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Courtyard landscape painting in Song Dynasty emphasizes reason, quality, interest and reality. The early landscape paintings "Water can't drown" and "People are in Yamanoe" have developed into You Chuntu by Zhan Ziqian in Sui Dynasty. The painting has the characteristics of gardening in line with natural laws, with proper space, staggered peaks and hills, and proper treatment of trees, stones and houses. Hao Jing, a painter of the Five Dynasties, lived in seclusion in Taihang Mountain. He felt the true feelings of natural mountains and rivers and summed up a series of laws. He said in "Bi Tan" that "every tree is as true as it is" and "seeking the wonderful and creating the true". His creative thoughts had a great influence on the landscape paintings of the three schools in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Guo School and the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Songnian and Xia Jue School. The painting method in landscape painting was originally invented to faithfully simulate objects. Under the influence of "seeking beauty and creating truth", different painters and painting schools in different regions have created different painting methods: Dong Yuan created "Pima method", which is different from Hao Jing's "small axe chopping" and is more suitable for expressing the mountain quality in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Cheng is not only different from Jing Guan, but also different from Dong Ju. He founded the Cirrus Cloud Group according to the characteristics of Qilu region. Fan Kuan, on the other hand, described the characteristics of the mountain boulders in Guanshan with straight short lines, creating a "raindrop mound". Guo studied under Li Cheng, but he was more sincere in creation than Li Cheng, developed his own painting method and became a major school of painting in the Northern Song Dynasty. Two meters was inspired by Dong Jushan's water, different from the secular, and founded the "Mi Diantuan". Their star array is very poor, and their concern for real life and true feelings has replaced their longing for religious infatuation and illusory paradise. They pay attention to "the weather is bleak, the smoke forest is clear" and "the mountains are deep and the momentum is strong", resulting in the landscape painting of the Song Dynasty: the composition is urgent, the pen and ink are rigorous, and the artistic conception is lofty.
According to Pictorial, "only Ying Qiu Li Cheng, Chang 'an Guan Tong and Huayuan Fan Kuan painted landscapes." "Three Zhi Ding, EMI standard curriculum. "Refers to the three landscape painting circles in the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty-Guan Tong, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan. Three of them are northerners, and their successors are Wang Shiyuan, Wang Duan, Yan Wengui, Xu Daoning, Gao Keming, Guo, Li Cheng and Qiu Nahe. Yuan's "Painting Guide" said: "Landscape is a kind of thing, it is a beautiful expression of nature. Yin and Yang are dark, sunny and rainy, cold and hot, faint day and night, and endless fun; Since it is not a ravine in the chest, Wang Yang is like a wave of people, which is not easy to copy. For example, from the Six Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, although there were many painters, the brushwork position was better than the ancient meaning. Starting with Wang Wei, Zhang Yun, Bi Hong and Zheng Qian, they all went out to study their theories. Five generations of Jing Guan, don't innovate, learn first and then wash. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Dong Yuan, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan had an unprecedented tripartite confrontation, and the landscape method was first prepared. Under the three families, each family has two or three disciples and will not be disappointed. "Guan Tong's painting style influenced Li Cheng and Fan Kuan, who lived in the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty. Therefore, the "Three Scenes" in the Northern Song Dynasty were represented by Li, Fan and Dong, among which Li became the first, followed by Fan Kuan, and Dong Yuan had a great influence on later generations. At that time, Li Cheng's landscape was "the first in the dynasty" and "the standard of one hundred generations". "So the people who truly influenced the landscape of the Song Dynasty and later generations in an all-round way were Li Cheng and Fan Kuan in the north and Dong Yuan in the south.
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"Hua Jian" also said: "Dong Yuan has the spirit of mountains and rivers, Li Cheng has bones and muscles, and Fan Kuan has bones. Therefore, the three schools shine in ancient and modern times and are the teachers of hundreds of generations. " These three schools have different interests and styles in understanding nature.
