, the word "Xiao Xia" was pronounced as F and V in Hakka dialect. Flowers, ashes, tigers, splendor, weddings, etc. But the third and fourth opening and closing characters are still pronounced as H, which is somewhat similar to Cantonese.

Seven, in Hakka dialect, there is a clear distinction between sharp sounds, that is to say, the initials ki, khi and hi will not become ch, chh, S, etc. Just like Mandarin.

Eight, in the Middle Ages, the word suspected mother was pronounced ng in Hakka dialect. Such as tooth and inverse, which is another manifestation of preserving the pronunciation of the Song Dynasty.

9. There is a rich and complex vowel system in Hakka dialect, which retains six vowels, M, N, NG, P, T and K, which existed in Middle Chinese, and is quite neat. This is also a manifestation of Hakka dialect retaining its medieval phonetic features.

There are no vowels in Hakka dialect. Cuochou in Central Plains Chinese only appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and Hakka dialect was divided before the Ming Dynasty, so there was no such vowel.

Xi。 There are no eng, ing and corresponding ek and ik vowels in Hakka dialect, but they are combined into en, in, et and it, which embodies the characteristics of dialects in the Yangtze River basin.

Lexical Features of Hakka Dialect

First, monosyllabic words are abundant. Such as skin, hair, wings, cables, leisure, business, travel, cold, food and so on.

Second, store more ancient Chinese words. For example, rubbing hands tangently, bending (breaking), tying (yes), squatting (squatting), iron pot (pot), covering (umbrella), plow (bowing), and rice.

Sub-dialect phenomenon between Hakka dialects

There are also many different accents between Hakka dialects. Now I will introduce several important sub-dialects in Taiwan Province Province.

Siyin of Tangwan Hakka Dialect

The places where Sixian dialect is spoken are mainly part of Taoyuan County, part of Hsinchu County, Miaoli County and Liu Dui in the south. Sixian dialect can be said to be the largest Hakka sub-dialect used in Taiwan Province Province.

The four county accents in the north are slightly different from those in Liu Dui in the south. For example, southerners say "go home" instead of "turn around", and eggs say "chicken spring" instead of "eggs". There are also some differences in phonology, for example, in some areas in the south, n and l are indistinguishable.

Sea and land cavity

The land-sea cavity is mainly spoken in Taoyuan and parts of Hsinchu. It is the second largest dialect in Taiwan Province Province. In terms of tone, the land and sea are divided into yin and yang, so it is one more tone than the four-county tone and becomes seven tones. In addition, there are initials on the tip of the tongue, so some sounds sound a little twisted.

Because the tone value of the sea-land cavity is almost opposite to that of Sixian cavity, that is to say, the sea-land cavity that is pronounced as a high note in Sixian cavity is pronounced as a low note, and the sea-land cavity that is pronounced as a low note in Sixian cavity is pronounced as a high note. So there are rules to follow in the transformation.

The words used in land, sea and air are slightly different. For example, peanuts talk about "sweet beans" and earthworms talk about "insect physique".

The catwalk accent of Taiwan Province Hakka dialect

The area where Tai Po dialect is spoken is mainly Dongshi area in Taichung County. Like Sixian dialect, Hakka dialect in Dapu dialect has six tones, but it has eight tones because of the addition of two tone sandhi, namely, super tone sandhi and disyllabic tone sandhi. Tai Po dialect has many falling tones and few rising tones, so it sounds heavy and hard.

Like the sea-land cavity, Dapu cavity has the tip of the tongue and the additional fricative initials J, and its words are close to the sea-land cavity. But its tone value is close to Sixian dialect. It can be said that it is in between.

Some vowels in Dapu dialect are different from those in Sixian dialect. For example, many rhymes of Ang in Dapu dialect have become en, such as "listening" and "hall". There are still some words with different pronunciations. For example, countries read kuat instead of kuet, and cats read ngiau instead of meu.

Some words in Tai Po dialect are different from those in other places. Saying "* * *" instead of "* * *" refers to saying "phet" instead of "het" or "that" at the end of the action.

Raoping cavity

The area where Raoping dialect is spoken is mainly a part of Miaoli Zuolan. Raoping dialect, like Sixian dialect, has six tones, but the tone values are different.

The characteristic of Raoping dialect is that some words in Sixian dialect which are pronounced as silent initials are pronounced as V initials. Like rain (vu). There are also some s initials pronounced as f initials. Such as water (fi).

Shao' anqiang

The area where Shao 'an accent is spoken is mainly the Lunbei area of Yunlin. It also has six tones. Its phonological system is very different from Hakka dialects in other places, which is probably the gap between Minnan dialect and Chaozhou dialect, that is, about 50% to 60% can communicate.

Shao An's dialect has neither a K nor an M. As Shao An belongs to Fujian Province in mainland China, and Minnan dialect is spoken in Lunbei area of Taiwan Province Province, the Hakka dialect in Shao An's dialect is greatly influenced by Minnan dialect. Many words are the same as Minnan dialect.

There are many S initials or silent initials pronounced as F initials in Yun 'an Hakka dialect, such as fin and fun.

In addition to these accents, there are Yongding and Fengshun accents scattered all over the country.

The Relationship between Hakka Dialect and Japanese

Because the pronunciation of Chinese characters in Japanese comes from China and Hakka dialect belongs to a branch of Chinese in the Central Plains, Hakka dialect has a lot to do with Japanese. Listed below.

The initial consonants of Hakka dialect and Japanese pronunciation have formed a good correspondence. For example, the lip sounds of p, ph and f correspond to ha line, pa line and ba line. The guttural sounds of G, K, H, K and H correspond to ka lines and ga lines in Japanese. Only the initials V and F appear irregular. In contrast, the unvoiced initials, w initials, ch initials, chh initials and r initials in Mandarin, and the f initials, silent initials, l initials and ng initials in Cantonese have no good regularity in Japanese, so the regularity between Hakka and Japanese is relatively large.

The entering tone P, T and K in Hakka dialect have a good correspondence in Japanese, which correspond to long tone, tsu or chi, ku or ki respectively. However, due to the merger of IK and EK in Hakka into IT and ET, some Hakka dialects with T in phonology are pronounced ku or ki in Japanese. Cantonese has a better correspondence than Hakka.

There is also a very good correspondence between the length of Chinese pronunciation and the length of Japanese pronunciation. If we only infer the length of Japanese from the length of Chinese, the accuracy of Mandarin is 76%, Cantonese is 83%, and Hakka is 90%. If some judgment rules are added, the length of Japanese middle tone can be predicted with 92% accuracy based on Hakka dialect. People who can speak Japanese will be of great help in learning Japanese.