Direct copy and paste: copy and paste paragraphs, sentences, tables or pictures from other people's papers or articles directly into your own papers without any modification or annotation.
Simple rewriting: simply rewriting or reorganizing paragraphs and sentences in other people's papers or articles, but still retaining the original intention and structure and not fully expressing them.
Unspecified direct quotation: direct quotation of other people's opinions, data, research results, etc. In the paper, but do not indicate the source or citation in the text.
Forge data: Forge or tamper with other people's data, experimental results, etc. To support one's opinion or conclusion.
Repeated publication: Re-publishing published papers or articles in other journals or academic journals without any new research or experiments.