Rhetoric is to modify the meaning of words. For language expression, grammar is an unsolvable problem, logic is a right problem, and rhetoric is a good problem. The proper use of rhetoric can make the article rich in literary talent, and it goes without saying that everyone understands it. Here is mainly about how to use rhetoric. In fact, rhetoric includes negative rhetoric and positive rhetoric. Negative rhetoric is the transformation of sentence patterns and the tempering of words mentioned above. The negative rhetoric named "negation" is actually not negation at all, but plays a very important role in enhancing the expressive function of language, so I won't go into details here. Positive rhetoric is what we often say: the common rhetorical methods that students are required to master in exam notes are metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, antithesis, parallelism, word formation and rhetorical questions. In fact, we have mastered this rhetorical method since junior high school, and we can basically use it flexibly in senior high school. Coupled with the proper use of negative rhetoric, the article certainly appears full of literary talent.
[Example] (2000)
Look at the colorful flowers in the fog.
Tianjin examinee
Outside the window, there is a buttonwood tree.
That autumn, the sunset was surprisingly red and seemed to drop blood. Sitting alone in the house, I decided to read buttonwood, its philosophy and its life.
A gust of wind blew, and the leaves stained yellow by autumn toes rustled as if crying. I read the loneliness and melancholy of the phoenix tree, and it is feeling: why is life so short and fleeting, and why is ordinary life so unbearable? I chewed this gloomy light in my heart.
Sit still, time is ticking.
Suddenly a gust of wind blew violently, as if to blow away the little green of the phoenix tree, but I saw the branches swaying from side to side with a kind of fortitude. Look at that mottled face, tears have been blown dry by the wind, stubborn head tilted, only telling the vicissitudes of life.
I suddenly feel that I understand the loneliness of the phoenix tree. It is not the sadness of lamenting the passing of youth, nor the loneliness in the sea of people, but a kind of indifference and generosity. Obey and contend with nature, understand and confuse it. Regardless of the wind and rain, I still smile calmly at everything. Even though I will soon be soaked by autumn frost and covered by winter snow, what will never change is the green water flowing in the heart river.
I know that I know not only Chinese parasol trees, but also life. The world is ever-changing, and the answers are always colorful. The key depends on how you face these changing scenes.
When you fail, you must not only see the haze, because there will always be clear springs in the desert and warm eyes in the darkness. Success will be hidden under your feet and hope will fly in the sky. How you choose, there will be what kind of answer, rich and colorful, is the eternal truth.
Climbing a mountain, there are mountains, green hills, and difficulties and obstacles. Give up halfway, but the abyss is at your feet; Take courage and you will reach the top of the world.
Sailing in the sea, there are both spiral reefs and sunny days. If you lose your way, you will end up in a dangerous beach; Only by erecting the mast can we reach the other side of happiness.
Being a seagull can cut out a brilliant sunset glow; Be a small fish and you will understand that the ocean is extremely deep and blue.
If you read the buttonwood casually, you will get different answers. What about life? The world is diverse. What are the answers? A few, thousands, or endless?
In fact, no matter how much, we need to brew our dreams, experience and seek with a bright mood.
The answer is always colorful. Let's go, tear off a skirt and polish the golden road sign, and walk this life road without hesitation!
Seeing flowers in the fog is the true meaning in the fog. Don't be picky, just hope that there will be no regrets in this life.
Reading Chinese parasol trees in leisure means reading the loneliness and melancholy of Chinese parasol trees, then the fortitude and strength of Chinese parasol trees, and finally the indifference, calmness and generosity of Chinese parasol trees. It is also a buttonwood tree. With the deepening of thinking, the answer is different. The angle of material selection and narration is very characteristic. The language of the article is fluent and the sentence patterns are flexible. There are long sentences, short sentences, whole sentences, scattered sentences, metaphors, antitheses, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. The scattered sentence patterns are full of rhythm and charm, which enhances the expressive force of the article.
However, the rhetorical devices used here are all mentioned in the exam instructions. If we can flexibly use rhetorical devices other than those, our language will be more radiant, and of course our test scores will soar. Let's look at an example first.
[Example] (2000)
Dong ri Xiao Yu
Yunnan examinee
If spring is a new beginning, isn't winter a kind of gestation?
