"Structuralist Marxism" comes from structuralism, which in turn comes from the technical term "structure". "Structure" is a word used in architecture and biology, and it is also one of the most conventional ways people use to understand things. But its evolution to structuralism has gone through a long process, even dating back to the Renaissance. Its development went through Goethe's natural philosophy stage, and then developed into two parallel roads: Humboldt and Saussure's linguistics and Thompson's biology. However, the theory of Saussure, a Swiss linguist, is most influenced by modern structuralism. In his own linguistic research, Sohn broke the traditional research method that linguists only pay attention to "diachronic state" and advocated the research method of "* * * tense"; Advocate the whole system of language and oppose the study of isolated and unchanging language elements. Soxhlet extractor
The concept of "system" is the concept of "structuralism" later. Soxhlet also put forward the difference between "language" and "speech", holding that language is a complete symbol system, while personal language behavior is speech, and language marks are the connection between concepts and audio-visual. This thought became the later structuralist language.
Scientists developed into "semiotics". Around the 1920s, the Moscow School of Language, represented by roman jakobson, appeared in Moscow, and their activities had an impact on the avant-garde and futurism of Russian literature. Jacobson later moved to Prague, under his leadership, before the 1930s.
Later, the Prague Language School was established. The school held its first meeting in 1929, but it was not until 1935 that it drew a clear line with the Moscow school of linguistics, and "structuralism" officially appeared in the works of linguists. Prague School holds that language is expressed as a functional system in its famous Prague Outline.
System is a system of means of expression, and its application is always related to the goal. This is the basic principle of structuralism thought developed in the future. In the 1960s, a "transformational generative language school" headed by Chomsky was formed in the United States. Joe thinks that generative ability is the most important feature of language and emphasizes language ability.
The gift and inner strength. He also emphasized the conversion rule of grammar and thought it was omnipotent. Joe also pointed out that the conclusion of language has "surface structure" and "deep structure", with the deep structure explaining semantics and the surface structure explaining pronunciation. Joe's theory has a great influence on the French structuralist school. At this point, the basic characteristics of structuralism have been formed: it is a method that does not belong to philosophy, and it pays attention to the study of the mode of things, but not to the study of the essence of things; Emphasize the role of the objective structure of things, but deny the subjective role of things; Emphasize the whole structure of things, but ignore the parts of things; Emphasize the form of things (such as signs, symbols, etc.). ) and ignore the real content of things; Emphasis is placed on studying things with the "* * * tense" method, and the "diachronic" method is opposed.
The scope of the above-mentioned structuralist linguistic school is mainly in linguistics, and it is the French structuralist school (also known as the "Paris Structuralist School" because its representative figures are concentrated in Paris) that really applies structuralism to sociology, philosophy, literature and culture. Levi-Strauss was the first person to introduce structuralism into sociology. Levi Strauss studies anthropology. In 1930s, he began his research in this field. During World War II, he lived in America, where he met Jacobson and began to accept the structuralist approach. He also directly applied the structuralist method used by Dutch scholars in Indonesian anthropology research to his own research, and gradually formed his own structuralist anthropology. 1962 published the savage's mind, which caused a great sensation and opened the prelude to the climax of French structuralism. In this book, Levi-Strauss not only uses the structuralist methods of various linguistic schools since Saussure, but also introduces the concepts of "consciousness" and "unconsciousness" in Freud's theory into his own research. In addition, Levi-Strauss criticized the "dialectical rationality" of Sartre's existentialism in his book, which has unique ideological significance and marks the arrival of the era when structuralism replaced existentialism. Then, the important representatives of French structuralism appeared one after another: Jacques La, who used Freud's psychoanalytic method to analyze language psychology.
Kang and others put forward "mirror image theory" to explain people's cognitive activities; Michel Fau, who studied cultural history by structuralism, put forward the concept of "knowledge" to explain various types of cultural differences of human beings. Roland barthes, a structuralist literary theorist, put forward the concept of "structural man" to explain fictional characters in literary works; There is also the famous linguistic and literary theory group "Tel Quel", which was founded by Soller, Faye and others in 1960. They advocate a structural analysis of the role of literature and art and their language, and advocate a so-called "creative" reading method. In such a strong structuralist atmosphere, it is not surprising that structuralist Marxism appears.
