The Ming Dynasty was an important period for the spread and popularization of Guan Yu's belief, and the military activities in the Ming Dynasty played an important role in the spread and popularization of Guan Yu's belief because of its inherent fluidity. The spread of Guan Yu's belief, especially in the frontier and coastal areas where Guan Yu's belief was weak, played an irreplaceable role from the emigration of Wei Institute in the early Ming Dynasty to the Ye Jiajing War in the middle of Ming Dynasty, thus laying a solid foundation for Guan Yu's standardized national worship in the Qing Dynasty. Keywords: Ming Dynasty; Guan Yu's belief; The belief in Guan Yu was gradually formed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, but it didn't really spread until the Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period of the Ming dynasty, it was already? The incense in the shrine in the world is nothing more than Guan Sheng, and its power should be inspired. What those who carry biographies see and hear are all burning, not empty? And become? Family shrine, family prayer? 、? Every woman? What must be known ranked first among the four righteous gods at that time. (2) Unlike the construction of Guandi Temple in the mainland, which is dominated by the official government and ordinary people, in some remote areas and overseas places where Guan Yu's belief atmosphere is not very strong, the soldiers of the Health Institute have become an indispensable subject of Guan Yu's belief and Guandi Temple construction. It can be said that Guan Yu's belief in the Ming Dynasty is closely related to military activities. From the emigration of Wei Suo in the early Ming Dynasty to Jiajing, the enemy rebellion and other military activities in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Guan Yu's belief has been continuously injected with new vitality. At present, the academic research on Guan Yu's belief is fruitful, but the research on the spread and popularization of Guan Yu's belief in Ming Dynasty is rare. Guandi Temple, as a real materialized carrier of Guan Yu's belief, can play a role in continuously spreading and strengthening Guan Yu's worship in an ancient society with illiteracy in the majority, inconvenient transportation and blocked information. Military activities in Ming Dynasty played an irreplaceable role in the construction of Guandi Temple and the spread of Guan Yu's belief because of its strong mobility. Based on the distribution of Guan Yu temples in Ming Dynasty, this paper tries to discuss the spread of Guan Yu belief in Ming Dynasty from the perspective of military activities in Ming Dynasty. Wei Suo Immigrants and the Spread of Guan Yu Belief Gu Cheng pointed out:? From the northeast to the northwest and then to the southwest, these places, which constitute about half of the territory of the Ming Empire, generally have no administrative agencies in the Ming Dynasty (especially in the early Ming Dynasty), but are managed by Dusi (Hangdusi) and its subordinate Wei. ? ④ In the border areas, soldiers and their families became the main body of immigrants, and they were also faithful followers of Guan Yu. Therefore, the early Guandi temples built in Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places all have a strong military color. Some frontier hospitals in northern Shaanxi and their adjacent areas belong to the places where Guandi Temple was built earlier. Shaanxi Hangdu Temple was built in the 23rd year of Hongwu (1390), and Zhuanglang Guan Wei Temple was built in the 21st year of Hongwu. Qianhu Temple in Weining, Xining was built in the 19th year of Hongwu. Guanwei Temple near Zhenbian was built in Chenghua period; Gao Tai Weiqian Temple was built in the seventh year of Jingtai (1456), the eighteenth year of Chenghua (1482) and the thirteenth year of Hongzhi (1500), and then it was repaired. In addition to the Nanguan Guandi Temple built in the 29th year of Hongwu, Shandan Wei rebuilt the Guandi Temple in the Hot Spring Castle of Yuan Dynasty in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13). ⑤ In addition to the old temple built in the Tang Dynasty in the northeast corner of the Acropolis, Yongtongqiao Temple was built in the 23rd year of Chenghua in Ningxia. ⑥ Pingliang House Jingning House closed the temple, and Hongwu rebuilt