Time series change, four seasons cycle. Life, like the four seasons, needs to jump from one state to another. The four seasons begin with affectionate and gentle spring, then enter mature autumn from charming summer, and finally turn golden autumn into cold winter. People hate winter. They say winter is desolate, lonely, cold and heartless.
I asked: In your eyes, what is winter?
Don't forget to go for a walk in the wild in the cold season. At this time, the field showed his chest, golden wheat and rice no longer danced in the breeze, and there were no insects and frogs croaking everywhere. At this point, the field seems to have entered a state of Zen. Farmers are composting, injecting the hope of carts into this barren land and brewing new dreams in the coming year. And the cold north wind is still blowing like this. But my friend, after this cold season, can you feel the burning flame?
I asked: In your eyes, what does winter mean?
In winter, some animals hibernate, but hibernation is not death, but in a silent posture, storing energy in order to struggle again in spring. In winter, flowers and trees lose their brilliance and prosperity, leaving withered branches and leaves. But withering is not rot, they are just gestating, gestating the excitement of swallows when they come back. What are you gestating and thinking about in this season? Is it just desolate, lonely, indifferent and heartless?
I asked: In your eyes, what does winter symbolize?
Modern people are often empty. Instead of forgetting to go to work, they forget to meditate after work. Life needs constant jumping and perfection, so life also needs meditation. Isn't winter the season of meditation?
The wise poet said: If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
I asked: What does winter mean in your eyes?
Yes, we are a group of young people. We have fanatical pursuit, lofty ideals and belief that we are not afraid of failure. But what is missing? I said: we still lack this kind of meditation in winter.
I don't know whether winter is desolate or heartless in your eyes. But I deeply understand what winter is, what it represents, what it symbolizes and what it means.
I said: the days when snowflakes are flying are days of contemplation of life and days of hope.
After reading the story of this winter, I always feel that it is more meaningful in language than the previous "Looking at Flowers in the Fog". The article is not only fluent in language, but also uses various rhetorical devices such as metaphor, personification, duality, parallelism and rhetorical questions. The sentences are patchy and rhythmic, and it seems that there are paintings and poems in the article, and there are philosophies in the poems. Rhetoric is not limited to those mentioned in the outline. So it makes people feel more fragrant and interesting than before. Why is this happening? Let's analyze a few words.
The second paragraph: Charming Summer
The fourth paragraph: "the hope of injecting a car into this barren land."
"Brew a new dream for the coming year in this land"
The sixth paragraph: "Flowers and trees lose their brilliance."
"Dead leaves ... gave birth to the excitement when the swallows came back."
Grammatically, these sentences seem confusing, but they are fresh and meaningful to read. What's going on here? This involves some rhetorical devices that I don't have to master in the outline. In the college entrance examination, we won't be asked to identify these rhetorical devices on the test paper, but if we use them flexibly in our composition, our language level will rise abruptly.
"Charm" is used to describe the beautiful and lovely gesture of women and flowers, and it is used to describe summer for the time being here; "Hope" is an abstract noun, which can't be modified by quantifiers like "one car, one car". It's all modified here. Generally, the object behind "Tuo" should be a material noun. Here, two adjectives are temporarily used as ... This general method or part of speech that changes words temporarily according to the requirements of the topic situation is called transliteration, and some books call it transliteration, which mainly refers to changing the use environment of words and changing the grammatical functions of words.
In fact, whether in ancient times or in modern times, transferred epithet has attracted the attention of poets and writers because it can make the language beautiful and detached, and its meaning is rich and long. For example, there is a poem in Xu Zhimo's poem Biekangqiao: "A boat full of starlight/singing under starlight", and the word "a boat" is used to define "starlight", which can be said to change the usual use environment of language, but it is also like Shu Ting's poem "Motherland, My Dear Motherland" in senior two Chinese textbooks: "I am your old waterwheel/a tired song that has been spinning for hundreds of years." The objects after the verb "rotate" are usually "sand" and "line", but it is not feasible to measure it with standard grammar, but this is because of the long history. Therefore, it can be called "spinning", so there is "spinning fine songs". At this time, we not only don't think it is ungrammatical, but also think that it writes all the charm of poetry: implicative and meaningful. There are many examples of this transfer not only in poems but also in texts. In Lu Xun's essay In Memory of Forgetting, it is said that "dark sadness" and "sad mood" are colorless, but here it is said to be "dark", which aggravates the sad atmosphere.