Althusser was not the first person to compare Marxism with structuralism, but the young anthropologist Lv Xian Sebag. Sebag also joined the French producer and saw Dream Sulfone? Hey? BR> Later, he disagreed with the line of the French production party and tried to bring Marxism into the track of structuralism. 1963 published the book Marxism and structuralism, which formally discussed the relationship between structuralism and Marxism for the first time. In this book, Sebag believes that structuralism is the best scientific method and has played an important role in history, ontology, psychoanalysis and Marxism. He also believes that Marxism is the overall theory of social phenomena, while structuralism lies in understanding human reality. In his view, Marxism is increasingly becoming an "ideology", and ideology is not a scientific thing. Structuralism is a scientific method, so Marxism should be combined with structuralism. Only in this way can we understand Marx's holistic theory of social phenomena and clearly understand human reality. Sebag and Marx's main viewpoints in structuralism
There is a precedent for the combination of righteousness and reason, but because he died prematurely and left no other works, it did not attract the attention of the theoretical circle. Besides Sebag, Levi-Strauss, Lacan and Piaget all involved in the relationship between structuralism and Marxism in their works. Their unanimous view is: in
There is a structuralist approach in Marx's works, and their own structuralist approach comes from Marxism, so they agree with "Structuralist Marxism".
The real representative of "Structuralist Marxism" is louis althusser. 19 18 10 Althusser, born in Lai Town, the suburb of Beamand Province, the Algerian capital, is the son of a bank clerk. He has returned to France since middle school. In the study stage of preparing for the college entrance examination, he
I met Jean, a philosophy teacher, a Bergsonist and a theological theorist.
Jidong. Under his influence, Althusser joined his school in Lyon at that time.
The youth Christian organization at Park High School. This experience when I was young, right?
His late thoughts had a great influence. 1In the summer of 939, Althusser was admitted to Pakistan.
Li Normal University was drafted into the army at the end of the same year, and was drafted into the army in June of the following year.
Military prisoners were kept in concentration camps until the end of the war. Ardu， 1945
Go back to class. 1948, a famous historian and philosopher of science in gaston.
Under the guidance of Gaston Bachelard, the teachers' fund was approved.
The later examination paper "The Concept of Hegel's Philosophical Content" was qualified as a philosophy teacher.
And stay in school to teach, in the same year to join the French * * * production party. Since then, in addition to his teaching, the Lord
Need to engage in18th century political history and philosophy research. Opened in the early 1960s.
At first, he participated in the discussion about "Young Marx" and "Humanism" in the theoretical circle.
Great discussion, published a series of unique and controversial articles. 1965
Althusser compiled his published articles into a book to defend the horse.
The title of KES has been published. At the end of the same year, he was with several young colleagues.
Watch "Reading Capital". Althusser's thoughts and theories have aroused great repercussions.
This feeling. Especially in May of 1968, French young students set off a "May Wind".
Violence ",they regard Althusser as their spiritual leader. 1975 summer
Elduse passed his doctorate from Amiens Bigatti University.
Debate. His thesis includes: Feuerbach's philosophical declaration and defense marks.
Thinking and reading Das Kapital and Montesquieu: Politics and History. 70 s
Finally, Althusser's thought changed. On the one hand, he is interested in French politics.
More and more fierce criticism of the line; On the other hand, young people's beliefs.
This resurgence made him lose confidence in the future of the socialist movement, thus
Put forward the "Marxist crisis theory". He personally got into a serious problem.
God crisis, and from 1980 1 1 had to quit the theoretical circle until.
1990 10 died in 10.
Althusser's works, in addition to the above, mainly include:
Lenin and Philosophy (1969), Answer to John Lewis (1973), Philosophy and Philosophy
Scientists' Spontaneous Philosophy (1974), Self-criticism Outline (1974), Establishment
Field "(1976) and" fa * * * 22 "(1977), etc. Althusser's Unique Thought
The conclusions I want to draw are reflected in his works and his thoughts.
Theoretically, he used the "symptom reading method" to read.
After understanding Marx's original works.
The so-called "symptom reading method" is a concept that Althusser learned from Ba.
