In environmental ethics, justice principle is the first principle. Environmental justice uses the principle of justice to regulate the ethical relationship between people affected by the relationship between man and nature, and it pays attention to the reasonable needs of human beings and the civilization and progress of society. Its main meanings are: first, it is required to establish the principle of environmental justice and realize the justice of human beings in environmental interests; The second is to establish citizens' environmental rights. According to the survey, the population of the United States accounts for only 3% to 4% of the global population, while carbon dioxide emissions account for more than 25% of the global emissions, making it the largest country in the world in greenhouse gas emissions. Generally speaking, the carbon dioxide emissions of developed countries, which account for 5% of the total number of countries in the world, account for more than 80% of the total emissions, while most underdeveloped countries only account for about 5%. The environmental problems such as global warming and ozone layer destruction caused by carbon dioxide pollution are shared by all countries, so it is unfair to those underdeveloped countries.
In my opinion, any important or great power, such as our attack on nature and the great power of human beings to master science and technology, is very dangerous if it is not bound by morality. As we all know, the development of science and technology and economy has reached the point where it can destroy the earth's ecosystem. Large-scale nuclear war damage may destroy the life of the earth, including human attacks on ecology and nature. Human changes to the ecosystem may also destroy the life of the earth and threaten human health. Analyzing this problem from the angle of atmosphere, I think we are all very clear. The problem of air pollution seriously affects our health. Our health index is declining, human physique is declining, human survival ability is declining, and the emergence of cancer and deformed people is also rising. Atmospheric environmental pollution and ecological destruction threaten human health, so it is imperative to control this problem with moral power.
First of all, we should know that the atmosphere refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the air on which living things depend. The physical characteristics of the atmosphere mainly include temperature, humidity, wind speed, air pressure and precipitation, which are all caused by solar radiation. The chemical characteristics are mainly the chemical composition of air: nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen account for 99.96%, carbon dioxide accounts for about 0.03%, and there are some trace impurities and water vapor with great changes in content. Harmful gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrides and fluorides discharged from human life or industrial and agricultural production will change the composition of the original air, cause pollution, cause global climate change and destroy the ecological balance. Among the global atmospheric environmental problems, global warming, ozone layer destruction and acid rain are the most concerned. These problems not only affect the normal life and health of human beings, but also pose a great threat to the survival of other creatures on earth. Is this fair to them? Therefore, we should pay attention to the protection of atmospheric environment, whether from the natural level or the moral level, which is related to the interests of all mankind and is our common topic. We must never give up the security of all mankind because we blindly pursue our own economic growth.
Second, regarding the protection of the atmospheric environment, every country, especially developed countries and rapidly developing countries, must fulfill the following four basic obligations:
1. Incorporate atmospheric environmental protection into the national economic and social development plan. It is necessary to comprehensively balance the needs of economic and social development and environmental protection, regard atmospheric environmental protection as an organic part of national development, and stipulate the objectives, measures, methods and indicators of economic and social development and atmospheric environmental protection in the national economic and social development plan.
2. Rational planning of industrial layout. Reasonable industrial layout can not only make full use of the self-purification ability of the atmosphere, but also reduce the pollution to the atmosphere. Therefore, rational planning of industrial layout is an important way to solve the air pollution problem. Rational planning of industrial layout includes not only the rational layout of newly-built industries, but also the adjustment of existing unreasonable industrial layout and the planned relocation of industrial enterprises that seriously pollute the atmosphere.
3. Strengthen scientific research on the prevention and control of air pollution. One of the main reasons for serious air pollution is that the technology for preventing and controlling air pollution is relatively backward, and the final solution of air pollution still depends on the development of science and technology. Therefore, strengthening scientific research on air pollution prevention and control is one of the fundamental measures to solve the global air pollution problem.
4. Take measures to prevent and control air pollution and protect and improve the atmospheric environment. Governments should take other measures to prevent and control air pollution, including designating key cities and regions for air pollution prevention and control, actively developing central heating in cities, and strengthening motor vehicle pollution control.
