Robert Boyer 1627- 169 1

Chemical historians regard 166 1 as the beginning of modern chemistry, because a book that had a great influence on the development of chemistry was published this year. This book is The Sceptical Chemist, written by robert boyle, a British scientist. Engels, the revolutionary mentor, also agreed with this view. He praised "Boyle established chemistry as a science". What kind of scientist is Boyle? What outstanding contributions have you made to the development of chemical science?

The extraordinary experience of the era when giants came forth in large numbers.

Boyle lived in the period of British bourgeois revolution, and it was also the era when modern science began to appear. It was an era when giants emerged in large numbers. Boyle was born in Leedsmobile, Ireland on 16271October 25th. Just one year before his birth, Francis Bacon, a modern scientific thinker who put forward the famous assertion that "knowledge is power", just passed away. The great physicist Newton was younger than Boyle 16 years old. The great men of modern science, Galileo in Italy, Kepler in Germany and Descartes in France all lived in this period.

Boyle was born in a noble family, and a well-off family provided good material conditions for his study and future scientific research. When he was a child, he didn't seem particularly clever. He is quiet and stutters. No game can fascinate him, but he is the easiest to learn compared with his brothers. He loves reading and often never leaves his feet. At the age of eight, his father sent him to Eton College in the suburbs of London and studied in a boarding school for aristocratic children for three years. Later, accompanied by a tutor, he and his brother Frank went to Geneva, one of the education centers in Europe, for two years. Here he studied French, practical mathematics, art and other courses. More importantly, Switzerland is the base of Protestantism that emerged in the Reformation, and the Protestant doctrine reflecting bourgeois ideology influenced him. Since then, although Boyle did not participate in any faction in practical actions, he has always been inclined to revolution in thought.

164 1 year, Boyle brothers traveled around Europe accompanied by their mentor and arrived in Italy at the end of the year. Boyle couldn't put it down even when riding on horseback during the trip. In Italy, he read Galileo's masterpiece Dialogue between Two World Systems. This book left a deep impression on him. Twenty years later, his masterpiece The Doubtful Chemist is an imitation of this book. He admired Galileo himself even more.

Boyle's brothers, like their father, were royalists in the British bourgeois revolution. 1644, my father died in battle. The sudden change of family situation and the interruption of economic resources made Boyle return to war-torn Britain. After returning home, he moved to London with his sister, Madame Raniera, who sympathized with the revolution. In London, he met Hartley, a science educator, who encouraged him to study medicine and agriculture.

Boyle is the youngest of 14 brothers and sisters: when he was three years old, his mother died unfortunately. Perhaps because of the lack of mother's care, he was sickly since childhood. Once he was ill because the doctor prescribed the wrong medicine and almost died. Fortunately, his stomach did not absorb the medicine and spit it out, so it was not fatal. With this experience, he was more afraid of doctors than of getting sick, and he didn't want to see a doctor when he was sick. And began to teach myself medicine, looking for prescriptions and remedies to treat myself everywhere. Hartleb's encouragement determined him to study medicine. At that time, doctors all prepared their own drugs, so research medicine also needed to develop drugs and do experiments, which made Boyle interested in chemical experiments.

In the process of studying medicine, he read many works of medical chemists, and he worshipped Belgian medical chemist Helmont, who was 50 years older than him. Helmont devoted himself to chemical experiments day and night, calling himself a philosopher of fire. This became an example for Boyle to learn. Boyle created a laboratory for himself, which was shrouded in soot and smoke all day, completely immersed in the experiment. Boyle thus began his life devoted to science until he died at the end of 169 1.

The elder of the Royal Society.

A group of people interested in science, including professors, doctors, theologians, etc. Since 1644, we have met regularly somewhere to discuss some natural science issues. They call it the invisible university. 1648, because of the unstable war situation in London, and because the forces of bourgeois revolutionaries captured Oxford, revolutionary leader Cromwell appointed Wilkins, a member of the Invisible College, as the dean of Wadan College in Oxford, and some members of the Invisible College also moved to Oxford, and the activity center was transferred from London to Oxford. 1660, because the political situation became stable, the activity center returned to London. With the expansion of the Invisible College, at a meeting of 1660, it was announced that the College was formally established to promote the experimental knowledge of physics and mathematics. Soon after, with the approval of the king, the college became a royal society with the purpose of popularizing natural science knowledge. According to Bacon's thought, the Royal Society attached great importance to the application of science in technology and established a new natural philosophy and became a famous academic group.

