The overall structure of the whole paper is generally this structural model. So, what are the guiding records of thesis writing? The following is my writing instruction record. Let's have a look!
First, argumentative knowledge
1, features: mainly discussion expression, other expressions can be used concurrently; Express opinions or opinions clearly; Prove one's views or opinions with sufficient materials.
2. Elements: argument-attitude towards the issues discussed; Argument-the material basis to prove the argument; Argument-the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.
3. Classification: put forward arguments, explain their views from the front, refute the negative arguments, and establish their correct views.
4. Structure: basic structure, introduction, theory, conclusion, argument structure, juxtaposition, comparison, total score,
5. Methods: Examples, quotations, metaphors, analogies and comparisons. Extension method.
Example method: use typical examples to prove the argument.
Quote: Quote classics or famous sayings and proverbs to prove an argument.
Metaphor: Illustrate the argument with the help of image metaphor.
Analogy: To illustrate an argument by comparing another similar thing or example.
Contrast: to illustrate an argument with opposite examples or comparisons.
Second, the common mode of argumentative writing
The first type: total score formula (or total score formula)
The overall structure of the whole paper is generally this structural model. Generally, under the command of the central argument, the argumentation method should establish several sub-arguments subordinate to the central argument, that is, serve to explain the central argument, and then prove the central argument profoundly and forcefully through the elaboration of the sub-arguments. Therefore, the structure of the full text of the essay is often "total-total". Almost all argumentative essays are of this structural mode.
The second type, parallel type (also called plate combination type)
The parallel structure is characterized by horizontally expanding the level of argumentation and listing the relationship between sub-arguments, that is, sub-arguments demonstrate the central argument or the central issue discussed from different angles and sides, which makes the article present a multi-pronged and hand-in-hand pattern. The order of each argument in coordinate form can sometimes be interchanged; They seem to be independent, but in fact they are closely related and inseparable whole.
Example:
The charm of detail
There is a popular saying that history depends on the general trend, the situation depends on the mainstream, and people depend on the festival. This is naturally true. Small things and details are more vivid and attractive because of their vivid, intuitive and real characteristics, and they are loved and talked about by people, and they can also be seen from small to large.
Details can determine the outcome. Before the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japanese spies disguised themselves as Japanese warships for reconnaissance. At that time, Japanese warships were superior to Japan in tonnage, quantity and firepower, and the whole country was intoxicated, thinking that China would win the Sino-Japanese naval battle. Shorts and socks were scattered on the turrets of China warships, so Japanese spies wrote down this detail in the data and analyzed: This is an army with lax discipline and chaotic management, and people will have strong fighting capacity. Sure enough, as soon as the naval battle started, China was defeated, almost all the troops were wiped out, and advanced warships became the trophies of the Japanese army.
The details show the spirit. When it comes to Lei Feng, people will think of the socks he mended. A moon cake he sent to a nursing home; When you mention Kong Fansen, you will think of the only eight yuan and sixty cents in his pocket after his death; When you mention Zhu De, you will think of his carrying pole with its load on Jinggangshan; When He Long is mentioned, people will think of the golden hook on the Long March ... The great events and famous sayings of these heroes and great men may be forgotten, but some details of their lives will never be forgotten by future generations, and their great spirit will remain in people's hearts forever through these humble details.
Details are the notes of a magnificent movement, a sentence of a masterpiece, a spray in a huge wave, and a stone on a high mountain in Wan Ren. "A drop of water can reflect the brilliance of the sun." Appreciate the details, play with the details, and you will find that the small details have infinite charm.
Comment: The relationship between the three sub-arguments in this paper is parallel. They explained the reason why the central argument "details are attractive" from different angles and different sides-why?
The third type: progressive type
The structural feature of progressive type is that the relationship between arguments is progressive. The level of argumentation develops in depth, prompting the connotation of the topic layer by layer, so that the central argument is expounded in depth, and its function is to analyze thoroughly and reason deeply. Their order is usually not interchangeable. It means layer after layer.
Sample text
Live poetically
Candidates of Hunan College Entrance Examination in 2007
The sun rises and sets every day, pedestrians rush by every day, and we are all struggling in a seemingly peaceful life. If we live poetically, it seems to me that it is not the romance when Hemingway looks up at Kilimanjaro's snow, nor the loneliness when Thoreau lives alone by Walden Lake. But in this complicated world, leave a pure land to plant your ideals, and then continue to struggle until you harvest a golden wheat field in your life.
Ideal. Is the first level; "If you climb a tall building alone, you will see the end of the world." It was the ideal that lit the spark, washed away the vast dust, and let us see the horizon at a glance and start the journey of pursuit. Tagore once said, "The paradise in my poems is the ideal in my heart." It is the ideal in the heart that will strive to pursue a poetic paradise. To live poetically, we must first have an ideal, whether it is dim or brilliant, whether it is small or great. Without ideals, how can the flowers in spring be brilliant, how can the stars shine in Yin Hui in summer, and how can we set sail on the road of life, full of poetry?
Struggle for it is the second level: "I will never regret that my belt is getting wider, and I will be haggard because of Iraq." In the wind, Liu Yong tells his thoughts about Iraqis and the poetry of life, waiting to struggle to realize his ideal. To live poetically is to pick up the axe of struggle, chop the ideal stone, and roll up a thousand waves, which is more than lofty sentiments. Yesterday, Qin Shihuang set the ideal of unifying the whole country, so he went step by step, attacked Xiongnu in the north, recovered Hetao, made Baiyue in the south and reverted to Xiang Jun. The pace of the struggle never stopped, and finally it was the spectacular scene of destroying the six countries and sweeping the Central Plains. Struggle makes the ideal shine, makes the road of life wider and wider, bears the unbearable weight of life, is chic and free, and is full of ambition, propping up a sunny day in life. Who can say that such a life is not poetic?
Harvest. It is the third level: "suddenly looking back, that person is under the dim light." When the fountain of struggle fills the ideal field, autumn is the harvest season. This golden wheat field reflects a shining road of life. No matter how big or small the "wheat field" is, it doesn't matter whether the harvest is worth paying. As long as it is a harvest, it is already a result. If you succeed, you will get flowers and applause. If it fails, it will gain a period of experience, learn many lessons, and then start again. As Ji Xianlin, a master of Chinese studies, once said, "Living a lifetime is like writing a poem. Your success and failure are all poems, a little poetry. " Harvest is the harvest of ideal, the harvest of struggle and the harvest of poetic life.
Although our life is not like Li Bai's "Oh, let a spiritual person go to his favorite place to take risks and spin a thousand pieces of silver, they are all back!" " Ideal makes it bright, struggle makes it real, and harvest makes it have a golden poetic style.
Break the lock of fate with persistence, let life live a poetic life, plant ideals and make unremitting efforts. I believe there will be a harvest of "geese attract autumn heart, mountains hold good moon".
Comment: This article uses the step-by-step formula. The three levels of ideal, struggle and harvest in the middle are in-depth layer by layer, and the continuous levels are not interchangeable. In addition, this article is full of literary talent and poetry, and the metaphors such as "picking up the axe of struggle and opening up the ideal stone" are novel and appropriate. Third, the materials are fresh and rich, and the materials used in this paper are no less than 10.
;