it in seven years. During the Jiajing period, Guan Temple could be seen in all counties of Pingliang Prefecture. ⑧ Guandi Temple in Yuan Dynasty under Lintao government was rebuilt in the thirty-first year of Hongwu. In the early years of Wanli, Liang Wen, a participant, repaired Hezhou Temple. In the early years of Hongwu, he directed Wang Yi to rebuild the ancient temple of Song Dynasty in the west gate of Qingyang prefecture. Pet-name ruby Ningzhou ancient temple was also restored in Xuande years. Attending the Ming Dynasty, the temple was built in Hanzhong County earlier. Ximengguan Temple in Xing 'an League was founded by thousands of households in Hongwu four years, and Guanmiao in Chenggu County was also built in Hongwu eight years. Thanks to the efforts of hospital soldiers, Guandi Temple appeared in the coastal and western areas of Fujian. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, the temples in Funing Prefecture were closed. Defend hundreds of families established in Zhang Qing? . Zhangzhou Zhenhai Acropolis, Liu Ao Lock City, Tongshan Lock City and Xuanzhongsuo Chengguan Temple were all built in the middle and late Hongwu period. During the period of Zheng De, Zhang Zhou Tongshanwei said in Wang Guan Temple in Tongcheng, Ding Jian? In the twenty years of Hongwu, in order to prevent buildings from being invaded, Tongshan was built, and statues were carved to worship Tongshan to protect officers and men. . Shaowufu Jin Xian Fangguan Temple is an ancient temple in Song Dynasty. Yongle seven years, Shao Wu officers and soldiers? When the army marched westward, God took advantage of Yin Gong, so he won a great victory and rebuilt his own temple. The orthodox collection of Shayoukou also depends on magic. Soldiers worship and sacrifice all the time? . Many temples built by Guangdong Health Center before Hongzhi were built during Hongwu period. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (138 1), after the Ming army entered Yunnan, a large number of temples were built. For example, the Guandi Temple in Xuanwei Street in Lin 'an was relocated by the commander in chief in the eighteenth year of Hongwu. The Guandi Temple in the southwest of Dali Prefecture was rebuilt by Wei of Dali during the Hongwu period. During the period of Zheng De, Lin 'an Prefecture was already? Are there temples in Wang Guan in all counties? . The southwest Guan Temple in Dayao County, Yao 'an Military and Civilian Mansion, is a place where thousands of officials sacrifice flags on the first frost day every year. Guandi Temple in the northwest of Xundian Prefecture is the place where the officers and men of the Academy sacrifice flags every year. Does Nan 'an in Chuxiong Prefecture administer Dongguan Temple? When Jiajing and Jiajing were in contact with foreign thieves, the magistrate was built to warn the states? . Before Yuan Dynasty, there was only one Guan Temple to the south of Zhicheng in Guizhou, but before Hongzhi, most health centers had related temples. The Guandi Temple built in Guizhou also has obvious military nature. The construction of Guan Wei Temple in Bijie is closely related to military activities. Fifteen years of Hongwu? Tian Bing decided to Nanzhao? , the following year, after the move, because Tongzhi Liu Zhen made a wish before the war? If you win, should you remove the disadvantages and do a new one? Afterwards, I built a temple. Let people expect that God will restore the spirit of the earth, and I will fulfill Yao An's wish? . In the third year of Jiajing (1524), the company commander Niu Huan repaired the Guandi Temple built in the Yuan Dynasty in Xuanweisi, Guizhou, bringing the number of Guandi temples in this area to two. The Dongguan Temple in Tongren was built by the commander-in-chief Wang Yuanlian in the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing. In the thirty years of Wanli, Chen Lin, the company commander, built the Longtouyingguan Temple and rebuilt the Dongguan Temple in the county to help Guan Yu show his spirit and ensure the safety of one party. In addition, according to Xiguan's records, twenty-six years ago in Jiajing, most of the important passes along the Great Wall in the west of Beijing had been completed, and there were even temples in the Xishan Pass in Juyongguan. The Japanese rebellion during Jiajing period and