First, an overview of the professional content of Introduction to Architecture
Second, the analysis of the relationship between architectural function, space, structure and form
First, an overview of the professional content of Introduction to Architecture
(A) architectural vocabulary (swimming)
1, what is architecture?
Architectural architecture
building contruction
Structural construction
2. Building materiality
Spatial processing technology
Space constraints: a single space
Fence, facilities, covering, erection, concavity, convexity and texture changes
Spatial connection: paired spaces
* * * Enjoy, Transition, Order, Gray Space
Organization of space: more than three spaces.
Master-slave, sequence and juxtaposition
Building structure
Building load transfer mode: reinforced concrete structure, steel structure and wood structure.
Structural philosophy: optimal design, learning from nature and dynamic balance.
Layered structure, homogeneous structure, variable cross-section structure
Nodes, structures, details:
Task: Material-to-material connection and shape-to-shape handover.
Objective: To explore the intrinsic aesthetic value of materials and construction technology.
Glare, rising, visual corridor, scenery, borrowing scenery
Timeliness of architecture: timestamp, optimal time
3. Social culture of architecture
context
The regionality, historicity and times of architecture.
Security, identification, privacy and communication
Communication:
Youth: three levels of communication:
Necessary activities-all kinds of situations will happen.
Spontaneous activities-only happen under suitable outdoor conditions. This type of activity includes walking, breathing fresh air, stopping to watch interesting things and sitting in the sun.
Social activities-all kinds of public space activities that depend on others' participation, including children's games, mutual greetings, conversations, various public activities and the most extensive social activities-passive contact, that is, listening and watching luxuriously to feel others.
Le corbusier:
1923- Towards a new architecture
1926- Five characteristics of new buildings
1928- 1926- Savoi Villa
From 65438 to 0926, le corbusier put forward "five characteristics of new architecture" under the condition that modern architecture adopts frame structure:
1, the ground floor is overhead, with independent pillars.
2. Roof garden
3. Free plane
4. Transverse long window
5. Free elevation
As well as geometric modeling, strong light and shadow, flowing space, big windows, the relationship with the surrounding environment, hanging gardens, the application of addition and subtraction, etc. -new building 12 points?
(2) Expression of architectural drawings
1. Drawing pen: pencil, art pen, needle pen.
Proportion:
1:500 Basic and conceptual discussion
Direction and relationship of 1:200 space
1: 100 expressing architectural significance
1:50 construction level
2, drawing drawings and line type
The purpose of setting the line type is to express clearly and increase the three-dimensional sense and overall aesthetic feeling.
Width of graphic line: 0. 18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4mm, etc.
Line width ratio
Try not to have more than three lines in each picture. If three lines are selected for a drawing, the ratio should be b:0.5b:0.35b, and if two lines are selected, it should be b: 0.35b. ..
3, building drawing standards
Structural composition of the building:
Foundation (load-bearing structure), wall or column (load-bearing structure), floor (horizontal support, load transfer), stairs, roof (enclosure structure, load-bearing structure), doors and windows (accessories)
(1, generation of vertical section:
Generation method of plan: datum plane is upward 1.2m, cut horizontally and look down.
The purpose of dividing line is to distinguish between cutting to parts and cutting to parts (see line).
The plan mainly expresses the contents: building walls, columns, doors and windows, stairs, sanitary ware and other components. At every stage of design, there should be a building plan, but the depth of expression is different.
Planning: Cut thick lines, thin auxiliary lines and thick other lines.
Thick line: a partially cut wall or column.
Midline: the part where doors, windows and glass are cut.
Uncovered but visible parts: steps, stairs, handrails, furniture, words, etc.
Thin lines: dividing lines and auxiliary lines without concave and convex surfaces.
Dashed line: invisible part
Dashed line: axis
Expression of windows and doors
(2) Elevation view
Definition of building facade: refers to the interface between the building and the external space of the building.
Generally speaking, the facade of a building includes all the peripheral protection parts of the building except the roof.
Elevation drawing generation method: orthographic projection
Purpose of linear classification: to increase the three-dimensional sense and distinguish between primary and secondary.
Rule: The bigger the drop, the thicker the line.
Thickest: outer contour line
Thick line: the outline of building blocks-parting line.
Midline: general building component lines, landscapes and characters.
Thin lines: visual field, window sash, wall dividing line and auxiliary line.
(3) Section view
Generation method of profile: cut vertically and look to one side.