Boyle participated in the activities of London Invisibility College from 65438 to 0646. Later, because he was tired of the emptiness of the upper-class life in Beijing, and more importantly, he wanted to concentrate on doing some scientific experiments, he moved to a remote manor of his father, where he studied and conducted scientific experiments for eight years. Although life in the manor is quiet, there are many inconveniences for Boyle's scientific activities, especially his friends who miss the Invisible College very much. /kloc-in 0/654, he moved to Oxford and lodged with a pharmacist near Oxford University. Later, he set up his own well-equipped laboratory and hired some assistants for himself, some of whom were very talented scholars. For example, robert hooke later became a famous scientist. He discovered the law of solid elasticity in which deformation is proportional to stress, made a microscope and observed plant cells. Under the leadership of Boyle, these assistants made observations and experiments to help Boyle collect and sort out scientific materials and letters. In this way, a scientific experimental group was formed around Boyle, whose laboratory was once the meeting place of the invisible college. Boyle's series of scientific research achievements were achieved here, and his epoch-making masterpiece The Skeptical Chemist was also completed here. According to statistics, during the six years from 1660 to 1666, he wrote 10 books and published 20 papers in the Journal of the Royal Society. In Oxford, Boyle has always been the core figure of the Invisible College, and it is Boyle's idea to formally establish an academic group to promote experimental science. However, when the Royal Society was founded in London, Boyle was in Oxford, so he didn't become the first full member of the Society. However, it is generally believed that Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society and was appointed as one of the first directors.

1668, Boyle decided to move from Oxford to London after learning the news of his brother-in-law's death, and live with his dear sister, Madame Lenilla. After arriving in London, he built a laboratory in his sister's backyard to continue his research. He is indifferent to social activities, even a little disgusted. However, he closely linked his scientific activities with the Royal Society, thus winning a high reputation in the Royal Society and being recognized as the leader of the scientific community. 1670, he suffered from fatigue in his garden and recovered after a long period of treatment. So when Boyle was elected president of the Royal Society in 1680, he refused to take office because he was sickly and hated the swearing-in ceremony.

Outstanding achievements, immortal contributions

Boyle's interest in scientific research is multifaceted. He has studied gas physics, meteorology, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, chemistry, technology, material structure theory, philosophy and theology. Among them, chemistry is the most outstanding achievement.

Like many scientists at that time, Boyle first studied air. By studying the physical properties of air, especially the vacuum experiment, he realized that the suction force produced by vacuum is the pressure of air. He did a series of experiments to investigate the relationship between air pressure and volume, and deduced the mathematical relationship between air pressure and volume. In his book "A New Experiment of Air Elasticity and Its Physical Mechanics", he clearly stated that "the elasticity of air is inversely proportional to its volume". The French physicist Edm Edme Mariotte made this discovery independently according to the experiment of 15 years. Therefore, the law of gas volume changing with pressure is called Boyle-Edm Edme Mariotte Law. This law should be expressed in today's more accurate scientific language as follows: when the temperature of a certain mass of gas is constant, its pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.

In the chemical experiment, Boyle read many predecessors' related works and learned some scientific research results at that time. This not only broadened his horizons and enriched his thoughts, but also provided guidance for the arrangement of his whole experiment. At that time, glauber, an industrial chemist in Germany, spent most of his life in chemical experiments, and studied metal smelting and the preparation of acid, alkali and salt, which made great contributions to the revitalization of German industry. Glauber's deeds and his book "The Furnace of New Philosophy" about chemical experiments gave Boyle an important inspiration, which made him realize that chemistry has a wide range of significance in industrial production. Chemistry should not be limited to making drugs, but should be a science that plays an important role in the whole industry and science. To this end, he thinks it is necessary to re-understand chemistry, and the first thing to discuss is what chemistry is.