the spread of Guan Yu belief in South China, especially in the coastal areas of South Zhili, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, the real large-scale popularization of Guan Yu belief was after the anti-Japanese struggle during Jiajing period. In the South Zhili area, the first people to invest in repairing temples were some guards, civilians and Taoist priests. The concept of bamboo fragrance in Wuxian County was built by Wei in Suzhou during Yongle period. Qingcun Temple and Nanhuizui Temple in Songjiang Prefecture were built by Chen Xu and Sharla Cheung at the end of Hongwu and the beginning of Yongle respectively. By the time of Zhengde, there were temples in Suzhou and most counties under Songjiang, and there were as many as four temples in Songjiang area. In the late Jiajing period, the Japanese invaders invaded China on a large scale, and even went deep into Shexian County and Jixi County of Huizhou Prefecture, and Jingde County, Jingxian County and Nanling County of Ningguo Prefecture. Ming * * * and the coastal people actively resisted Japan, and every victory of the loyalist was attributed to Guan Yu's help. Commander Wei of Yangzhou knows it like a stone. The former emperor raised six titles. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, the island navigator invaded the southeast of Yangzhou, and the situation was very embarrassing. He prayed to King Wu 'an in his official uniform, and he got help and made great achievements. On the first merit, the imperial court added this post on the basis of the first attack theory. So the world donated money to build a temple on the left side of the north gate to protect the gods? . In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, Xu Hai was captured. Zhao Gongyi, the god of Hou Zhigong, ordered the Li Si Temple to be located in Cheung Chau. The harem flourished in the north, beginning with the temples of the counties in the south of the Yangtze River? . The construction of Guandi Temple in Zhejiang was also after Jiajing and the Japanese Revolution. Jiajing thirty-four years,? Following the Southeast Rebellion, the Japanese Emperor ordered Zhao Guanwen to be sent to China for peace talks, and his division was stationed in Jiaxing. It will be a great success if the army sees that Guan should help our teachers. Zhao Gong invited Chao to set up a temple in Jiaxing to worship Hou? . Guan Yu's old temple in Xuling Mountain, Yuyao, Shaoxing was also expanded because of Jiajing's meritorious service and Japan's transformation of Guan Yu. ? Yaoyao, an old Japanese slave, was embarrassed and sleepy. Pray in the temple that the thief will be killed by a pawn. Therefore, when Lu and the elders of the city discussed the temple system. After Jiajing Chen Bing began in June, the scale of products began to be macro in 24 years, and Jiezhou and Dangyang were afraid of Wei Li. ? The change of Jiajing, Hu Zongxian? Training in Shouchun Temple in Wushan, waiting for a dream, if there are public figures. Did you break the thief's line? Then, the original Baolian Hospital was changed into Guandi Temple. After Wanli, the construction of Guandi Temple gradually extended to northern Zhejiang and coastal areas. Hangzhou Wu Shan in the early years of Wanli? There are many temples, public temples are not built, and people are scarce. In the 14th year of Wanli (1586), it began to inherit the right area of Ling Ying Palace, the portrait temple? Eighteen years of Wanli, the whole construction continued, thirty-two years of Wanli, formal? Into the spring and autumn? . In the middle and late Wanli period, there were six temples in Qiantang County alone. Based on the construction and renovation of Guandi Temple by Wei Institute in the early Ming Dynasty, the renovation of Guandi Temple in Fujian and Guangdong became more prosperous. Like the Guan Temple in Zhaoan County, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, which was in Jiajing thirty-seven years? Gong Youcheng, a magistrate of a county, has a dream of protecting the city and should stand up. . Shima town in Haicheng County dismounted from his horse and closed the temple, all of which were built during Jiajing period. Xinghua Prefecture is a municipality directly under the Central Government. At the beginning of Qin Long, temples were built every year. In