1. Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is the function of guiding people or mammals to get cancer. As early as 1775, British doctor Porter found that chimney sweepers were prone to scrotal cancer, which he believed was related to frequent contact with soot. 19 15 years, Japanese scientists confirmed through experiments that coal tar can induce skin cancer. Among pollutants, substances that can induce cancer in humans or mammals are called carcinogens. Carcinogens can be divided into three categories: chemical carcinogens (such as nitrite, asbestos and dichloromethyl ether used in mosquito-repellent incense production), physical carcinogens (such as nuclear fusion of radium) and biological carcinogens (such as aflatoxin).
(2) Mutation Mutation is the function of inducing gene mutation, chromosome structure variation or chromosome number variation in humans or mammals. If the germ cells of human beings or mammals mutate, it can affect the pregnancy process and lead to infertility or early embryonic death. If human or mammalian somatic cells mutate, it will lead to cancer. Common mutagens are nitrosamines, formaldehyde, benzene and dichlorvos.
3. Teratogenesis refers to the effect of acting on pregnant mothers, interfering with the normal development of embryos and leading to congenital malformation of newborns or young mammals. In the early 1960s, some deformed newborns appeared in Western Europe and Japan. Scientists have found that pregnant women take a sedative called thalidomide within 30 to 50 days after pregnancy, which has teratogenic effect. At present, the teratogens confirmed are methylmercury and some viruses.
After rivers, lakes and other water bodies are polluted, it will cause serious harm to human health, mainly in the following three aspects. First of all, drinking the organic matter in polluted water and edible sewage will make people poisoned and even die. For example, 1956, there were some patients with unknown etiology in Minamata Bay, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The patient developed symptoms such as spasm, paralysis, dyskinesia, language and hearing disorders, and finally died of pain due to incurable treatment. People call this strange disease Minamata disease. Scientists later discovered that the disease was caused by local industrial wastewater containing mercury. Mercury is converted into methylmercury and enriched in fish, shrimp and shellfish. If people eat these fish, shrimp and shellfish for a long time, methylmercury will cause chronic methylmercury poisoning, mainly brain cell damage. Methylmercury in pregnant women can even make children stunted, mentally retarded and deformed limbs. Second, the water polluted by human and animal feces and domestic garbage can cause infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis and bacillary dysentery, as well as parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis. Thirdly, some carcinogenic chemicals, such As arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and aniline, can accumulate in suspended solids, sediments and aquatic organisms after polluting water bodies. Drinking such sewage for a long time is easy to induce cancer.
Solid waste pollution and human health Solid waste refers to solid substances discarded by human beings in production and life, such as waste rocks from mining industry, industrial waste residue, discarded plastic products (as shown in the figure) and domestic garbage. It should be recognized that solid waste can only be used in a certain process or a certain aspect. In fact, it can often be used as a raw material for another production process. Therefore, solid waste is also called "misplaced raw materials". However, these "misplaced raw materials" often contain a variety of substances harmful to human health. If it is not used in time and piled up for a long time, it will pollute the ecological environment and cause harm to human health. The following is a reference for low-carbon life.
Low-carbon economy has become one of the hot topics in China. So, what is a low-carbon economy? What is the relationship between low-carbon economy and circular economy advocated by China? Under what background were circular economy and low-carbon economy proposed at home and abroad? We should have a correct understanding of such problems. This paper mainly discusses the connotation, origin and economic principle of circular economy. Communicate with everyone.