According to his own practice and research on many materials, Boyle thinks that the purpose of chemical research is to understand the properties of objects, so special experiments are needed to collect observed facts. In this way, chemistry must get rid of its subordinate position in alchemy or medicine and develop into an independent science dedicated to exploring nature. This is the first point that Boyle expounded in The Doubtful Chemist. In order to attract people's attention, he further emphasized in his book: "Up to now, chemistry is still considered to be valuable only in manufacturing medicine and industrial products. However, the chemistry we learn is by no means a handmaid of medicine or pharmacy, nor should it be a slave of technology and metallurgy. Chemistry itself, as an independent part of natural science, is an aspect of exploring the mysteries of the universe. Chemistry must be the chemistry that pursues truth for the sake of truth. "

In order to determine scientific chemistry, Boyle thought that one of the most basic concepts in chemistry should be solved first: elements. Plato, a famous idealist philosopher in ancient Greece, first put forward the concept of elements. He used elements to represent the four basic elements that were considered as the source of all things at that time: fire, water, air and earth. Plato's student Aristotle further clearly put forward the theory of four elements that constitute everything. This theory has been regarded as truth by many people for two thousand years. Later, the theory of sulfur, mercury and salt put forward by medical chemists was also all the rage. Boyle doubted these traditional views of elements through a series of experiments. He pointed out that these traditional elements are not necessarily real elements. The solidification of many substances, such as gold, does not contain these "elements", and it is impossible to separate any elements such as sulfur, mercury and salt from gold. On the contrary, the salts in these elements can be decomposed. So, what is an element? Boyle believes that only those simple materials that cannot be decomposed by chemical methods are elements. For example, gold can be alloyed with other metals or dissolved in aqua regia for hiding, but it can still be restored and recycled. So is mercury.

As for the number of elements in nature, Boyle believes that as the source of all things, the elements will not be "four" as Aristotle said or three as medical chemists said, but there must be many kinds. Now it seems that Boyle's concept of elements is essentially similar to simple materials's, and the definition of elements should be the general name of the same kind of atoms with the same nuclear charge number. Now this scientific understanding was developed more than 300 years after Boyle, and it was not clear until the beginning of the 20th century. Boyle was able to criticize the theory of four elements and the theory of three elements and put forward the scientific concept of elements, which was a great breakthrough in understanding and made chemistry clear its research object for the first time. In the book Skeptical Chemist, Boyle also emphasized that experimental methods and observation of nature are the basis of scientific thinking, and put forward the scientific way of chemical development. Boyle deeply understood Bacon's thought of attaching importance to scientific experiments. He repeatedly stressed: "chemistry, in order to accomplish its glorious and solemn mission, must abandon the ancient traditional speculative methods and base itself on rigorous experiments like physics." That's what Boyle did. Boyle brought these new ideas into chemistry, which solved a series of theoretical problems faced by chemistry at that time and paved the way for the healthy development of chemistry. If Galileo's dialogue is regarded as the beginning of classical physics, then Boyle's skeptics

Chemists can be the beginning of modern chemistry.

Experiment and observation are the foundation of everything.

Among Boyle's numerous scientific research achievements, there are several indelible chemical achievements. Boyle often said, "If you want to do experiments well, you must be sensitive to observation." These achievements are the result of keen observation in the experiment.

In an intense experiment, violets in the laboratory were splashed with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Boyle, who loves flowers, washed the smoking violets with water and put them in a vase. After a while, Boyle found that purple turned red. This strange phenomenon prompted him to carry out many experiments on the interaction between flowers and trees and acid and alkali. He found that most flowers and plants can change color under the action of acid or alkali, among which the purple extract extracted from litmus lichen is the most obvious, which turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Taking advantage of this feature, Boyle soaked the paper with litmus extract, and then dried it to make litmus test paper commonly used in experiments.

It was also in this experiment that Boyle found that soaking the five fairies with iron salt would produce a black solution without precipitation. This black solution did not change color for a long time, so he invented a method to make black ink, which took almost a century.

In the experiment, Boyle found that silver nitrate precipitated white material. "If exposed to the air, it will turn black. This discovery made a pioneering work for later generations to use silver nitrate, silver chloride and silver bromide in photography.

In his later years, Boyle also made achievements in preparing phosphorus and studying phosphorus and phosphides. According to the viewpoint that the important component of phosphorus is something in human body, he worked hard and finally extracted phosphorus from animal urine. After further research, he pointed out that phosphorus only glows in the presence of air; Phosphorus burns in the air to form white smoke, which quickly reacts with water to form an acidic solution, which is phosphoric acid. When phosphorus is heated with strong alkali, it will get a gas (phosphine), which will burn when it comes into contact with air, forming plumes of self-smoke. This was the earliest introduction about the nature of phosphorus at that time.

Boyle made such a great achievement, as he said: "The reason why people can serve the world is because they have worked hard on experiments."