The purpose of line type division: similar to the plan.
Rule: the cutting line is thick and the auxiliary line is thin.
Thick line: cut to the part: cut to the wall, beam, floor and ground.
Midline: visible part, small component cutting.
Thin lines: axes, auxiliary lines
Drawing of stairs: marking up and down stairs: starting from the datum elevation of each plane.
The general formula for calculating the height and width of steps is 2h+b=600mm(h is the height of steps and b is the width of steps).
The depth of the landing is greater than the width of the stairs.
4, the content of architectural surveying and mapping
Contents of the general plan: building projection plane, roads around the building, surrounding buildings, surrounding greening, square paving, compass, scale and map name.
Floor plan of each floor of the building
Modular concept: In order to realize the industrial batch production of building products, building components and assemblies, and make building components and assemblies with different materials, forms and manufacturing methods universal and interchangeable, so as to speed up the design, improve the construction quality and efficiency, and reduce the construction cost, the unified standards for building modules are formulated.
Basic modulus: 100mm, i.e.1m =100 mm.
Expansion modulus: horizontal expansion modulus: 3m, 6m, 12m, 15m, 30m, 60m.
Vertical expansion modulus: 3M, 6M.
Modulus:110m, 1/5m, 1/2m.
Section symbols, section lines, section lines and numbering sequence: from left to right, from top to bottom.
Types and plans of dimension line: overall dimensions, axis dimensions and detail dimensions.
Plan steps, plan contents, elevation contents and section contents.
Details: Including all kinds of architectural details.
5. Introduction of Wenyuan Building: Surveying and mapping operation of Wenyuan Building.
(3) Behavior and Space (Li Bin)
1, privacy
Type:
Isolation: Avoid being observed by others.
Intimacy: Being with another person, but at the same time being isolated from the outside world
Anonymity: not being noticed in a crowd
Ensure: Set psychological barriers to control unnecessary intrusion.
Four functions: bring personal self-discipline, allow emotional liberation, help self-evaluation, limit and protect communication.
2. Personal space, proximity, distance and distribution
Personal space, close to study
Personal space refers to the state that non-contact animals of the same species keep a distance from each other except the most intimate communication.
Spatiology: proximity, spatial relationship, distance effect, human environment, proximity, human spatial statistics.
The distance between people corresponds to the way of communication, which can be divided into four categories: intimate distance, personal distance, social distance and public distance.
Meaning of space to people: Closed space provides a place for people's life, but space is not "empty", and space or distance is of great significance to people.
Experimental results of personal space:
The distance around the human body that "wants to leave immediately" decreases logarithmically in different directions.
Distribution shape: large in front and small in back, egg-shaped.
Posture difference: Personal space is smaller when sitting than when standing.
The difference between men and women: Men demand more from men than women demand from women.
Communication distance
Communication distance
In different communication, the distance varies with the degree of intimacy and emotional closeness.
The conversation between two people is generally about 0.5-1.5m.
The range of group conversation is about 3 m, and the group size for communication is about 3 m.
Opposition in communication
Like distance, personal opposition in communication is also meaningful.
Acquaintances sit opposite each other, while strangers sit back to back.
Arrangement forms of seats: centripetal arrangement and centrifugal arrangement.
The influence of distance
The influence of personal distance, the influence of internal space distance of the house.
Indicating field
Personal guidance field,
Distance distribution between people (body-centered)
The significance of the space around people in architecture
(4) Ecological architecture (Qianfeng)
1, what is green building?
Green building refers to a building that saves resources (energy, land, water and materials) to the maximum extent, protects the environment and reduces pollution, provides people with healthy, applicable and efficient use space, and lives in harmony with nature.
-"Green Building Evaluation Standard"
global warming
Low-carbon building
Green three-layer design method
Tier 1: basic architectural design
The second layer: natural energy and passive technology.
The third floor: mechanical and electrical equipment
2. List all kinds of ecological green buildings.
3. Introduce Tongji University's participation in the "Solar Decathlon Competition" held in Madrid, Spain on June 20 10.
(5) Urban Design (Zhuang Yu)
1, architecture undergraduate teaching framework
Design basis, single building, architecture in natural environment and urban environment, architecture, special architecture and urban design.
2. What is urban design?
Urban design is a reasonable arrangement and artistic treatment of urban environmental forms.
Urban design involves the possible forms of urban environment.