After the research results of the Lebanese structuralist linguistic school. Paris structure
Marxist linguists put forward a "creative" reading method, which admits that
Because the author of every book is in an intransitive state when writing.
State ",so his words must have the function of" two-dimensional ":one dimension is
The meaning of superficial written language; The other dimension is the invisible meaning between the lines.
I think this meaning is more important. These views of structural linguists come from Freud.
Lloyd's psychoanalytic method. Althusser symptom reading
Method ",that is, according to the expression of" symptoms "in one dimension, put two dimensions.
The meaning of "digging out" from the depths of the author's "theoretical framework". According to this
A Reading Method of Studying Marx's Original Works —— Althusser's Marx Thought
I want to develop and give a series of new explanations to Marxism.
First of all, Althusser thinks that the historical materialism founded by Marx is
Marx's historical materialism is a science after the discovery of the new continent. according to
In this paper, Althusser draws the following conclusions:
First, there is an "epistemology" in the development of Marx's thought.
Fracture. "This is Althusser borrowing his teacher Bessirard's words about science.
Develop concepts related to epistemology and explain the development of Marx's thought. Bassila
From the perspective of negative philosophy, Karl believes that the establishment of any science,
There must be an "epistemological fracture" that denies the old understanding.
A new understanding has been established, and the "fracture" has drawn a clear line between the old and new disciplines. arles
Dussel believes that the "epistemological fracture" is real in the development of Marx's thought.
Reality exists, and the boundary of this fault is 1845. 1845
In the past, Marx's thought was in an unscientific "ideology" stage; 1845
Then comes the "non-ideological" scientific stage. The iconic work of this fracture
This is the outline of Feuerbach. Thus, Althusser summed up the development of Marx's thought.
Staging method: (1)1840—1844: youth works. (2) 1845: Guan
Crack the work. (3) 1845 —— 1857: Growing Works. (4) 1857—
1883: mature works. Althusser's staging method is basically
Correct, the significance lies in clarifying the popular young Marx in the world at that time.
Thought is "true Marxism". But he kept mark
Thinking in two, but this is wrong.
Second, Althusser, when discussing the development of Marx's thought, was particularly
Emphasize the transformation of his humanitarian thought. He thinks that Marx is in 1845.
Before that, humanitarianism was the main idea: First, Kant and Fichte were the main ideas.
Influence is a rational and free humanitarian period; Then there's Ferba.
Kazakhstan's influence is the humanitarian period of "* * *". In the meantime,
Marx was not influenced by Hegel's thought. At the end of this phase,
On the issue of "human liberation", Marx pinned his hopes on the free bourgeoisie.
Hopes were dashed and they turned to the proletariat, demanding that philosophy be the same as the proletariat.
The class formed an alliance and realized that Prussia should be destroyed by "material criticism"
Authoritarian system. At this time, Marx has gradually abandoned humanitarianism.
1845 marked by Feuerbach's proposition, Marx's thought took place.
"Epistemological rupture", that is, breaking with non-scientific ideology, is equal to
Break with humanitarianism. Therefore, Althusser asserted that mature Marx
Thought is "anti-humanitarian". Althusser's anti-humanitarian view is that
Reaction to existentialism. France has survived since the end of World War II.
Existentialism prevails. Since 1950s, existentialists have seized Khrushchev's rebellion.
Some "facts" of Dalin have grasped some events in some socialist countries.
For example, the "Hungarian incident" made a big fuss. An excuse to put Marxism and existence
Focus on the combination of "I" and "subject" and emphasize people.
"facts" Althusser is the "master" based on Paris structuralism.
The view of "the body shifts to the heart" puts forward anti-humanitarianism, which is opposite to existentialism.
Argument. He shouted: "The myth of human philosophy must be shattered. Here,
Only under absolute conditions can we know something about the human world. "(Marxism)
And humanitarianism "), he believes that in the development of Marx's thought, so did Marx.
The break between all philosophical humanism and philosophical humanism is not a small break.
Details are the premise of Marxist philosophy and also related to Marx's science.
Confuse. Althusser's view is very important for crushing the western bourgeoisie.
First-class scholars distort Marxism and humanize Marxism.
Figure, played a positive role.