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyer 1627- 169 1

Chemical historians regard 166 1 as the beginning of modern chemistry, because a book that had a great influence on the development of chemistry was published this year. This book is The Sceptical Chemist, written by robert boyle, a British scientist. Engels, the revolutionary mentor, also agreed with this view. He praised "Boyle established chemistry as a science". What kind of scientist is Boyle? What outstanding contributions have you made to the development of chemical science?

The extraordinary experience of the era when giants came forth in large numbers.

Boyle lived in the period of British bourgeois revolution, and it was also the era when modern science began to appear. It was an era when giants emerged in large numbers. Boyle was born in Leedsmobile, Ireland on 16271October 25th. Just one year before his birth, Francis Bacon, a modern scientific thinker who put forward the famous assertion that "knowledge is power", just passed away. The great physicist Newton was younger than Boyle 16 years old. The great men of modern science, Galileo in Italy, Kepler in Germany and Descartes in France all lived in this period.

Boyle was born in a noble family, and a well-off family provided good material conditions for his study and future scientific research. When he was a child, he didn't seem particularly clever. He is quiet and stutters. No game can fascinate him, but he is the easiest to learn compared with his brothers. He loves reading and often never leaves his feet. At the age of eight, his father sent him to Eton College in the suburbs of London and studied in a boarding school for aristocratic children for three years. Later, accompanied by a tutor, he and his brother Frank went to Geneva, one of the education centers in Europe, for two years. Here he studied French, practical mathematics, art and other courses. More importantly, Switzerland is the base of Protestantism that emerged in the Reformation, and the Protestant doctrine reflecting bourgeois ideology influenced him. Since then, although Boyle did not participate in any faction in practical actions, he has always been inclined to revolution in thought.

164 1 year, Boyle brothers traveled around Europe accompanied by their mentor and arrived in Italy at the end of the year. Boyle couldn't put it down even when riding on horseback during the trip. In Italy, he read Galileo's masterpiece Dialogue between Two World Systems. This book left a deep impression on him. Twenty years later, his masterpiece The Doubtful Chemist is an imitation of this book. He admired Galileo himself even more.

Boyle's brothers, like their father, were royalists in the British bourgeois revolution. 1644, my father died in battle. The sudden change of family situation and the interruption of economic resources made Boyle return to war-torn Britain. After returning home, he moved to London with his sister, Madame Raniera, who sympathized with the revolution. In London, he met Hartley, a science educator, who encouraged him to study medicine and agriculture.

Boyle is the youngest of 14 brothers and sisters: when he was three years old, his mother died unfortunately. Perhaps because of the lack of mother's care, he was sickly since childhood. Once he was ill because the doctor prescribed the wrong medicine and almost died. Fortunately, his stomach did not absorb the medicine and spit it out, so it was not fatal. With this experience, he was more afraid of doctors than of getting sick, and he didn't want to see a doctor when he was sick. And began to teach myself medicine, looking for prescriptions and remedies to treat myself everywhere. Hartleb's encouragement determined him to study medicine. At that time, doctors all prepared their own drugs, so research medicine also needed to develop drugs and do experiments, which made Boyle interested in chemical experiments.

In the process of studying medicine, he read many works of medical chemists, and he worshipped Belgian medical chemist Helmont, who was 50 years older than him. Helmont devoted himself to chemical experiments day and night, calling himself a philosopher of fire. This became an example for Boyle to learn. Boyle created a laboratory for himself, which was shrouded in soot and smoke all day, completely immersed in the experiment. Boyle thus began his life devoted to science until he died at the end of 169 1.

The elder of the Royal Society.

A group of people interested in science, including professors, doctors, theologians, etc. Since 1644, we have met regularly somewhere to discuss some natural science issues. They call it the invisible university. 1648, because of the unstable war situation in London, and because the forces of bourgeois revolutionaries captured Oxford, revolutionary leader Cromwell appointed Wilkins, a member of the Invisible College, as the dean of Wadan College in Oxford, and some members of the Invisible College also moved to Oxford, and the activity center was transferred from London to Oxford. 1660, because the political situation became stable, the activity center returned to London. With the expansion of the Invisible College, at a meeting of 1660, it was announced that the College was formally established to promote the experimental knowledge of physics and mathematics. Soon after, with the approval of the king, the college became a royal society with the purpose of popularizing natural science knowledge. According to Bacon's thought, the Royal Society attached great importance to the application of science in technology and established a new natural philosophy and became a famous academic group.