the coastal areas of Guangdong, the Xishan Guandi Temple in Shunde County, Guangzhou was built in Jiajing forty-three years. Has Fang Min been built? In the twelfth year of Wanli, what is the concept of county governance in Xin 'an County? Participate in the reconstruction of Fangboshu County King? . By the middle of Wanli, temples had been built in most cities such as guangzhou fu and Shaozhou, and two temples had been built in Haiyang County, where Chaozhou was located. In addition, temples had been built in Nanxiong prefecture to the middle of Wanli, and most temples in other counties had been closed by the middle and late of Wanli. Other military activities and the spread of Guan Yu's belief began in the early Ming Dynasty, and Guan Yu can often be seen in all major military activities. Many records about Guan Yu recorded the battle between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang in Poyang Lake, and the story that Judy, the founder of Judy's Northern Expedition, made trouble without reason and Guan Yu showed the spirit of helping others. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, the Records of Huolu County also left a record of Guan Yu's assistance during Jiajing. I traveled all over Zhao Yan in Qilu, crossed Taihang Mountain in the west and visited Guanlong Market in Jin Dynasty. It is often said by elders that when there are troubles on the border, rocks and rocks meet, the smoke and dust are boundless, or the wind and rain shake the mausoleum, our army is in danger, and the soldiers mourn for you, and everyone is happy, that is, when Hou Lingqi's feathers cover the air, the divine light flashes. After a while, Lu was shocked and collapsed to the ground. ? In the subsequent military activities, Guan Yu was regarded as a spiritual pillar. Qin Long for six years (1572)? The big levy was hazy, the soldiers were prepared to supervise the army, and the night dreams helped, so they won a great victory? After the enfeoffment, a new temple was built in Lipu County, Guangxi PingYuefu, and it was sacrificed every year. Zhongzuo Temple in Guangning, the capital of Liaodong? From the beginning of Chenghua, it is greater than Hongzhi, and the two innovations are in Wanli. What about four ups and downs? ; Guan Wei Temple in Qiantun, Guangning was burnt down by fire in the 11th year of Jiajing, and was restored in the 12th year of Jiajing and 13th year of Jiajing respectively. What is the reason why temples are built so frequently in Liaodong area? Liao is a neighbor of Yi, an enemy of Lu, and an enemy of Japan. If you are not loyal and brave, you will be born to protect yourself. Who is willing to dedicate himself to the country and resist disasters for the people? ? So I hope Guan is smart? You praise secrets, enlighten people, and make Xian Loyalty and Righteousness, so as to serve the country? . Miao Tiancheng also fully affirmed Guan Yu's position and role in military activities in Rebuilding Wang Guan Temple written by Guangning for the left. ? I am the right-hand man and military attache of Sanhai Shenjing. I'm not loyal or brave. Far away belongs to the country, and non-public prestige cannot be shaken. What about Kuang Jinyou's boundary? ? With the deterioration of the situation in Liaodong border, the expansion speed of Guandi Temple is also accelerating. Sun Chengzong, the minister of the Ministry of War, said in Rebuilding the Temple of General Guanzhuang in the Pre-Han Dynasty. It is almost more difficult for Yang Hou to go to the military parade at the apocalypse of Jiazi. Or God bless you, publicize it for a while. In its peculiar language, let me simply compile the temples in Ningyuan. ? Soon, Sun Chengzong experienced the expansion project of Shanhaiguan Wei Temple in the third year of Chongzhen (1630). In this situation, Guan Yu and Feng Chong also reached a new height. In forty-two years of Wanli, Guan Yu was named? The Three Realms descended on Mundus, showing great power, Guan Jun? , built a three-day shrine in Zhengyangmen, and announced it to the world, for the sake of? The border is calm, the four barbarians are undisturbed, and the ruling and opposition parties are at peace? . In May of the 20th year of Wanli, Japan invaded Korea, and the Ming Dynasty sent troops to Korea to help fight the Japanese pirates. With the assistance of