Gerald Crane, an American urban design scholar, also pointed out in "Urban Design Practice": "Urban design is a first-class design that studies the relationship between the main elements in urban organization."
Urban design is the study of urban form, including material form and spatial form.
3. Projects and fields of urban design concern
(1, new urban area
(2) Old city reconstruction
(3) Large residential areas
(4) Special areas
(5) Urban complex
(6) Urban infrastructure
The goal of urban design: pleasant environment, bright environment and dynamic environment.
4. Urban design teaching
Undergraduate-focus on urban planning
Postgraduate-focus on architectural design
Master of engineering-focusing on landscape design
Professional continuing education-focusing on urban management
Curriculum training framework
Curriculum training under the conditions of multi-scale, multi-theme training combination and multi-objective training.
Key points of course training
Establish urban environmental awareness, urban elements and system concepts, attach importance to the working process of urban design, and emphasize the working methods of urban design.
Discussion on open course teaching
Establish a platform for teaching speculation, design decision-making discussion and interactive teaching of new ideas and new technologies.
(vi) Theoretical buildings (evergreen trees)
Architectural concept ABC
1, building
(1, architect
(2) Architectural Tectonics
(3) Architectural art
2. Three principles of architecture:
A firm and durable old saying: balance, symmetry, imitation and reproduction of natural objects
Application convenience
Beautiful happiness
A new saying: Gestalt
Ten Books on Architecture —— The Origin of Architecture
E. Gombridge's Science of Order (Sense of Order)
Art and illusion ("art and illusion")
3, about the building ontology and surface image.
(7) Shanghai Historic Building (Wujiang)
1, Overview of Shanghai Architecture
At the beginning of the opening of the port, western-style buildings appeared. In the early days, it was designed by foreigners themselves, using local materials, adopting traditional architectural techniques in China and built by craftsmen in China.
65438+During the 1950s and 1990s, Shanghai's population and economy grew rapidly and developed into a modern city with a certain scale. Western construction and management methods were introduced to China for the first time, forming the earliest modern construction industry in China. Western architects in the modern sense began to appear.
From 65438 in the late 1990s to 2009, Shanghai initially showed the face of a modern city. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the western capital input to China intensified. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, Shanghai became the economic center of modern China. At the same time, its architecture also developed rapidly. A large number of old buildings were demolished and rebuilt, and a large number of new buildings were built. The architecture in Shanghai has also entered a new stage of rapid development.
After the 1920s, Shanghai's position as the largest modern city in the Far East was established, a large number of landmark buildings were built, and the modern city style of Shanghai was finally formed during this period. Modern Shanghai architecture has experienced the process from western retro style to modern style in the development of half a century, and finally it is famous for a large number of decorative art buildings.
Paying attention to practicality, pursuing fashion, combining Chinese and western styles and being inclusive are the most essential features of modern architecture in Shanghai.
2. The formation and influence of lease.
The Formation of Lease Political System: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and State within a State
The separation of China people from foreigners and the mixed residence of China people and foreigners.
The introduction of modern municipal administration: the symbol of lease modernization
Modern urban lease management
Types, Techniques and Forms of Early Leased Buildings
Planning and Construction of Leased Cities (Cross-border Road Construction)
The influence of leasing on the surrounding Chinese communities
3. Leased buildings and modern buildings in China.
Western architectural technology and the introduction of architecture
The growth of China's builders
Western architectural style: the symbol of architectural modernization
The profession of architect appeared in the early days of China.
The Modernization Evolution of Modern Architecture in China
The Influence of Western Architectural Thought and Technology on Modern Housing in China
The Beginning of Architectural Modernization in China
(8) Renewal of historic buildings (Lu Yongyi)
Rome: ruins of ancient city
Paris: urban planning for 3 million people
Shanghai: The Bund
Huaxi Village: Arc de Triomphe and Tiananmen Square ...
Utilization of historical buildings
History, Memory and Regional Characteristics
The seven lights of the building:
We can live without buildings; Without architecture, we can still worship; But without buildings, we will lose our memories.
The work of architects: connecting history with the future
List foreign cases of using historical buildings.
(9) Residential buildings (Huang)
The humanized design of drying clothes in Japanese apartment buildings-the balcony is surrounded by high ground glass, and clothes are only dried on the balcony, which not only provides convenience for residents, but also makes the building look neat and clean.
Residential buildings in Shanghai: Similarly, real estate developers pay attention to interests and ignore the real needs of residents.