First, the similarities and differences in the connotations of low-carbon economy and circular economy
The use of circular economy terms in China is almost in step with the world. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan clearly points out that we should vigorously develop circular economy, accelerate the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, and promote the coordination of economic development with population, resources and environment. In July 2005, the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy"; In June+10, 5438, with the approval of the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission and other six departments launched the first batch of circular economy pilot projects. Focusing on the fundamental transformation of economic growth mode, aiming at reducing resource consumption, reducing waste emissions and improving resource productivity, taking technological innovation and institutional innovation as the driving force, accelerating technological progress, strengthening supervision and management, and improving policies and measures, a relatively complete circular economy legal and regulatory system, policy support system, technological innovation system and effective incentive and restraint mechanism have been formulated and established. Explore the development model of circular economy in key industries such as steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals and building materials, and establish a number of typical enterprises of circular economy; Improve the recycling system of renewable resources and establish a mechanism for recycling resources; In development zones and industrial parks, industrial parks are planned, constructed and transformed according to the circular economy model, and a number of circular economy industrial demonstration parks are formed; Explore the formation of a number of demonstration cities to develop circular economy. In 2008, the second batch of circular economy pilot projects started. The Circular Economy Promotion Law was officially implemented on June 65438+1 October1day, 2009, which indicated that the development of circular economy entered the legal track. The core of circular economy is the recycling and efficient utilization of resources. The idea is to make the best use of everything, turn waste into treasure and turn harm into benefit. The purpose is to improve the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization, and the statistical index is resource productivity. Simply put, circular economy is to evaluate the resource cost of economic development from the perspective of resource utilization efficiency.
Low-carbon economy is a relatively new concept, which was put forward in 2003 abroad. There are many concepts used, and there is no consensus. More importantly, developed countries have entered the optimization stage of industrial structure and energy structure, and their carbon productivity level is obviously higher than that of developing countries, so their development can get rid of dependence on high-carbon energy production and consumption; It was after solving local environmental problems (such as noise) and regional environmental pollution (such as river pollution and urban pollution) that they turned their attention to the topic of global environmental protection. China proposed a low-carbon economy for a short time, although there was a lot of discussion among media and experts. But basically, different people have different opinions. For most people, it is still incomprehensible. Although the basic national conditions and development stages determine that China has to use high-carbon energy, the reality of resource depletion in some areas also shows that China can no longer take the road of extensive development. The core of low-carbon economy is to save energy, improve energy efficiency, increase the proportion of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; The slogan is that the earth is our only home, and protecting the global environment is the common responsibility of mankind; The statistical indicator is carbon productivity (emissions 1 ton of carbon dioxide CDP). Therefore, low-carbon economy is to evaluate the environmental cost of economic development from the perspective of protecting the global environment.
In short, the development of circular economy and low-carbon economy can be included in the category of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Circular economy and low-carbon economy are interrelated and promote each other. The result of developing circular economy can improve the efficiency of resources (including energy) and reduce the emission of waste (including greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide); or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium Therefore, developing circular economy and low-carbon economy are both important contents of building a two-oriented society in China.
Second, circular economy and low-carbon economy have the same goal.
The formation of circular economy thought, like sustainable development, has a process of deepening connotation, sublimation of understanding and keeping pace with the times. Before the first industrial revolution, human beings' ability to intervene in nature was low, and ecological damage and environmental pollution were only partial, small-scale and inconspicuous. Since the industrial revolution, with the rapid development of social productive forces and the rapid growth of population, the scale of human social activities has been expanding, and the ability of human beings to obtain from nature has become greater and greater. The consumption of natural resources is accelerating, the waste discharge is greatly increasing, and the problem of environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, posing a greater threat to social and economic development.
Human concerns about the depletion of natural resources appear in many works. Baldin, an American economist, published "The Earth is a Spaceship" and "Geo-economics of Future Spaceships" in 1965 and 1966, stressing that human beings should change from "shepherd boy economy" to "spaceship economy", otherwise the non-renewable resources in the closed system of the earth will be exhausted. 1972, the club of Rome published the report "the limit of growth", which pointed out: "if the current trends of world population, industrialization, pollution, food production and resource consumption continue, the limit of growth will appear one day in the next hundred years." This report is considered to be the first time to systematically investigate the relationship between economic growth and population, resources, ecological environment and technological progress, especially the view that the supply of natural resources and environmental capacity can not meet the extended growth, which still has a warning effect on mankind.