In recent years, the international community has also made active efforts to protect the atmospheric environment and formulated the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol needs to be ratified by at least 55 countries, which account for more than 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions, before it can become a legally binding international convention. China signed and ratified the Protocol in May 2002 1998. The EU and its member states formally ratified the Kyoto Protocol on May 36, 2002. On1October 5, 2004, 165438, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol, making it a legal text of Russia. As of August 2005, 13 and 142 countries and regions have signed the Protocol, including 30 industrialized countries, and the population of the ratifying countries accounts for 80% of the world's total population. On February 16, 2005, the Kyoto Protocol came into force. The Kyoto Protocol stipulates that industrialized countries should reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the risks of global warming and sea level rise, while developing countries have no obligation to reduce emissions. By 20 10, compared with 1990, the total global greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 5.2%, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and freon (chlorofluorocarbons). In the five years from 2008 to 20 12, the number of EU countries should be reduced by 8%, the United States by 7%, Japan by 6%, Canada by 6% and Eastern European countries by 5% ~ 8%. New Zealand, Russia and Ukraine do not need to cut their emissions, but they can stabilize their emissions at the level of 1990, allowing Ireland, Australia and Norway to increase their emissions by 10%, 8% and 1% respectively. Kyoto Protocol needs to be ratified by at least 55 countries that account for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions before it can take effect in international law. Countries can buy emission targets from each other, or offset them by increasing forest area to absorb carbon dioxide according to a certain calculation method. China emits 2.893 billion tons and 2.3 tons of carbon dioxide per capita, the United States emits 5.4 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide per capita, and the European Union emits 3 1.7 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide per capita, with an average of 8.5 tons. This is the first time in human history to limit greenhouse gas emissions in the form of laws and regulations. On the one hand, it is a powerful guarantee for protecting the atmospheric environment, on the other hand, it is also a respect for human and biological environmental rights.
The Kyoto Protocol stipulates that developing countries have no obligation to reduce emissions, but as the largest developing country in the world, China's environmental pollution, including air pollution, is still concerned by all countries. The history of all countries in the world shows that there is a similar law between economic growth and environmental change: in the process of industrialization, a country will have a period of rapid growth of environmental pollution with GDP, especially in the era of heavy chemical industry. It is understood that the World Health Organization monitors and evaluates air quality pollution in major cities around the world every year. As a polluted old city, Shenyang has always been "famous on the list" and has also entered the second place among the top ten polluted cities in the world at 1988. In this year's competition, the World Health Organization measured the concentrations of total suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the air of 272 cities in 53 countries around the world, and re-launched the top ten polluted cities in the world, including 8 cities in China, including Beijing and Lanzhou. According to the survey, the maximum allowable emission of sulfur dioxide for basically eliminating acid rain pollution in China is 654.38+0.2 million ~ 654.38+0.4 million tons. In 2006, the national sulfur dioxide emissions reached 2 1.587 million tons, an increase of 12% over 2005, of which the industrial emissions increased by 14.7%. According to the current speed of economic development and the way and intensity of pollution control, by 2020, the sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants alone will reach more than 2 1 10,000 tons, and the total emissions will exceed the atmospheric environmental capacity 1 times, which will be a serious disaster to the ecological environment and people's health. It should be noted that China is a big country with little room for manoeuvre in the environment, and it is also a rising country after the global resources and markets are basically divided. It is impossible for China, like some pioneer countries, to wait until the environment is extremely bad. However, China is also a developing country, and China is bound to develop its economy first and then control pollution.
As a big country inspired by traditional morality, the unity of man and nature is the mainstream and foundation of China's culture, philosophy, order and ethics. It can be said that China's ecological philosophy also provides an ideal kingdom, a destination and a driving force for human beings. Although it is difficult to achieve, it also provides a model for human beings to go: the harmony between man and nature. I think, on the issue of protecting the atmospheric environment and even the whole ecological environment, China should give full play to its advantages, set an example, arouse human conscience with moral strength and protect our homeland.