Li Dynasty, guerrilla Chen Lin built the Guandi Temple outside Chongli Gate in Seoul, bringing Guan Yu's faith overseas. In the Ming Dynasty, Guan Yu's belief began to go out of the previous spontaneous disorder and gradually moved towards the development path of sanctification. Guan Yu's God-making movement began to enter a new stage and transformed into a standard national worship, and the final completion of this process will be in the Qing Dynasty. Guan Yu was closely related to military activities in the Ming Dynasty and was admired by soldiers. In addition to government advocacy, it is closely related to at least the following reasons. First of all, Guan Yu's image of loyalty, righteousness and courage is highly respected by soldiers. During the orthodox period, it was pointed out in the Story of King Wu Yong 'an Temple written for Guandi Temple in Datong Prefecture. At the beginning, the voice of loyalty and righteousness was circulated at that time, but it benefited future generations. Those who admire their strong style are worshipped in temples, especially the soldiers in Chen Wu. ? Second, the power of protection. Soldiers do not distinguish between the north and the south. Every time there is a war, they will seek shelter. Cheng, a native of Xiuning, Anhui Province, was a scholar in Chenghua for two years. He recalled in "Three Treatise on Sacrifices of Hou Ting of Hanshou and Ancestors Zhong Zhuanggong, King Gong of Tang Yue and Zhang Gong of Zhong Cheng". The loyalty of Tinghou in Hanshou is well known all over the world, and the first man has tasted dreams many times, and every time he started his career, he was enshrined in his account. ? . The Ming army also often sacrificed Guan Yu to the teaching ground. God of life in the three armed forces? . Finally, it is related to the lower overall cultural level of the Ming army. In ancient illiterate society, supernatural belief was often used as a means of running the army. Qi Jiguang frankly pointed out:? Every soldier in the south will read the treaty from beginning to end, believing it and fearing it. When the generals came down here, they could tell the difference between Lu fish and fish, but they had their own imperial edicts, never remembering a word, such as training treaties, and even sitting on the ground tying knots, which was very temperate. Those who can't read in the frontier must read and learn from Ding Bai. ? Therefore, it is a good way to use religious superstition as an exhortation to assist military education. Note: ① Cai Dongzhou: A Preliminary Study on the Reasons for Guan Yu's Belief in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Volume 10 of Essays on Song History, edited by Zhu Ruixi, Lanzhou University Press, 2004. ② Xie: Five Miscellaneous Notes, Volume XV, Part III, Shanghai Bookstore, 200 1 year. ③ The monograph is Hong Shuling's Study on Guan Gong's Folk Modeling: An Investigation Centered on Guan Gong's Legend (Taiwan Province University Press,1995); A study on the worship of Guan Yu by Cai Dongzhou and Wen Tinghai (Bashu Publishing House, 2001); Liu Haiyan's From Folk to Classic (Bookstore, 2004); Collected Works of Guan Yu, Guan Gong and Guan Sheng edited by Lu Xiaoheng (Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2002). Papers include Guo's On the Worship of Guan Yu in Ming and Qing Dynasties (China History Research No.3,1990); Ge Jiyong and Shi, The Formation, Introduction and Influence of Guandi Belief (Journal of Zhejiang University, Social Science Edition, No.5, 2004), etc. ④ Gu Cheng: The Territorial Management System of the Ming Empire, Historical Research No.3, 1989. ⑦ ⑩ Chen Menglei: Integration of ancient and modern books? Professional Code, Volume 577, Shaanxi Hangdu Temple Examination, Volume 553, Pingliang Temple Examination, Volume 572, Qingyang Temple Examination, Volume 53 1, Hanzhong Temple Examination, Volume 1082, Xinghua Temple Examination 1, Volume 1323, South Yi, Shanghai Zhonghua Book Company, 1934. ⑥ Hu compiled "Ningxia Xinzhi" Volume II "Altar Sacrifice to Ancestors", and Tianyi Pavilion collected selected local chronicles of the Ming Dynasty. Today, Zhao Shichun compiled Pingliang Fuzhi? "Sikuquanshu" series series "Tanci". Pet-name ruby beam "Qingyang government records" volume nine "altar? Temple, a rare local history of China. The