1. According to the research purpose, explain the theoretical and practical significance of this research result. 2. Analyze and explain the limitations, shortcomings and doubts of this study, and explain the contingency and inevitability. 3. Focus on the innovation of this paper, and from what aspects the results of this study support the innovation. 4. Briefly summarize the research status of this topic at home and abroad, and compare the conclusions and achievements of this study with the international and domestic advanced level. 5. Explain the unsolved problems in this paper, and put forward the future research direction and problems. Not every paper must contain the above contents, but should focus on the research purpose of the paper and closely follow the theme.

Discussion is the part that can best reflect the level of the paper, and it is also the part with higher difficulty in writing. For the initial writing, we should pay special attention to the following points: 1 Seek truth from facts, evaluate appropriately, don't jump to conclusions, and avoid excessive extension of reasoning. There are still many unsolved problems in medicine, so reasoning should be very cautious, generally starting with "possibility" and so on. 2. Discussion is the author's exposition of his academic views, but it does not represent a free forum, let alone generalize. The content of the discussion should be based on the research results of the paper, focusing on innovation and conclusion, with clear hierarchy and clear priorities, and don't waste pen and ink on secondary issues to dilute the theme. Consistency with the literature can be put aside, and the focus is on inconsistency; Cite the necessary documents, and don't make a literature review. Not every paper should be discussed, and some short stories need not be written. If the results are closely related to the discussion, they can be written together and collectively referred to as results and analysis. 4. Any research has its limitations. For example, domestic research results need to be verified abroad; In vitro tests need to be verified by in vivo tests. Therefore, the discussion should adhere to the dichotomy point of view, carefully analyze the reasons for the inconsistency with other people's research results, have an open-minded attitude of pursuing truth and discussing with other authors, and never adopt a "self-centered" attitude.

The result part of the medical paper is to summarize the data or materials obtained from the experiment or clinical observation, eliminate the false and retain the true, and then analyze and summarize the original data, make statistical processing, and get the research results. Results are the core part of scientific research papers, and the success or failure of scientific research is judged according to the results, and conclusions and inferences are also drawn from the results. The achievement part can best reflect the academic level and theoretical and practical value of the paper. So this part of the writing should pay special attention. Results The writing of this part should be clear and reliable, with accurate data, concise text description and correct and reasonable chart design.

The expression of results is usually accomplished by the combination of words, figures and tables. The following situations can be mainly expressed in words or only in words: there are few data in the results and there are not many observation items that can be compared with the same kind. However, papers that focus on observing morphological characteristics generally do not use tables, and mainly use words to describe morphological pictures. What can be expressed in words need not be listed or drawn. There is no need to elaborate on what has been illustrated by the chart, just emphasize or summarize the key points. The main purpose of written expression is to state the results obtained in this paper, and it is not necessary to emphasize the process, repeat the materials explained by "Materials and Methods", and upgrade the results to theoretical conclusions, so the literature is generally not cited.