Boyle participated in the activities of London Invisibility College from 65438 to 0646. Later, because he was tired of the emptiness of the upper-class life in Beijing, and more importantly, he wanted to concentrate on doing some scientific experiments, he moved to a remote manor of his father, where he studied and conducted scientific experiments for eight years. Although life in the manor is quiet, there are many inconveniences for Boyle's scientific activities, especially his friends who miss the Invisible College very much. /kloc-in 0/654, he moved to Oxford and lodged with a pharmacist near Oxford University. Later, he set up his own well-equipped laboratory and hired some assistants for himself, some of whom were very talented scholars. For example, robert hooke later became a famous scientist. He discovered the law of solid elasticity in which deformation is proportional to stress, made a microscope and observed plant cells. Under the leadership of Boyle, these assistants made observations and experiments to help Boyle collect and sort out scientific materials and letters. In this way, a scientific experimental group was formed around Boyle, whose laboratory was once the meeting place of the invisible college. Boyle's series of scientific research achievements were achieved here, and the epoch-making masterpiece "Skeptical Chemist" was also completed here. According to statistics, during the six years from 1660 to 1666, he wrote 10 books and published 20 papers in the Journal of the Royal Society. In Oxford, Boyle has always been the core figure of the Invisible College, and it is Boyle's idea to formally establish an academic group to promote experimental science. However, when the Royal Society was founded in London, Boyle was in Oxford, so he didn't become the first full member of the Society. However, it is generally believed that Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society and was appointed as one of the first directors.

1668, Boyle decided to move from Oxford to London after learning the news of his brother-in-law's death, and live with his dear sister, Madame Lenilla. After arriving in London, he built a laboratory in his sister's backyard to continue his research. He is indifferent to social activities, even a little disgusted. However, he closely linked his scientific activities with the Royal Society, thus winning a high reputation in the Royal Society and being recognized as the leader of the scientific community. 1670, he suffered from fatigue in his garden and recovered after a long period of treatment. So when Boyle was elected president of the Royal Society in 1680, he refused to take office because he was sickly and hated the swearing-in ceremony.

Outstanding achievements, immortal contributions

Boyle's interest in scientific research is multifaceted. He has studied gas physics, meteorology, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, chemistry, technology, material structure theory, philosophy and theology. Among them, chemistry is the most outstanding achievement.

Like many scientists at that time, Boyle first studied air. By studying the physical properties of air, especially the vacuum experiment, he realized that the suction force produced by vacuum is the pressure of air. He did a series of experiments to investigate the relationship between air pressure and volume, and deduced the mathematical relationship between air pressure and volume. In his book "A New Experiment of Air Elasticity and Its Physical Mechanics", he clearly stated that "the elasticity of air is inversely proportional to its volume". The French physicist Edm Edme Mariotte made this discovery independently according to the experiment of 15 years. Therefore, the law of gas volume changing with pressure is called Boyle-Edm Edme Mariotte Law. This law should be expressed in today's more accurate scientific language as follows: when the temperature of a certain mass of gas is constant, its pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.

In the chemical experiment, Boyle read many predecessors' related works and learned some scientific research results at that time. This not only broadened his horizons and enriched his thoughts, but also provided guidance for the arrangement of his whole experiment. At that time, glauber, an industrial chemist in Germany, spent most of his life in chemical experiments, and studied metal smelting and the preparation of acid, alkali and salt, which made great contributions to the revitalization of German industry. Glauber's deeds and his book "The Furnace of New Philosophy" about chemical experiments gave Boyle an important inspiration, which made him realize that chemistry has a wide range of significance in industrial production. Chemistry should not be limited to making drugs, but should be a science that plays an important role in the whole industry and science. To this end, he thinks it is necessary to re-understand chemistry, and the first thing to discuss is what chemistry is.

According to his own practice and research on many materials, Boyle thinks that the purpose of chemical research is to understand the properties of objects, so special experiments are needed to collect observed facts. In this way, chemistry must get rid of its subordinate position in alchemy or medicine and develop into an independent science dedicated to exploring nature. This is the first point that Boyle expounded in The Doubtful Chemist. In order to attract people's attention, he further emphasized in his book: "Up to now, chemistry is still considered to be valuable only in manufacturing medicine and industrial products. However, the chemistry we learn is by no means a handmaid of medicine or pharmacy, nor should it be a slave of technology and metallurgy. Chemistry itself, as an independent part of natural science, is an aspect of exploring the mysteries of the universe. Chemistry must be the chemistry that pursues truth for the sake of truth. "

