In today's fast-developing network, some terms are also described as other meaning, such as "glass" and "light bulb". Light bulb generally means an uninterested bystander when men and women need to be alone. Onlookers are often well-intentioned, but they don't like it. This person is called "light bulb" for short.
essay
Light bulb (or electric bulb), the exact scientific name is incandescent lamp, which is a kind of lamp that heats young filament (usually tungsten filament in modern times) to incandescent by electricity and uses resistance to emit light. The periphery of the bulb is made of glass, which keeps the filament in vacuum or low-pressure inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidation at high temperature. See incandescent lamp.
history
It is generally believed that the electric light is American Thomas? Edison invented it. But if you examine the evidence carefully, another American, Henry? Goebbels (Heinrich? 0? 2bel) A reliable electric light bulb with the same principle and material was invented several decades earlier than Edison, and many others also made many contributions to the invention of electric light before Edison. 180 1 year, the British chemist David electrified the platinum wire to glow. He also invented the electric candle in 18 10, which was illuminated by an arc between two carbon rods. 1854 Henry? Goebbels used a carbonized bamboo filament and put it under a vacuum glass bottle to make it glow. Today, his invention seems to be the first incandescent lamp with practical value. The light bulb he tested at that time could last for 400 hours, but he didn't apply for a design patent immediately.
1850, English Joseph? Wilson? Joseph Wilson Swan began to study electric lights. 1878, he obtained a British patent for a light bulb powered by carbon wire under vacuum, and started to set up a company in Britain to install electric lights in every household.
1874, two Canadian electrical technicians applied for a patent for electric lamps. They filled the glass bulb with nitrogen, and the electrified carbon rod made it glow. But they didn't have enough money to continue developing this invention, so they sold the patent to Edison on 1875.
Edison tried to improve the filament after buying the patent. 1879, he changed to carbon filament to make a light bulb, which successfully lasted 13 hours. By 1880, his carbonized bamboo filament bulb had been successfully maintained in the laboratory for 1200 hours. But in Britain, Swan sued Edison for patent infringement and won. Edison's electric light company in England was forced to make Swan a partner. But later Swan sold his rights and patents to Edison. In America, Edison's patent has also been challenged. The United States Patent Office once ruled that his invention had a criminal record and was invalid. Finally, after years of litigation, Edison obtained the patent right of carbon filament incandescent lamp.
Edison's greatest discovery was that tungsten was used as the filament instead of carbon. Later, in 1906, General Electric invented the manufacturing method of tungsten wire for electric lamps. Finally, the method of manufacturing tungsten filament at a low price was solved, and the tungsten filament bulb has been used ever since.
The biggest problem of light bulb is the sublimation of filament. The temperature is different because of the tiny resistance difference on the tungsten wire. Where the resistance is high, the temperature rises higher and the tungsten wire sublimates faster, which leads to the thinning of the tungsten wire and the further increase of the resistance. Finally, the tungsten wire burns out. Later, it was found that replacing vacuum with inert gas could slow down the sublimation of tungsten wire. Today, most light bulbs are filled with nitrogen, argon or krypton.
The life of modern incandescent lamps is generally about 1 1,000 hours.
efficacy
Most incandescent lamps will convert 90% of the consumed energy into useless heat energy, and less than 10% will become light. In contrast, fluorescent lamps (also known as tubes) are much more efficient, close to 40%, and produce only one-sixth of the heat of incandescent lamps with the same brightness. Therefore, in many places, especially shopping malls, buildings that need air conditioning in summer will use fluorescent lamps to save electricity. Small fluorescent lamps (energy-saving bulbs) combine fluorescent lamps with starting electronic equipment, and use the interface of standard bulbs to replace ordinary incandescent bulbs. For example, a 26-watt energy-saving light bulb emits 1 1W brightness and 15W heat. An incandescent bulb with the same brightness 1 1 watt consumes four times more power, reaching 100 watt; It releases more than six times the heat, reaching 90 watts.