Third, Althusser thinks that Marx's post-genetic epistemology fracture.
Thought is also "anti-empiricism". He believes that empiricism is just to straighten out
Associated "feeling" and unique "individual" exist as the essence and serve as an addition.
The object of work, and science is always based on the existing concept, that is, "general A"
The object of work, it neither processes pure and objective "materials" nor processes absolute ones.
"Facts" range from "general A" (conceptual raw materials) to "general C" (conceptual or
Understanding), that is, the process from "abstract" to "concrete", involves only theory.
The process of practice is completely "in the process of understanding". "general a" and "general a"
There is no essential identity between "general C", only real transformation.
Make love. Feuerbach just confused the two and was in the Feuerbach stage.
So did Marx. Later, when Marx consciously abandoned empiricism,
Ideology, he abandoned this ideological confusion. what
However, Althusser concluded that Marxism is "anti-empiricism"
Yes According to this view, Althusser opposed Marx's own argument.
Proof is said to be the "inversion" of Hegel's dialectics. Because Hegel used ideas
Sports explain the scientific work of reality, from abstract to concrete.
The concept of self-generation. Therefore, Hegel denied the truth.
The qualitative difference and qualitative change do not recognize the essence of the theoretical practice process itself.
The world is made up of interruptions. This is actually thinking and existence, thinking process and
The process of existence and the "concreteness" of thinking are equal to the "real concreteness". Therefore, horses
The "liquidation" pointed out to us by the concept of "reversal" can't be a
Another theory of opposites that is divorced from empiricism.
Fourthly, Althusser thinks that Marx has broken through genetic epistemology.
Post-thought, just as it is not humanitarianism, is a master of anti-history.
The theory of righteousness. The whole foundation of Althusser's argument is negation.
The subject (person) creates history, emphasizing that history is a "process without subject". He said:
"We believe that the science of all historical objects is based on the known and existing.
On the basis of historical objects, objects become the result of past history. from now on
Starting from and based on any understanding of the objects that have appeared, but
It is the projection of this object's present on the basis of the past. "("read "in uppercase.
In addition, Althusser also learned from other structuralist scholars in Paris.
Insight. For example, Levi-Strauss advocates "abandoning the subject (person) is annoying."
Beloved ",and that history is not a development process, but just a series.
Structure. Foucault also thinks that people in history are like a mirage.
What remains is "the world, its order and human nature, but"
Not alone. "Barthes also agrees with Foucault's point of view and completely denies the objective calendar.
The existence of history. Visible, including Althusser, Paris, structuralists are.
There is a * * * similarity, which emphasizes "* * * timeliness" and advocates cross-festival.
Waiting for history. It is from this that Althusser thinks that Marx started from "philosophy"
Poverty ",reverse the" order of reflection "and pay special attention to investigation.
Only by the "overall special structure" of things can we understand the "composition" of each link.
Relationship "and" special structure of history ",in this process, Marx is especially.
Emphasize the relationship between "coexistence" and "interdependence" in all aspects of things.
Department. At the same time, Althusser also put forward the theory of "two objects"
Because there are "realistic objects" and "cognitive objects" in the process of cognition. in fact
The object is changeable, so it has a history; The object of knowledge is constant,
So there is no history. Althusser used the above reasons to explain Marx.
Doctrine is an "anti-historicism" proposition, which is intended to emphasize the history of Marx.
Science is based on the understanding of objects, not on real objects.
Fundamentally speaking. In other words, when Marx founded historical materialism, it was based on
Based on known and existing historical objects, from known historical materials.
Abstraction does not directly come from reality, nor is it based on reality.
Materials make revolutionary conclusions for materials. Althusser criticized Ge accordingly.
Nancy's "absolute historicism" view Gramsci believes that in Marx's calendar
In historical materialism, "history" is the center and "materialism" is secondary. 155
Althusser objected to this statement, but he described Marxism as "anti-historical".
",but this is a misunderstanding. Because of the Marxist view of history
Constructivism has a different view of history, which holds that people produce according to their own materials.
Development has established corresponding social relations, and they follow their own social customs.
The Ministry has established corresponding principles, concepts and categories. These concepts and categories are the same.
Their relationship is the same, not eternal, they are the product of history.
Things.