Residential layout in Los Angeles
65438+100000 residential design
China folk houses:
Lane: Multi-family mixed residence
Japanese temporary residence
Hong kong high-rise apartment
Pruitt-lgoe Residential District: In Yamazaki's vision, this is a living environment where neighbors live in harmony, but in real life it has become a place for breeding crimes.
(10) Architectural design method (Wu Changfu)
1. Cultivate China's contemporary original spirit.
-Overview of architectural education in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning.
School-running concept and development direction
Development background of domestic architectural education
The Idea and Goal of Tongji Architectural Education
Development strategy and curriculum system
Multi-disciplinary integrated development mode of running a school
Construction of public platform for all-round disciplines
Professional curriculum system with ability training as the core
The formation and development of teaching characteristics
Pay attention to practice and innovation
Pay attention to international communication
2. Design method
Value orientation of design
Rational style of study, innovative spirit of thinking and enterprising, global vision of learning from others, and the purpose of serving the society-academic spirit.
design basis
Function: size/shape/combination/streamline/physical requirements
Technical economy: height/span/material/structure/construction/cost/specification
Basic environment: terrain/traffic/climate/visual landscape
Cultural Aesthetics: Image/Schema/Scale/Texture/Color
Architectural viewpoint: personal interest/design method
The integration process of design
Case: Zouping Cultural Center (environment/function/structure) and Dujiangyan Cultural Center (environment/landscape/function) ...
Three different spatial forms
Open sports space
Semi-open distributed space
Introverted activity space
(1 1) Cluster Construction (Wang)
1, what is a "building cluster"
People living in groups will always form a special architectural space and must rely on it. This special architectural space is the architectural cluster, which is the spatial product formed by social groups in the process of structuring.
Three characteristics:
Geographical proximity agglomeration
Functional correlation-correlation
Rules in Layout-Orderliness
2. The cultural essence of architectural design
Pisa church
Conclusion:
(1, Cluster Space "is made up of various historical and natural elements. It is really a product full of various ideologies. "
(2) The elements of cluster space have physical, psychological and social dimensions. Integrating these elements into a related field is the planning and design of cluster construction.
(3) Cultural nature of building clusters: through the arrangement and layout of spatial elements of clusters, a certain correlation domain between elements is established, which makes people feel the cultural spirit, values and rational attitude advocated by the times.
(4) At present, the building cluster culture is embodied in the following aspects: paying attention to the harmonious relationship between people, people and nature, and people and history-humanism.
3. The humanistic quality of designers and the cultural essence of architecture.
Some noteworthy status quo
At present, the present situation of designers' humanistic quality is not optimistic, and there are several positions that need to be changed:
Thinking defect: the solidification, evolution and generation of design
"Personality defect": affiliated dignitaries, cynics, independent of themselves.
"Visual Defect": Pure Technology and Aesthetics, Social and Humanistic Care
"ability defect": abstract and generalized thinking, concrete and unique application
A relationship worthy of attention
The position of the decision-maker of campus space form determines the cultural attribute of space, and the designer's humanistic position will be directly reflected in the humanistic attribute of campus.
Without the pursuit, accumulation and reserve of designers' humanistic consciousness, the cultural attribute of space is likely to be monotonous, superficial and poor; Without the designer's unique spiritual pursuit of representation and externalization, a specific idea will never jump out, overflow the theoretical scope and enter the actual space practice.
The starting point doomed to lag behind: the solidified spatial element relationship-hierarchical relationship, central control relationship, power relationship, closed functional relationship, publicity and extravagance, deliberate sense of solemnity, and overriding nature. ...
The new image of the future-oriented campus: breaking the solidified relationship of spatial elements-no hierarchy, no central control, equal relationship, rheological functional relationship, multiple generation, associated proliferation, green, light, open and natural campus. ...
4. Key concepts and externalization
Sichuan fine arts institute Campus Planning and Design
Multi-generation, relational rheology, functional rheology, associated proliferation ...
-the spatial layout that conforms to the topography.
Generation relationship of element recombination
Real "concept externalization"
5. Conclusions and recommendations
Conclusion: The humanistic quality of decision makers is the fundamental basis of technical quality.
Decision makers should have:
Broad and profound humanistic vision
Humanistic consciousness full of rational wisdom rather than human feelings
Consciously understand your responsibilities, but also push others' humanistic mind.
Humanistic talents who can sit in the study and walk in the society.