Many household lamps are mainly ordinary incandescent lamps. Halogen bulbs have become more and more popular in recent years, especially when the light source needs to be concentrated, such as spotlights at home and headlights of cars. A good halogen bulb can achieve the efficiency of 15%. For example, a 60-watt halogen bulb has the same brightness as an ordinary bulb of 100 watt. However, halogen bulbs are small in size and work at high temperatures. When used at home, it needs special protection to prevent fire.
As for outdoor street lighting, sodium vapor lamp is the most common. Low-pressure sodium lamp emits monotonous orange light, but its efficiency is very high, about fifteen times higher than that of ordinary light bulb. The color efficiency of high-pressure sodium lamp is slightly lower, but the color is richer.
With the development in recent years, light emitting diode (LED) and high intensity discharge lamp (HID) lighting have become popular. The former has the advantage of long life and has been used in traffic lights and flashlights. The latter is actually a general term for many technologies (sodium lamps also belong to HID). Many of the latest xenon headlights for automobiles and metal halide lamps for projectors belong to HID.
eliminate
Since less than 10% of the energy of incandescent lamps will turn into light, many countries and regions have begun to phase out incandescent bulbs. The following is the timetable [1]:
Eu 20 12
Ireland in early 2009
Australia 20 10
Argentina 20 10
Italy 20 10
France claims 20 10 years, but there is no further information.
British retailers will no longer sell 20 1 1.
Dutch volunteers 20 1 1.
Taiwan Province Province, China 20 12
Canada 20 12
America 20 14
Chinese mainland 20 17
Common saying
From the Cantonese proverb "light bulb", it mainly refers to the third party who is in the way when men and women are in love. Many people think that light bulbs can emit light, which affects the romantic atmosphere at the scene. This is a misunderstanding. Because there is an allegorical saying in Cantonese, the light bulb is not ventilated. The light bulb is a vacuum object and cannot be ventilated; "Poor ventilation" in Cantonese means that a person does not know the world and does not know how to avoid it. Later, with the expansion of language communication, the meaning of light bulb in Mandarin has also increased.
film
Basic information
Light bulb: you, me and Dupree.
Director/Screenwriter: Anthony? Russell anthony russo, Joe? Russell joe russo
Starring: Owen? Wilson owen wilson
Matt. Tommy Tam matt dillon
Mike. Douglas Michael Douglas
Kate. Hudson kate hudson
Region: USA
Type: drawing
Length: 108 minutes
Grade: PG- 13
Release date: July 2006 14.
The plot of a play
Carl (Matt? Dillon is in the happiest stage of his life. He just got a promotion and a raise, and soon he and his boss (Mike? Douglas's daughter, beautiful and gentle primary school teacher Molly (Kate? Hudson) got married in Hawaii. After a wonderful honeymoon, the couple immediately moved into a newly decorated new home. The couple have a sweet neighbor and a happy life.
It happened that at this time, Carl's best friend Dupree (Owen? Wilson) Bad luck, lost his job, and ended up homeless and miserable. As a good friend, Carl immediately called Dupree to stay at home for a while, promising that Dupree could stay until he found a job. Molly was dissatisfied with the unexpected guests, but under the protection of Carl, who valued friendship, Mr. Dupree successfully entered this two-person family and became an out-and-out "third wheel".
Dull Dupree often bumps into boards when doing things, and almost burns down the whole house when cooking. Faced with such a "problematic" friend, Molly was a little disgusted at first, but in the following days, she actually regarded Dupree as her best friend. Carl worked day and night under his strict father-in-law and boss and spent a lot of time with Molly. Dupree became Molly's heart-to-heart. Not only that, this boring but warm-hearted tenant won the favor of his neighbors. Faced with this situation, Carl began to worry about his position as the head of the family. For the sake of family happiness, Carl began to plan how to clean up this guy with dignity, and a hilarious confrontation game began. ...