In addition, Althusser also practiced Marxist historical materialism.
In order to supplement it, a new theory of "national ideological machine" is put forward. According to this
In this theory, the content of "national ideological machine" is as follows:
-the ideological machine of religious countries (various church systems);
-Educating the national ideological machine (various public and private school systems);
The ideological machine of judicial state;
-political state ideological machine (political system of various political parties
Degree);
-The ideological machine of the trade union state;
-The ideological machine of an information country (newspapers, radio, television, etc.). );
-cultural country ideological machine (literature, art, sports, etc. ).
Althusser put forward this new theory because he thought.
Marx and even Lenin's works "lack" the theory about the state, especially
Lack of the relationship between trade unions and the state, lack of national ideological machine.
Surface theory. His ideas were later used by his students and famous structural masters.
It was put forward by the political scientist nikos Planchas.
In terms of epistemology, Althusser also explained and "supplemented":
First of all, Althusser put forward a new concept of "theoretical practice". Ardu
Plug divides human social practice into "political practice" and "ideological practice"
And "theoretical practice". The so-called political practice is to make certain social relations.
Processing raw materials into certain products (new social relations). Ideological reality
Practice, whether manifested in religion, politics, ethics, law or art, is derived from
Its object is to process people's "consciousness". Theoretical practice or scientific practice is
The product of existing "experience" practice (people's specific activities) is processed into "knowledge"
Knowledge "(scientific truth). Althusser pointed out that the process of theoretical understanding is as follows:
Thinking → Primary Theory (Representation and Intuition) → Abstract Concept → Cognition
("concrete thinking"). On this basis, Althusser believes that theory is a kind of practice, and
And it is a special practice, acting on special objects and creating special ones.
Unique product: "understanding". Althusser's formulation is related to empiricism.
The front is the opposite, but his formulation blurs the boundary between practice and theory.
One-sided emphasis on thinking activities, thus falling into the mud pit of "theorism"
Second, Althusser put forward the contradictory concept of "multiple decisions", which also
Althusser's epistemological controversy is one of the most famous.
One. Althusser admitted that the concept of "multiple decision-making" originated from structural linguistics.
And psychoanalysis. Freud-Lacan's Psycho-psychological View
In the analysis, the concepts of "consciousness" and "unconsciousness" are used to explain people's psychological behavior.
In order to explain people's language and dreams, so that people's superficial language behavior and
Dreams are the deformation of hidden thoughts. It is necessary to judge the true thoughts.
From the perspective of "diversity". Structuralist linguists learn from Flo.
Idla Kang's above views, and according to the characteristics of related subjectivity, put the function
As a subject to the outside world to understand their own way, the result is produced.
Multifunctionalism was born. From the above point of view, "multiple decisions", Al
Are used to explain social contradictions. He thinks that any contradiction and element in society
According to this view, the revolution of social and economic structure
You can't change the existing superstructure and ideology in an instant; pass by
The society produced by the revolution can protect the old factors because of multiple decisions.
Hold on or come back to life. Althusser also used this concept to explain October.
The Success of Socialist Revolution and "Stalinism Phenomenon" after Success
Reason. Generally speaking, Althusser's "multi-determinism" is to commemorate.
One-sided understanding of dialectical thinking Marxist dialectics clearly stipulates that
The relationship between the principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction; As far as social history is concerned, he is also very clear.
It affirms the monist view of history. Althusser replaced it with "multiple decisions"
For monism, this is obviously wrong.
The above is Althusser's main theoretical viewpoint, that is, people usually
The basic content of the so-called "structuralist Marxism". These theories
The viewpoint has caused great controversy in the eastern and western theoretical circles, either praising or derogating.
Resignations are still endless. But in any case, the following facts are not.
Arguably: from the research method, Althusser did not leave Paris.
Stereotypes of other structuralists, although he denies being the owner of the structure.
Meaning, but also admitted that his theory and structuralism term "flirting".
Degree of permission; Due to the mistakes in research methods, there are many mistakes in his theory, such as fracture theory, theorist theory, multiple decision-making theory and ideology theory. In the 1960s and 1970s, Althusser's theory made contributions to opening up a new situation in the study of Marxism in France and defending some aspects of Marxist theory.
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