Animals and plants that live at the bottom of rivers, lakes and oceans. According to life style, it can be divided into fixed life, buried life, underwater crawling life, drilling life, bottom swimming life and so on. Such as snails, starfish, sea urchins, snake tails, etc. , is a species that crawls on the bottom of the sea. Their bodies often emit symmetrical, flat or disc-shaped shells. Sponges, anemones, sea lilies, barnacles, oysters, sea squirts and various corals all settle in the basement of water bodies and have strong reproductive capacity. Some of them germinate and reproduce to form groups, and some produce a large number of floating larvae, which will settle down when they meet the right substrate. Stigma worm, amphioxus, ray, flounder, etc. Inhabits in sediments at the bottom of the water, while meretrix meretrix, meretrix meretrix, etc. Dig a hole to live. Some benthic organisms are available for human consumption. Some marine shellfish and freshwater shellfish can produce pearls. It is generally believed that the density of benthos decreases with the increase of depth in waters with soft sediments as the base. For example, the biomass of continental shelf is much higher than that of submarine plain, but in the deep seabed, the species diversity is more obvious than that of continental shelf.

Organisms that often inhabit the bottom or surface of ocean or inland waters are an important ecological type of aquatic organisms. Living freely or fixed at the bottom of the water, except for fresh water, you can live from the coast to the deepest part of the seabed (depth 10 km or more). Freshwater is mainly aquatic plants, mollusks, annelids and so on. Among marine organisms, benthos are the most abundant, including most kinds of invertebrates, macroalgae, a few higher plants and almost ubiquitous microorganisms. Algae and seed plants (such as kelp and leek, which are common in coastal areas) are fixed on the bottom, and most of them only live in shallow water with light transmission. Animals have a variety of lifestyles: most of them live in bottom sediments (such as clams and sea urchins) or make holes in bottom pipes (such as shrimp, clams and caterpillars), which are called benthos; Some are fixed or attached to the surface of rocks or other hard substrates (including animal shells) (such as oysters, barnacles, moss, etc.). ), or crawling on the substrate (such as abalone, snail, etc.). ), known as zoobenthos or zoonoses; Others can swim in the water near the bottom, but will settle at the bottom after a while (such as shrimp), which is called swimming benthos.

Penaeus vannamei belongs to shrimp, so it belongs to benthos.