Brief introduction of Mongolian Eight Banners. Eight Banners Mongolia was formed by social organizations: Eight Banners Mongolia sprouted in 162 1, was founded in 1633 and completed in 1635. They belong to the same social organization form as the Eight Banners Manchuria and the Eight Banners Han Army. 2. Eight Banners Mongolia is a form of military organization: Eight Banners Mongolia, Eight Banners Manchuria and Eight Banners Han Army are three important components of the Eight Banners organization in Qing Dynasty. They were pro-Manchu troops, and their basic function should be a military organization. Third, Mongolia established the League Flag and Eight Banners Mongolia: Huang Taiji extended the scope of establishing the "flag" to the whole Mongolian region, and later formed the "League" from the flag. The organizational system of Mongolia's "League" and "Banner" is different from that of the Eight Banners Mongolia, and its main function is to manage the civil and administrative affairs of the Banner. [Paper] In middle school history teaching, the Eight Banners system is a key point in teaching, and the establishment of Mongolian Eight Banners and Mongolian League Banners is also a difficult point that students easily confuse. The author gives a general idea on this issue and teaches it to peers. I. Social Organization Form of Eight Banners Mongolia 1583 (11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty) The founder of the Qing Dynasty, an outstanding statesman and strategist of Manchu nationality, and the Qing Taizu Nuerhachi conquered Rikan Wailan with 13 deputies left by his ancestors, which started the great cause of national reunification. From 1583 to 16 15 (forty-three years of Ming Wanli), Nurhachi formally established the famous Eight Banners system in China history. The germination of Eight Banners Mongolia began in 162 1 year (six years of destiny). At this time, the Mongolian flag bearer was incorporated into the Eight Banners Manchuria: "Huangqi Manchu is the leader of the national column. Honor department and old assistant collar. Gul Bush, the ancestor of Zhu Guo, was born in Mengniu Kwakubaz. Taizu Taizu came back with his troops (162 1 year, with a mandate of six years), and was named "Ma Xu" and awarded the third class. He set his subordinates as assistant leaders, and they were managed by White Tiger ... When Kangxi was enfeoffed as a second assistant in nine years, 30 Manchu and 10 Mongolian subordinates were assigned to Chahar Monguno. Citation shows that Mongolian cattle records have appeared in Manchu language of Eight Banners at this time. 1633 (the seventh year of Tiancong in Ming Dynasty and the sixth year of Chongzhen), only the Second Flag of Mongolia was compiled first; Known as "Right Camp" and "Left Camp", 1634, the people of these two flags were placed in the Manchu Eight Banners under the jurisdiction of Daishan and Jilalang. By 1635 (the ninth year of Qing Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), after three large-scale conquests against Chahar and the submission of most southern Mongolia, Huang Taiji merged the original records of Mongolian cattle outside the Manchu Eight Banners with the new inner and outer Karaqin Mongolia to form Eight Banners Mongolia with a population of about 7,800. The official system of flag color is the same as that of "Eight Banners Manchuria". According to records, there were 16953 able-bodied men in Mongolia at that time, divided into eleven flags. Among them, 965,438+023 people under the jurisdiction of Gurus, Ombuchur, Genger and Shanba "still belong to the original Eight Banners Manchuria". That is to say, the establishment of Eight Banners Mongolia began at 1633 and was completed at 1635, which was later than that of Eight Banners Manchuria (established at 160 1 and completed at15) and earlier than that of Eight Banners Han Army. It can be summarized as: imperial power → flag administration → militia (Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Busa ...), just as the preface to the Eight Banners Tongzhi said: "Taizu ... built the Eight Banners to unify the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies." In other words, the Eight Banners system, including the Eight Banners Mongolia, is a social organization form of "unifying all ethnic groups with flags". Second, the Eight Banners Mongolia is a form of military organization. Eight Banners Mongolia, Eight Banners Manchuria and Eight Banners Han Army are three important components of the Eight Banners organization in Qing Dynasty. They were pro-Manchu troops, and their basic functions should also be military organizations. Every March, the Eight Banners are tied for the Eight Roads. If the land is narrow, the eight banners will go together, and the team will be purged and disciplined. " For example, in 1642, just after the size of the main organization of the Eight Banners was formed, in 10, Huang Taiji summoned unprecedented powerful troops to invade the Ming territory for the fourth time, and ordered Abatai