1September, 859 17, tsiolkovsky was born in a beautiful village in Ryazan province, and his father named him Constantine. There are seven children in this family, and Constantine is the fifth. About his parents, Constantine recalled in his later years: "My father was always so calm. Among acquaintances, he is smart and eloquent, while among bureaucrats, he is known for his blushing and unbearable integrity. " My father likes architecture. He once led several children to build models of buildings and palaces, and always told his sons to do more manual work and stand on their own feet. Mothers are completely different personalities. She is lively and enthusiastic. When she is impatient, she speaks loudly and is very capable. Constantine believes that his father gave him a strong will, and his mother gave him talent and enthusiasm for things.
Perhaps all the hardships suffered by any great man in his early days are the necessary conditions for him to become a great man. Constantine cut off contact with the outside world because of deafness, but since then he has embarked on the road of independent thinking and good at fantasy. While studying book knowledge, he tested his knowledge in various ways. On one occasion, he made his own protractor and measured the distance from the fire station at a distance of 284 meters without leaving home. Then, he checked on foot, and the result was completely correct, which doubled his confidence in science and he began to understand the guiding significance of theoretical knowledge to real life.
1In the autumn of 877, tsiolkovsky passed the qualification examination for rural middle school teachers. Four months later, he was appointed as a math teacher in a middle school in Borov County, Kaluga Province. In Borough County, he rented two houses to live in. The landlord is a widow and has a daughter named sokolova. Tsiolkovsky set up his own laboratory and started independent research while teaching. Later, he married sokolova.
188 1 year, tsiolkovsky did a lot of thinking and research on gas theory, finished a paper and sent it to the Physical Chemistry Society in Petersburg. Scientists of the Society were very surprised when they saw tsiolkovsky's paper. Because the contents and conclusions of the paper are completely correct, this problem was successfully solved more than 20 years ago. Scientists don't think this young man is a liar or a plagiarist. They think that this young scholar may be out of touch with the outside world and have not known his "discovery" for many years. Mendeleev, a famous scientist, wrote a carefully worded letter to tsiolkovsky, expressing his appreciation for his work and achievements, and encouraging him, hoping that he would make greater achievements in the future.
1892, tsiolkovsky's research interest turned to airships. He published many papers about airships and put forward the idea of all-metal rigid airships. During this period, he also studied the plane, but the experimental work could not be carried out due to insufficient funds. This made him realize that it is difficult to get practical results for large-scale engineering problems like airships or airplanes by one person in his spare time. So he felt that he should do some theoretical research. At this time, he began to devote his main energy to space flight research.
1882 mastered Newton's third law in the process of self-study. This seemingly simple principle of action and reaction made him suddenly enlightened. In his diary on March 28th, he wrote: "If an opening is opened at one end of the barrel filled with high-pressure gas, the gas will be ejected through this small opening, which will generate a reaction force on the barrel and make the barrel move in the opposite direction." This passage is an image description of the principle of rocket flight.
1883, in a paper entitled "Free Space", tsiolkovsky formally proposed to use the reaction device as the propulsion power of space travel tools. His qualitative explanation of this rocket power is that the theoretical basis of rocket motion is Newton's third law and the law of conservation of energy. These ideas were further developed in the science fiction novel On the Moon published by 1893 and the Earth-Moon Phenomenon and Gravitational Effect written by 1895. 1896, he began to study the related problems of interstellar travel in theory, and further clarified that only rockets can achieve this goal. 1897, he deduced the famous equation of rocket motion.
On the basis of these works, tsiolkovsky completed a classic research paper on astronautics "Studying Space with Jet Tools" in 1898. Then, he was in 19 10 year,191year, 19 12 year and19/kloc-0. These excellent works systematically laid the theoretical foundation of astronautics.
After studying the theory of rocket motion, tsiolkovsky studied and prospected the problem of interstellar navigation. In a paper published in 19 1 1, he described in detail the whole process of manned spacecraft from launch to orbit, including the spectacular scene when the spacecraft took off, the influence of overweight and weightlessness on astronauts, the strange performance of objects in weightlessness, and the fascinating landscapes of the earth and the sky at different heights. People read his works as if they had personally experienced the feeling of a spaceship going to heaven.
1September 1935 19, tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga at the age of 78. He won many honors in his later years. After his death, the former Soviet government gave him more honors: 1954, the former Soviet Academy of Sciences established the tsiolkovsky Gold Medal; The government built a memorial statue for him and the tsiolkovsky Museum in Kaluga. He is known as the "father of Russian space flight" and the greatest pioneer of space flight in the world.
Today, there is still a famous saying in the aerospace industry, which was written by tsiolkovsky in his letter to Aviation Review magazine: "The earth is the cradle of mankind, but mankind cannot be bound in the cradle forever."
Learning point
Overweight and weightlessness
Overweight is the phenomenon that the pressure of the object on the support (or the pulling force on the suspension rope) is greater than the gravity of the object. When an object accelerates upward or decelerates downward, it is overweight, that is, no matter how it moves, it is overweight as long as it has upward acceleration. Overweight is more common when launching spacecraft. All the spaceships and their astronauts were overweight at the beginning of the accelerated ascent.
Weightlessness refers to a state in which an object has mass but does not show it when it moves freely in a gravitational field, also known as zero gravity. Weightlessness sometimes refers to zero gravity and microgravity environment.