Li Cheng was born in the fifth year of Emperor Liang and died in the fifth year of Gande (965,438+09). The ancestral home is in Chang 'an, which is the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty. His grandfather, Li Ding, was a priest in Suzhou at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Later, he moved from Suzhou to Yingqiu, Shandong, and became a native of Yingqiu. He has experienced ups and downs all his life, so he is very lucky and likes painting and calligraphy. His landscape began to learn from Jing Guan. Hao Jing and Guan Tong inherited the Tang and Song Dynasties with "panoramic" landscape paintings, which marked the high maturity of Tang and Song landscape paintings. Li Cheng was deeply influenced by them, and made Jing Ke and Guan magnificent, fresh and beautiful. Because Li Cheng lives in Yingqiu, Shandong Province, unlike Guan Tong, he is facing the Qilu Guang school, which is a hilly plain. Therefore, his paintings are "nearsighted as thousands of miles away" and have the characteristics of plane composition. His failure in life and official career also determines his tragic and helpless state of mind, which makes his works show a state of broadmindedness, aloofness and loneliness. His ink is light and smooth, and his pen is very thin. "Cherish ink like gold, light ink like a dream fog, and the picture is muddy." Huang's "Writing Mountains and Waters" states: "Use light ink first, and then use thick ink to separate the boundary, so there are many moist places on the original paper." On the pile of rocks reading the stone map of the monument, he drew several towering old trees and climbing vines. In the cold wilderness, an old man named Dai Li rode a mule and read the inscription on a huge monument standing beside a tree. On the side of the tablet is written: "Wang Xiao painted figures, Li Cheng painted trees." The soil slope in the painting rolls like the wind with a pen, and the pen and ink are light and elegant; Dead wood is outlined by peaks in the pen, cold wood is strong and straight, dead branches are changeable, and it is as strong as bent iron. Qing Anqi's "Mobian Meeting View" says: "With ink and wash as a flat vision, it has a unique location and far-reaching charm, and the trees are crooked and sloping." The painting is so ancient that the Tang people are ignorant.
The trees he painted are natural, with loose stems and strong stems, lush foliage and elegant wildness. "The tree was the first at that time", "His cold forest was planted in caves for fear of exposure, in order to promote the gentleman's rebellion; Since the rest of the plants are planted and born in the flat land, it also enhances the status of the villain, which is of little significance. "
Many painters are deeply influenced by Li Cheng, such as Yan Wengui, Xu Daoning, Fan Kuan, Guo,.
Although Fan Kuan is also a northerner, he maintained and developed Jing Guan's neat demeanor. Both he and Li Cheng studied under Hao Jing and Guan Tong, but their artistic styles are quite different because of their different living areas and experiences.
Fan Kuan, whose real name is Zhongzheng, was born in Huayuan. He is generous and heroic in Guanzhong. He is "elegant, outgoing, alcoholic and informal." I like painting landscapes, and I studied under Li Cheng and Hao Jing. The top of the mountain is a dense forest, and the water is a protruding stone. "On the one hand, his paintings" learn from the principles of the ancients ",on the other hand" learn from the principles of nature "."Painting and Experience "contains:" Living in the mountains, always sitting in danger all day long, looking around for fun. Although in the snowy moon, I will look around and think about it. "He has lived in Zhong Nanshan and Taihua Mountain for a long time. He has been thinking about mountains and rivers all his life and watching nature for fun all day. He put pen to paper dignified and old-fashioned, and he really got the backbone of the mountain. However, he is only ancient and not others, but his own family. He learns from Li Cheng, which is different from Li Cheng and Wang Shen. He said: "Li Chengmo's brush is fine, the smoke is light, and it is as delicate as a thousand miles." "Fan Kuan is really like the mountain in front of him, vigorous and powerful, and his pen is old and powerful. "Secondly, Li Cheng's landscape is" literary "and" martial ",which shows the desolation in the forest and the quiet and broad artistic conception; Fan Kuan's performance is lofty and lofty, and his artistic conception is magnificent and heroic. It can be seen from Fan Kuan's works "Journey to the Western Hills" and "Snow Scene and Cold Forest Map" that the main peaks of his landscape paintings are prominent and magnificent, giving people an aggressive majesty. He pays attention to the detailed description of mountains, rocks, landscapes, materials and bones, and carefully creates waterfalls and flowing springs deep in deep valleys and ancient Woods. His "nail head" or "raindrop shape" paintings have a far-reaching impact on later generations. The painters who followed him were Huang Huaiyu, Ji Zhen, Shang Xun and Yan Wengui, who had a great influence on the landscape paintings of Li Tang and the Southern Song Dynasty.