A natural and unrestrained humanistic style that is higher than the temple and far away from the rivers and lakes.
You can appreciate the profoundness of heaven and the humanistic beauty of warm and cold vegetation.
Suggestion: read and talk about "humanistic classics" seriously-reading and thinking, and form a set of value judgment system that is meaningful for our work.
(12) Architectural Space (Mo Tianwei)
1. Interpretation of space
Space: possession, experience
Power: the production of space
Order: the order of space:
Feudalism, rule
Feudalism, planning
Colonization, generation, sequence
2. Interpretation of "space"
(1, noun, between
Production of possession, power and space
Order, feudalism, planning, settlement and generation
(2) Verb, interval-grasp the space
Infinity, "space is the vastness of things", "up and down, left and right, back to the universe, back to the past and present"
Limited space
"Empty" architecture is to grasp the space.
The use of internal space is the purpose of architecture.
On the interdependence and interaction between "being" and "nothing", "benefit" and "use" in Tao Te Ching
(3) Adjective and leisure-perception of space and atmosphere; Grasp of space and scale
Emphasize space, don't care too much about space (in China's traditional concept)
The knowable atmosphere of space
Grasp the spatial scale
Geometry of three-dimensional measurement-emphasizing "emptiness"
"Utilization" Theory —— Emphasizing "Space"
Don't care much about "empty"
Human habitation
Architectural space; Spirit of place; live
Second, the analysis of the relationship between architectural function, space, structure and form
The function, space, structure and form of architecture are closely related and inseparable.
The function of architecture is the most important part of architecture, and people's use of architecture is actually the use of its function. No matter how luxurious the villa is, if it can't be well used in living and using functions, then the villa will fail. In the lecture on "Residential Design", Mr. Huang cited two examples of unsuccessful building functions. One is the Pruitt-lgoe residential area in Yamazaki, which did not create a harmonious living environment in the end, but became a place for crime. The other is that the current real estate developers only pay attention to interests, ignoring the functional relationship of buildings, thus creating disappointing houses.
The architectural function is embodied in the way that the architectural space is limited by various spaces. Teacher Mo Tianwei said that "the use of internal space is the purpose of construction" and in Tao Te Ching, "it is natural to make tools, but it is useless to make tools." Chisel home, when nothing happens, the room is also used. Therefore, it is beneficial and useless. "To express the meaning should be the same. Without the internal space of the building, there is no function of the building.
The existence of everything needs a certain foundation, and the building function and space also need the foundation of existence-structure. In architecture, everything needs structure to serve. If the building structure can't be solved well, all functions, spaces and forms can't be discussed. What about architecture? Mis van der Rohe likes to pay attention to the exquisite craftsmanship in the structure, because he has carried out his assertion that "less is more" and the structural parts have been greatly simplified. In his famous work Farnsworth House, the structural components simplified to the limit create a very harmonious and light living space.
As for architectural form, as the first part of architecture, it is influenced by function, space and structure. First of all, the different functions and space requirements of a building, together with the structural form, determine its architectural form, because function, as the most important part, needs other elements to serve it, while structure, as the foundation, affects the emergence and change of external forms. But at the same time, the most external form will in turn have an impact on function, space and structure. In order to embody the concept of water molecules, the external form of water cube has great influence on its internal space and structure.
Therefore, the relationship between building function, space, structure and form can be shown in the following figure.
In this semester's paper house construction experiment, we also completed the whole design and construction process according to the relationship between function, space, structure and form. Because the function of the paper house is not high, it is just a place where a person can move, eat and sleep, so we start with the shape and structure, find the design direction from the spiral shape of the conch, take the triangle as the basic structural unit, and combine the actual situation of the site to construct an irregular S-shaped space. Because of its unique structural unit, the shape of conch and the shape of bird's nest, the S-shaped space inside is full of special space beauty. We can sit in the back exit and chat, play games, sleep and watch the sunset. I think this space fully meets the functional requirements.
In the final design of small houses, we need to create a space suitable for a family of three through various means such as space restriction, enclosure, establishment and coverage. Here, as the most important part, the function is best reflected. The space, structure and form we design are all for residential function.
Therefore, in architecture, we should put the function of architecture in the most important position, and we should not simply ignore the function in order to pursue the effect of form. Function, space, structure and form are four important links of architecture, and we must consider their interaction in order to design a building that meets the requirements of functional space, reasonable structure and beautiful form.