In order to determine scientific chemistry, Boyle thought that one of the most basic concepts in chemistry should be solved first: elements. Plato, a famous idealist philosopher in ancient Greece, first put forward the concept of elements. He used elements to represent the four basic elements that were considered as the source of all things at that time: fire, water, air and earth. Plato's student Aristotle further clearly put forward the theory of four elements that constitute everything. This theory has been regarded as truth by many people for two thousand years. Later, the theory of sulfur, mercury and salt put forward by medical chemists was also all the rage. Boyle doubted these traditional views of elements through a series of experiments. He pointed out that these traditional elements are not necessarily real elements. The solidification of many substances, such as gold, does not contain these "elements", and it is impossible to separate any elements such as sulfur, mercury and salt from gold. On the contrary, the salts in these elements can be decomposed. So, what is an element? Boyle believes that only those simple materials that cannot be decomposed by chemical methods are elements. For example, gold can be alloyed with other metals or dissolved in aqua regia for hiding, but it can still be restored and recycled. So is mercury.

As for the number of elements in nature, Boyle believes that as the source of all things, the elements will not be "four" as Aristotle said or three as medical chemists said, but there must be many kinds. Now it seems that Boyle's concept of elements is essentially similar to simple materials's, and the definition of elements should be the general name of the same kind of atoms with the same nuclear charge number. Now this scientific understanding was developed more than 300 years after Boyle, and it was not clear until the beginning of the 20th century. Boyle was able to criticize the theory of four elements and the theory of three elements and put forward the scientific concept of elements, which was a great breakthrough in understanding and made chemistry clear its research object for the first time. In the book Skeptical Chemist, Boyle also emphasized that experimental methods and observation of nature are the basis of scientific thinking, and put forward the scientific way of chemical development. Boyle deeply understood Bacon's thought of attaching importance to scientific experiments. He repeatedly stressed: "chemistry, in order to accomplish its glorious and solemn mission, must abandon the ancient traditional speculative methods and base itself on rigorous experiments like physics." That's what Boyle did. Boyle brought these new ideas into chemistry, which solved a series of theoretical problems faced by chemistry at that time and paved the way for the healthy development of chemistry. If Galileo's dialogue is regarded as the beginning of classical physics, then Boyle's skeptics

Chemists can be the beginning of modern chemistry.

Experiment and observation are the foundation of everything.

Among Boyle's numerous scientific research achievements, there are several indelible chemical achievements. Boyle often said, "If you want to do experiments well, you must be sensitive to observation." These achievements are the result of keen observation in the experiment.

In an intense experiment, violets in the laboratory were splashed with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Boyle, who loves flowers, washed the smoking violets with water and put them in a vase. After a while, Boyle found that purple turned red. This strange phenomenon prompted him to carry out many experiments on the interaction between flowers and trees and acid and alkali. He found that most flowers and plants can change color under the action of acid or alkali, among which the purple extract extracted from litmus lichen is the most obvious, which turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Taking advantage of this feature, Boyle soaked the paper with litmus extract, and then dried it to make litmus test paper commonly used in experiments.

It was also in this experiment that Boyle found that soaking the five fairies with iron salt would produce a black solution without precipitation. This black solution did not change color for a long time, so he invented a method to make black ink, which took almost a century.

In the experiment, Boyle found that silver nitrate precipitated white material. "If exposed to the air, it will turn black. This discovery made a pioneering work for later generations to use silver nitrate, silver chloride and silver bromide in photography.

In his later years, Boyle also made achievements in preparing phosphorus and studying phosphorus and phosphides. According to the viewpoint that the important component of phosphorus is something in human body, he worked hard and finally extracted phosphorus from animal urine. After further research, he pointed out that phosphorus only glows in the presence of air; Phosphorus burns in the air to form white smoke, which quickly reacts with water to form an acidic solution, which is phosphoric acid. When phosphorus is heated with strong alkali, it will get a gas (phosphine), which will burn when it comes into contact with air, forming plumes of self-smoke. This was the earliest introduction about the nature of phosphorus at that time.

Boyle made such a great achievement, as he said: "The reason why people can serve the world is because they have worked hard on experiments."

Open classification:

Chemistry, people, Britain, scientists, chemists

References:

1. The story of the chemist

Contributor:

Lithium acetate, York, Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties, wwwsssjjj, Junzi, North Jiangxi, 98 1059 152, Gao Lake.

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