It is precisely because of these famous figures of speech that when the language phenomenon of "transposition" appears in the composition of the examination room, the marking teacher has to admire your language skills. The Whispering in Winter that I read above is an example. For example, in the second sentence of the excellent composition "Dad, please come in" read last class, "Dad is lying alone in the lonely night", and the word "lying" is usually related to the place, orientation or sitting and lying equipment, but it is related to "night" here, and that is the meaning of the poem. Lying in bed is boring. It can be seen that it is not uncommon to use the rhetorical device of "turn" in examination composition. If we also use the rhetorical device of "turn" in composition language, the level of language will go up and the literary talent of language will come out. Let's do some exercises in making sentences with the rhetorical device of "transposition".
Here, we first use transposition as a simple classification:
Empathy can be divided into two categories: one is to change the use environment of words, which can be divided into two situations according to grammar: one is to modify the relationship, such as "charming summer" and "hopeful car", and the other is to transfer the object collocation, such as "taking off-a gorgeous and prosperous place" and "brewing a new dream for the coming year". Class refers to temporarily changing the part of speech, just like the flexible use of part of speech in ancient Chinese. For example, in Lao She's novel Divorce, there is a sentence "In his heart, he seems to be afraid to be the second" shop assistant "of Zhang Dage all his life, so that he doesn't dare to do his own thing at all …" and "shop assistant" are nouns. Here, the part of speech is changed and verbs are made.
Exercise:
"Dream" or "happiness" can be used as a rhetorical phrase by adding modifiers or making it an object.
2. To write a paragraph on the topic of "beauty", we need to use the rhetoric of "transfer".
In addition to transliteration, another figure of speech that is not included in the college entrance examination syllabus often appears in our Chinese textbooks, which is very beneficial to improve the literary content of the language and enhance the literary sense of the language. It's synaesthesia. Synaesthesia means that when we describe objective things, we use image language to convey feelings, transplant people's feelings from one feeling to another, and use feelings to stimulate readers' association, appreciate aftertaste, render and deepen the artistic conception of poetry. For example, "in the dim light, I vaguely heard the continuous firecrackers here, which seemed to synthesize a thick cloud without sound." (Lu Xun's Blessing) The auditory feeling (firecrackers) has shifted to the visual feeling.
Another example is: "I will deeply appreciate the dark sadness of this inhuman world." (Lu Xun's "In Memory of Liu Hezhen Jun")
"The breeze blows, with a faint fragrance, as if it were a faint song on a distant building" (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)
"The moonlight in the pond is uneven; However, light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played by Van Gogh's spirit "(Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond).
It can be said that synaesthesia makes the writer's expression more channels than ordinary, and makes the writer's language more spring breeze and peach blossom than ordinary, and synaesthesia thinking in the examination room will certainly add a weight to the composition with development grade.
[Example] (200 years)
Leng Xiang Feiyu.
Shandong examinee
The question raised by this scholar and the answers given by everyone in the lecture touched me so much that I couldn't help thinking of the question "What is language" put forward by Wang Meng. Some people say it's all-day sea tactics, others say it's the old-fashioned "stereotyped writing" ...
Is Chinese just doing problems all day and writing several compositions with your nose in one semester? No, the answer to this question should be found in nature and life.
There is a cloud floating in the sky, faint and free. You feel so good. This is Chinese. The rising sun shines brightly, and you feel full of vitality. This is Chinese. The bloody sunset reflects half the sky, which makes people feel infinite nostalgia. Don't forget that this is also a language. Language is the majestic Kunlun Mountain, the dew that has refused to drop on the grass for a long time, and the beautiful Du Dan, the old capital of the ancient city. Language is the silent Leng Yue, the quiet lotus pond, the fishing boat in the monstrous white waves outside Qinhuangdao, the egret in the blue sky, the 10,000-point white sail beside the sunken ship, and the bright future of the mountain after heavy water recovery.
After diving into the nature full of pear blossoms, let's take a gondola to find its answer in life.