Chronicle of Bamin compiled by Huang includes 60 volumes of Ancestral Temple and a series of books in The Complete Book of Siku. Yongzheng: Guandi Worship and Zhangzhou Folklore, Journal of Zhangzhou Normal University, No.3, 1998. Xing Zhi compiled the Four Classics of Shao Wu Fu Zhi, and Tianyi Pavilion collected Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty. Zhou Jifeng compiled "Yunnan Tongzhi" Volume 3 Lin 'an House? Temple is a sequel to Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty collected by Tianyi Pavilion. Zhou Jifeng compiled Yunnan Tongzhi Volume Three Dali Mansions? Temple ",Volume 9" Yao An Military and Civilian Mansion? Temple is a sequel to Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty collected by Tianyi Pavilion. Wang compiled the 11th volume of Xundian Prefecture Records, Sacrifice Festival, and Tianyi Pavilion collected Selected History of Ming Dynasty. The fourth volume of Records of Chuxiong Prefecture compiled by Xu Xu is a rare series of local chronicles in China. Xie Dongshan compiled "Guizhou Tongzhi" Volume 7 "Ancestor Sacrifice", and Tianyi Pavilion collected "Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty". Chen Yiyue compiled Records of Tongren Prefecture, Volume 6, Records of Ancestors' Sacrifice? Temple, a rare series of local chronicles in China. Wang Shiqiao compiled Xiguan Zhi, Volume 4 Temple, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990. There are 20 volumes of Wu County Records compiled by Niu, and Tianyi Pavilion has collected a series of selected local records of Ming Dynasty. Chen Wei edited the Records of Songjiang Prefecture, Volume 15, Tan Temple, and Tianyi Pavilion received the continuation of Selected Records of Ming Dynasty. Du Bangjie compiled "Continuation of Ganquan County", Volume 15 "Wu Ji 'an Monument", which was engraved in the tenth year of the Republic of China. Tang Shunzhi: Changzhou Newly-built Temple of Emperors, which records the Records of Arts and Literature compiled by Tang Dynasty in the 31st year of Wanli. Weng Dali: Rebuilding Wu 'an Wang Temple Monument in Xu Lingshan, Yuyao, Q.luv Tangji's Records of Guan Gong Temple before Han Dynasty, Volume 8, Literature and Art, printed in the 31st year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. Zhang Huan: Records of Shouchun 'an's Newly-built Hanshou Pavilion and Records of Ancestral Temples before the Han Dynasty, compiled by Tang Dynasty, were published in the thirty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. Wang Diji: The Inscription of Guan Gong Temple in Wushan, Collected Works of Guan Jun, Volume 26, edited by Zhou Guangye, Qingganlong Engraving Edition. Nie Xintang compiled "Qiantang County Records"? Discipline? Temple, a sequel to the series integration. Yuan "Zhangzhou Fuzhi" Volume 29 "Zhaoan County? Palace Temple, China History Series. Yongzheng: Guandi Worship and Zhangzhou Folklore, Journal of Zhangzhou Normal University, No.3, 1998. Guo Fei compiled "Guangdong Tongzhi" Volume 18 "Guangzhou Fu"? Tan temple; Volume 28 Shaozhou? Tan temple; Volume 41 "Chaozhou House? "Si Ku Quan Shu" series "Tan Temple". Yu Xian compiled the Records of Huolu County, which contains four volumes of Sacrifice, and The Collection of Tianyi Pavilion is the sequel to Selected Records of the Ming Dynasty. Wang Yi compiled the eighth volume of Jinxian County Records, Rebuilding Wang Guan Temple, Literature and Art Records and Three Seas Series. Li Fu compiled the fifth volume of Quan Zhi in Liao Dynasty, The Story of Building Wang Guan Temple in Qiantun, Guangning, The Story of Rebuilding Wang Guan Temple in Liaoyang and The Three Seas Series. Dong Liu and Yu Yizheng: A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital, Volume III Guandi Temple, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983. Wu Han: A Record of Korea's Li Dynasty, Part II, Historical Materials of China, Volume IV, Records of Su Zong II, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980. There are fourteen Ji Wen of Shaanxi Tongzhi and a series of Si Quan Shu Cun Mu. Cheng: Huang Dun Ji, Volume 11, Wen Yuan Ge Si Ku Quan Shu. Yan: The Complete Works of Cong Guitang, Volume III, Inscriptions, and Si Ku Series. Qi Jiguang: Chen Bianqing and His Chariots, ed., Volume 350, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.