to be the "next general", "leading half of the true government troops of Gushan, Manchu and Han Dynasties, and half of the outer Mongolian soldiers to conquer the Ming country." Destroy the border and enter the country, invincible in all directions. The route to Yanjing, Xiashandong and Ke Cheng was "* * * August 8th", and "923,000 people and animals were captured". The Ming people called it "the afternoon chaos". The "Twenty-four Gushan Mountain" referred to here includes the Eight Banners Mongolia. Not only did the Eight Banners Mongolia undertake the task of fighting and killing militarily before entering the customs (1644), but even after entering the customs. The Qing Dynasty made Beijing its capital, and Beijing became the political center of the whole country. The Eight Banners soldiers stationed in and around Beijing are called "Beijing Banner", and those sent to important cities and military strongholds all over the country are called "Eight Banners Garrison". Today, according to 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng), Zeng Guofan said: "The Eight Banners are a strong army, strong in defending the capital and half defending the world." According to Guangxu's Huidian, there are 68 1 in Manchuria, 204 in Mongolia, 268 in the Han army, and * * * has 1 153 deputy governors, and the total number of each deputy governor is more than 220,000. According to the proportion of Beijing Banner accounting for 60% and garrison accounting for 40%, it is estimated that there will be 2448O Mongolian troops stationed in Beijing Eight Banners and16,320 Mongolian troops stationed in Beijing Eight Banners. Third, Mongolia's flag setting and the Eight Banners Mongolia After the establishment of the Eight Banners Mongolia, Huang Taiji expanded the flag to the whole Mongolian region and divided Mongolia into Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. Twenty-four departments in Inner Mongolia are organized into forty-nine flags. The main function of this flag is to manage its civil and administrative affairs. In the future, several flags will form an "alliance" (an alliance office designated by the imperial court), as the central supervision organ of the flag. "The leader of the alliance is mainly the convener of the alliance." There are six leagues in the Forty-nine Banner of Inner Mongolia: Zhelimu, Zhuosotu, Zhaowuda, Xilingol, Wulanchabu and Yikezhao. Divide and rule through the flag system, and fix the Mongols in their respective regions. There are also soldiers with various flags in Inner Mongolia, but in nature, they are close to the militia. Although many banners in Inner Mongolia made great contributions to the unification or maintenance of the Qing Dynasty, after the war, they worked and lived in a fixed area, which was different from the professional Eight Banners Army after entering the customs. All flags in Inner Mongolia are set up with Zasak (flag captain), mostly hereditary. From the top to the top, there are generals in charge of minority affairs (mainly Mongolians), down to generals in charge of the overall situation. Among the Eight Banners, each flag is unified and directly faces the Central Military Department. There is no regulation on the colors of the forty-nine banners of the six leagues in Inner Mongolia and the eighty-six banners of the outer Mongolia (founded in the 30th year of Kangxi-1691), because they are also a miscellaneous army no matter how good they are at fighting. Mongolian flag is easily confused with Mongolian Eight Banners. The names of yellow flag, white flag and positive blue flag in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia are the same as the current system. The above three banners were indeed the establishment and garrison areas of the Mongolian Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. The Eight Banners were placed in the 14th year of Kangxi (1675), which was called the Eight Banners of Chahar and was a nomadic people outside the mouth. They were at the general manager level, with jurisdiction over Beijing and Mongolia. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong, he moved to the capital system (the Eight Banners were unified as subordinate officials) and was stationed in Zhangjiakou. Now only four flags and three flags (two flags with white flags) are kept in the Eight Banners, and the four flags on the right no longer exist. The region should be in Liangcheng, Zhuozi, Qiancha, Youzhong, Youhou, Jining and Huade counties of Wulanchabu League. The establishment of the Eight Banners in Mongolia shows the basic perfection and comprehensive establishment of the Eight Banners system, which not only greatly expanded the military resources of the Qing government, but also helped to fight against the Ming Dynasty, and fundamentally strengthened the administrative rule and management of all ethnic groups in Northeast China. It promoted the political, economic and cultural development of all parts of the country and further strengthened the strength of the late Jin and Qing Dynasties.