The experimental observation records without statistical processing are called raw data. The purpose of statistical processing is to make the original data difficult to understand easy to understand and reveal some inevitable laws from the contingency of the original data. Therefore, the expression of experimental results generally uses statistical data to replace the original data, and it is not necessary to output all the original data. Relative numbers can be used for statistical data, such as percentage, but when the number of samples is less than 100, brackets should be placed after the percentage, and the number of reactions/samples should be indicated in brackets, such as 54.4 1%(37/68). If the measurement data conforms to the normal distribution, the average value+standard deviation (or standard deviation) shall apply; If it is skewed, it is generally expressed by median and full range. If comparing before and after or between groups, the values of statistical test (such as t, u, f, etc. ) and p value. The specific operation of statistical processing can be found in the statistical monograph, and will not be explained in detail here. Statistical terms and symbols shall be subject to the provisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) and national standard GB3358-82 on "Statistical terms and symbols". The writing of results must adopt a realistic medical attitude and abide by the principles of comprehensiveness and authenticity. The experimental results, whether successful or not, are valuable as long as they are true. Do not add, delete or tamper with the experimental data at will to meet the "normal" results. This is not conducive to our comprehensive understanding of things and finding new problems. The specific content of the results depends on the main body of the article. The results include recording the objective facts of experiments or clinical observations, measured data, deducing formulas, typical cases, obtaining images and so on. , but different types of articles should have different emphasis. 1. For papers studying new diagnostic methods, we should pay special attention to whether the test results are compared with the recognized gold standard by independent "blind method", what is the consistency, and what are the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value respectively. 2. Etiology research articles should pay special attention to the difference of results between exposed group and non-exposed group, whether there are results after exposure, and so on. 3. Papers studying the clinical course of the disease should specify whether all cases have been followed up, how high the follow-up rate is (generally above 80%), whether the external factors affecting the prognosis have been adjusted, and what the results are. Graphics is an intuitive way of expression, which can directly express the results of research. Usually, we use the height of column chart to represent the size of discontinuous data, line chart, histogram or scatter chart to represent the change of continuous or measured data, and point chart to represent the relationship between two variables. The title of the chart should be at the bottom of the chart, and comments can be placed near columns or rows. The basic requirements of table and chart design are correct, reasonable, concise and clear. "Self-explanatory power" is an important symbol to measure charts. The so-called "self-evident" means that the content and results of the research can be roughly understood only through tables and charts. Table is a concise and standardized scientific term. Generally, it is recommended to use a three-wire watch, that is, the watch consists of three horizontal lines: the top line, the target line 18732 185467, and the two sides should be opened. The column header is between the top row and the title, and the table body is between the title and the bottom row. There is no diagonal line in the upper left corner of the column header, but one or more horizontal lines are allowed in the column header. The header of the summary table indicates the group, and the header of the column indicates the reaction index. But this division is not fixed, and the author can arrange it flexibly according to the situation. Footnotes can also be added below the table. For data that can be used in charts and tables, you can choose the expression form according to the specific situation. Generally speaking, the data mainly representing the changing trend, especially the continuous dynamic data, should be in the form of charts; The data that need to express accurate statistics should be in the form of tables.

For data that can be used in charts and tables, you can choose the expression form according to the specific situation. Generally speaking, the data mainly representing the changing trend, especially the continuous dynamic data, should be in the form of charts; The data that need to express accurate statistics should be in the form of tables. Papers on clinical efficacy are often accompanied by typical cases after describing the general results, which can be extrapolated. At present, it is considered that it is necessary to attach typical cases to the curative effect study of some newly discovered diseases (such as AIDS) or rare diseases. But for common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases, it is unnecessary to cite typical cases. But it is also a common and frequently-occurring disease. If new therapies and technologies are introduced, typical cases should be attached. Typical cases should be representative, for example, a drug is effective in treating a certain disease, and it is best to choose cases that are effective only with this drug, rather than cases that are combined with other drugs that may also be effective. What I want to emphasize here is that medical papers cannot be published repeatedly. Typical repeated publication of the same research results is rare, and repeated publication or piecemeal publication in the "gray zone" between normal publication and multiple manuscripts is more common. In general, whether it is published repeatedly can be judged by the answers to the following questions: (1) A paper is more informative, more relevant and more complete than many articles; (2) You can express all the necessary information in the same paper without increasing the space; (3) The publication of many papers may reduce the importance of research results; (4) When many papers are published, it may be enough for readers to read one of them. If the multi-contribution behavior of a medical paper has actually occurred (that is, the article has been published), the relevant journals can take the following sanctions or penalties: (1) Refuse the multi-contribution authors to contribute to the journal within a certain period of time; (2) Publish a statement about the author's multiple contributions in the journal and include it in the directory page, so as to be included in the retrieval system (such as Medline database of the National Library of Medicine) for peer retrieval; (3) It is possible to report the behavior of multiple contributions in the publications of specific professional groups; (4) can inform the author's unit.