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A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prophecy, which directly or indirectly leads to its own truth. According to the terms of the prophecy itself, due to the positive feedback between belief and behavior. Although examples of this prophecy can be found in ancient Greek and Indian literature, it is believed that robert king merton, a sociologist in the 20th century, created the expression "self-fulfilling prophecy" and formalized its structure and consequences. In the book Social Theory and Social Structure, Merton defines self-fulfilling prophecy as follows: For example, when Roxana mistakenly thinks that her marriage will fail, her fear of such failure actually leads to the failure of her marriage.
Self-fulfilling prophecy, at the beginning, is a wrong definition of the situation, arousing a new behavior and making the original wrong concept "true". The specious correctness of this self-fulfilling prophecy continues the wrong rule. Because the prophet will quote the actual process of the event to prove that he was right from the beginning. [ 1]
In other words, a prophecy, a firm belief, or an illusion, when it is actually wrong, is declared as truth, which may fully affect people through fear or logical confusion, so that their reaction finally realizes the once wrong belief.
Gestalt psychology school
19 12 years, m Wei Teman published the article "experimental research on sports", which marked the rise of a school.
Some theoretical pioneers:
German philosopher Kant's philosophical thought: perception is not the combination of passive impression and sensory factors, but the active organization of these factors into a complete experience and combined experience.
Physicist Mach (Sensory Analysis 1885): The feelings of spatial patterns (such as geometric figures) and temporal patterns (such as tunes) have nothing to do with elements. Even though the spatial direction of the observer's gaze at the object may change, his visual or auditory perception of the object remains unchanged. For example, no matter from which side or from the top or from a corner, the table is still a table in our perception. The same series of sounds, such as a tune, is still the same tune in our perception, even though it may change the speed. In my opinion, even if the scale changes or there is a wrong sound, it will not affect people's cognition of this piece. )
Erlengfeld: Some characteristics of experience cannot be explained by the combination of traditional senses. These qualities are called gestalt qualities, or formal qualities. Perception is based on something other than personal feelings. Melody is a form, independent of the special feelings that make it up.
Spirit of the times:
In the last decades of19th century, the concept of atomic subjective meaning has been less and less used because of the recognition and acceptance of the concept of force field in physics. Such as magnetism, light and electricity. These force fields are considered to have both extensiveness and completeness of space or modeling. They are regarded as new structural entities, not the sum of individual elements or particles.
Wei Teman's Similar Motion Experiment
Taking Kaufka and Kohler as experimental objects, Wei Teman used a speed indicator to project two rays through two slits, one vertical and the other at an angle of 20 or 30 degrees to the vertical. If one light is displayed through the slit first, and then the other light is displayed, and there is a long time interval (more than 200 milliseconds) between the two lights, then the subjects will see two lights that appear one after another. If the time interval between two rays is short, the subject will see two consecutive rays. However, there is an optimal time interval (about 60 milliseconds) between two rays, and the subjects see the rays move from one place to another and then come back. This is an obvious example that the whole is not just the sum of its parts. ?
The Contributions and Limitations of Gestalt Psychology School in the Development of Psychology
Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts, but exists before the parts, which restricts the nature and significance of the parts. This view accords with objective facts to some extent. Gestalt psychologists, from this point of view, resolutely oppose the elemental analysis of any psychological phenomenon, which plays a certain role in exposing the mistakes of mechanism and elementarism in psychology. At the same time, they have done a lot of experimental research work in the field of perception and achieved many scientific achievements. At present, some knowledge about the law of perception in general psychology textbooks, such as the occurrence of motion-like phenomena and the significance of the relationship between graphics and background in the process of perception, are basically derived from the research results of Gestalt School. In addition, Kohler's "epiphany" and Weitemo's "creative thinking" also studied learning.
To some extent.
Gestalt psychology, as an independent school, makes people interested in conscious experience. At least it is meaningful to take it as a legal research field of psychology and continue to promote people's research and interest in conscious experience. At the same time, the Gestalt school's fair and firm criticism of the contemporary school also had an important impact on the development of psychology.
Limitations:
The world of direct experience is considered as the only real and knowable world.
Simplify all psychological problems into mathematical problems. This has actually violated the system view.