Dong Yuan's work is a Jiangnan landscape against Li and Fan of the Northern School. Dong Yuan, whose name is Shu Da, is from Zhong Ling. There are two kinds of landscapes: Wang Wei, ink painting type; Colorful plums. His landscape is simple and innocent, simple and quiet, full of literary spirit. Mi Fei said in "History of Painting": "Simple and naive, the Tang people do not have this, above the blue rainbow. There is no comparison between modern gods and high-ranking gods. " "Mountain, cloud shows dark, unfortunately, have fun. Blue and gloomy, strong branches, salty merchants, Xiqiao Yupu, Zhouzhu, Jiangnan. " His greatest achievement is to create the method of "Pima method". He painted trees with the big Pima method, with round and muddy branches and muddy rocks. His paintings are round and moist, lacking rigidity and squareness; Ink and wash are clean and elegant, without rich colors. The composition is flat and quiet, and there are many alum heads on the top of the mountain. Dong Yuan initiated Jiangnan School of Painting, and Ju Ran is the representative of Jiangnan School of Painting. Ju Ran's paintings are "fresh and moist, and the scenery is much more naive". Mi Fei is also deeply influenced by Dong Yuan's smoky and fascinating landscape paintings, which are full of literati aesthetic flavor. Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty called Dong Yuan "the best in the world". His landscape paintings have a far-reaching influence on "Master Yuan" to "Master Qing".
After the Song San family, there are countless descendants of various schools. Guo is the most successful painting school after Li Cheng. At that time, this palace was "a hall dedicated to reciting Xi's works", and his landscape composition was changeable, emphasizing the method of "three distances"; The pen and ink are profound and spicy, and the artistic conception is far-reaching. It has a great influence on later generations, and there are countless followers inside and outside the hospital. He created the style of landscape painting in the Northern Song Dynasty. Under the influence of Li, Fan, Dong and others, realistic panoramic landscape painting reached its acme in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no other landscape painting department, and Li Tang dominated the landscape painting field. However, He, Liu, Ma, Xia and others found another way and appeared the style of "splashing ink".
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After the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, the measures of "paying little attention to taxes" were adopted to promote agricultural production extensively, reclaim wasteland vigorously, strengthen national strength, and make the people rich in white clothes, thus creating a foundation for cultural prosperity. Philosophy, history, poetry and art are all brilliant, and all aspects of development have touched the painting style of the Song Dynasty, that is, the mountains and rivers are overflowing and the statutes are strict.
Politically, "Wen governs the prosperous times" and "Chongwen suppresses martial arts." Scholars have always respected Song Taizu, who said, "In the past, most families were named by noble families. I personally went to the palace to take the exam and tried my best to rectify its shortcomings. " The imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty gave many people the opportunity to be officials and participate in politics, so many painters went out of the mountain and entered the court. During the Northern Song Dynasty, although Li Cheng lived in seclusion in Taihang Mountain and Fan Kuan lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan and Taihua Mountain, their paintings were all famous. "Sheng Chao's Famous Paintings Review" said: "The Song Dynasty has a world of mountains and rivers, but Chiang Kai-shek and Cheng (Li Cheng) are absolutely different, so far." "Fan Kuan's famous mountains and rivers are more important than the world." Yuan Tang said that Fan Kuan's paintings were "colorful", so the court bought Li Cheng's paintings everywhere. Every time Song Shenzong saw Li Cheng's autograph, he was "amazed". At that time, there were as many as 159 pieces of Li Cheng's works in the palace, which showed the great influence of Li Cheng and Fan Kuan at that time, and also showed that the court attached great importance to painters. Guo, who studied under Li Cheng, traveled around the world and later became an official in the imperial court. His description of natural rocks, fairies and rural homes is not an escape from reality, but a memory of the good life in the past. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, it was as famous as Guo, and it was also an example that later dominated the painting circle in the Southern Song Dynasty. During Song Huizong's administration, he went to Kaifeng to take the exam. At that time, the examination question was "Selling restaurants by the bamboo lock bridge". Li Tang got the meaning of "lock", and Hui Zong appreciated it very much. Therefore, the gloomy atmosphere of the times and the enlightenment of humanistic thoughts make the literati and scholars active and their works more vivid. The schools of landscape painting are also full of humanistic connotations, and some of them gradually develop in the direction of "literati aesthetics".
Emperors in the Song Dynasty liked painting, and foreign wars always failed. Rulers regard it as weak and incompetent, so "rule by the people" stabilizes the country and greatly develops social productive forces, agriculture, handicrafts, industry and commerce, science and technology and so on. Material civilization is the fundamental guarantee for the development of painting art. Therefore, with the richness of social material life and the mutual infiltration of literati culture, painters go deep into life, support themselves with smoke clouds, or live in seclusion in the mountains, or wander around nature, and integrate their understanding of nature into landscape painting, seeking strange mountains and creating extreme poverty: Li Cheng depicts his familiar Qilu scenery, Fan Kuan depicts his familiar Guanshan scenery, and Dong Yuan depicts his familiar Jiangnan scenery. Guo even "enjoyed the scenery" and formed a style in line with the "national character" of the Song Dynasty. The expression form, expression technique and humanistic color of courtyard landscape painting in the Song Dynasty reached a peak, which played a role in fueling the development of landscape painting in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.