Chinese gives me ears to listen to the beauty of music and eyes to appreciate the beauty of painting. When you hear a wonderful song, you think the word is really good. You want to remember it. Don't forget, it's Chinese. When you see a painting, you will be immediately attracted by the scene, so you will try your best to describe it with colorful words. Don't forget, this is also Chinese. When you attend class cadre campaign speeches, organize broadcast manuscripts and preside over meetings, don't forget that this is also China's.
"A river's water never returns, the waves are exhausted, and it is a romantic figure through the ages." Chinese is expressed from the ancient population; Chinese is called out by Zhang Fei at Dangyang Bridge. Chinese flowed from Fan Zhongyan's works, who was concerned about the country and the people. China's Echo on the Female String of Jiangtou Pipa in Xunyang. Chinese takes us to the fairy cave in Tianmu Mountain to experience magic and adventure on the bluestone in Jingyanggang. We deeply feel the emotion of "the deceased is like a husband", the sadness of "frowning only, but leaving the heart", the helplessness of "drinking wine, the geometry of life", and the bleak of "the autumn shadow is not scattered, the frost is flying late, and the residual lotus is listening to the rain" ...
This is a language. With such colorful answers, I firmly believe that the road to education in China will be a bright road. The so-called "shake it, Leng Xiang flies."
To tell the truth, this college entrance examination composition is not a big deal in conception and conception. Is nothing more than to answer what is China. The answer is not unique, but colorful. Getting high marks depends on its language. The whole article is witty, and many beautiful metaphors seem to be handy, forming a dazzling contrast at any time. Imagination is not surprising, especially the title, which makes people feel refreshed and rich in content. "Fragrance" is the sense of the olfactory organ, but it is described by a word "cold" that represents the skin feeling. The application of this synaesthesia technique shows the full meaning of China people's sublimity, beauty and elegance. No wonder the marking teacher likes it at first sight, and of course he won't be stingy when marking. It can be seen that it is very beneficial and even necessary to learn synaesthesia rhetoric and write a few sentences with synaesthesia rhetoric.
Before learning to write mandatory sentences, we should have a comprehensive understanding of synaesthesia. Understand the scope of synaesthesia. The scope of synaesthesia is nothing more than these:
(sense of) hearing
Taste taste
Visual sense of smell
As for the compulsory way, there are three main types:
1, the method of forming synaesthesia with modifiers.
The so-called modifier synesthesia method refers to the method of using words with different meanings from the head words as additional components of the head words. Such as "Dark Sorrow" and "Cang Yin".
Exercise: Add modifiers before "crying" to form synaesthesia.
Such as: sharp crying, sweet crying, thin crying and so on.
2. Metaphorical synaesthesia.
Using metaphor to form synaesthesia is the most common way. As mentioned above, there are two sentences in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond. Another example is: "Her laughter is a word with auditory effect, which is a metaphor for sunrise, and it is a word with visual effect. It is both metaphor and synaesthesia. And if it is a silvery laughter, it will not be so fresh and detached, or even tasteless.
To form metaphorical synaesthesia, it is generally necessary to associate the following steps. First, find out some characteristics of ontology. Secondly, starting from this feature, we should think about what is consistent with this feature in different senses. Finally, the results of associative thinking are organized into sentences to form unobstructed figurative sentences. For example, to write a synesthesia sentence of "singing", we must first find out the characteristics of singing, whether it makes people feel "refreshed" or peaceful? Secondly, after recognizing this feature, we can associate with something that can express spirit or tranquility in vision or touch or smell. For example, visually speaking, it is refreshing to see a galloping horse in the wilderness. From the tactile point of view, it is the relaxation and serenity of your mother touching you with her hand, or from the visual point of view, it is the relaxation and serenity of the seaside in the sunset. The third step is to combine songs with related things to form figurative sentences.
Both March of the Volunteers and The Yellow River Cantata are like horses in the wilderness, galloping in the emotions of the Chinese nation.
3. Synaesthesia is formed by verb-object structure.
When the verb in the verb-object structure is a sensory experience and the object behind the verb is another sensory experience, this verb-object structure constitutes synaesthesia, which can especially express a graceful meaning. The moon illuminates the folk songs in the distance. Originally, the moon should illuminate the mountain villages, but here it illuminates the "folk songs". This collocation should be said to be strange, but it is this synaesthesia technique that vividly shows the melodious artistic conception of moonlight like water folk songs. Another example is: "Spring's hand looks at her waiting."