Since the 1960s, environmental pollution has become the focus of international attention. 1962, American biologist Carson published the book Silent Spring. With shocking cases and vivid language, this paper expounds the harm of large-scale use of pesticides to people and the environment, points out the chemical dangers faced by biology and human beings, and rings the alarm bell of industrial society and environmental crisis. 1April 22, 970, the United States held a large-scale demonstration to protect the environment, which was later designated as "Earth Day". 1972, the United Nations issued the Declaration on the Human Environment, which solemnly stated that there is only one earth, and that while developing and utilizing nature, human beings should also undertake the obligation to safeguard it. This meeting has become the first milestone for human society to move towards sustainable development. Through the reflection on the negative impact of industrial development, human beings pursue the harmony between development and environment, first adopting "terminal treatment" and control measures, and then turning to pollution prevention and clean production. It can be said that the efficient recycling of resources and the prevention of environmental pollution from the source are the most direct reasons for the emergence of circular economy theory.
The development stage also determines that the source of raw materials needs to be changed. Western countries have consumed a lot of natural resources in the process of industrialization, and there are few mineral resources left. Objectively, it is required to reduce the physical flow in economic development, carry out waste recovery and recycling, and support the sustainable development of economy with less resource consumption. The rapid growth of solid waste also needs new management strategies, which is the starting point for Japan to establish a recycling society. Due to a large amount of garbage to be disposed of, the service life of Japanese landfills has dropped sharply, and new landfills have to occupy land. In some areas, there is no place to bury garbage. On the other hand, after long-term accumulation, garbage contains a lot of waste. Such as scrapped cars and discarded electronic and electrical products. Some places "pile up into mountains". In fact, this is a misplaced and recyclable resource: it is precisely because of these more and more wastes that the development of the resource recycling industry is possible. Waste recycling can not only reduce raw material input and waste generation, but also reduce the land occupied by landfill, killing two birds with one stone. Developed countries recycle waste and then invest a small amount of resources to produce new products. The intensity of resource consumption per unit GDP has also dropped significantly, and the consumption growth rate of non-renewable resources such as mineral resources is much lower than the GDP growth rate, resulting in the so-called "decoupling" phenomenon.
Similarly, the formation and background of the concept of low-carbon economy can be summed up in the following three aspects.
First of all, coping with climate change is the most direct and fundamental reason for low-carbon economy. Man-made emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide lead to global warming, which in turn affects human survival and development. With the improvement of technical level and in-depth research, people's understanding of the possible adverse effects of global climate change and the rising concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere on human health is deepening. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) from 65438 to 0988, made a comprehensive assessment from the aspects of scientific evidence, adaptation and mitigation, and policy measures, and released its fourth assessment report in 2007. According to the report, the average temperature in the northern hemisphere in the second half of the 20th century was the warmest in the past 1 300 years: in the past 1 0,000 years, the world average temperature rose by 0.74℃ and the average sea surface rose by 1.7 cm. If this trend cannot be reversed, by the end of 2 1 century, the temperature will rise by 4℃ and the sea level will rise by 60 cm. Therefore, it has become a new world development trend and the direction of human efforts to reduce the emission intensity of greenhouse gases in production and life activities and improve the productivity of carbon.
Second, developed countries have experienced a development stage with the use of high-carbon energy as the main driving force. To maintain its current welfare level, we cannot rely on the production and consumption of high-carbon energy, especially coal. According to the carbon dioxide emitted by fossil energy, if the carbon dioxide emitted by consuming 1 ton standard coal is 1 unit (about 2.6 tons of carbon dioxide), the carbon dioxide emitted by oil of 1 ton standard coal is about 0.7 unit, and the carbon dioxide emitted by natural gas of 1 ton standard coal is 0.4 unit. That is, compared with coal, oil and gas is a low-carbon energy source. Steel, cement and so on are products that need to consume high-carbon energy such as coal and oil, and are also necessary for industrialization and urbanization. Because there is no input of steel, cement and other materials and raw materials, it is impossible to build high-rise buildings, railways, bridges and other infrastructure, to produce industrial products represented by automobiles, and to realize industrialization and urbanization. On the contrary, the producer services represented by banks and insurance have much lower energy consumption intensity. In the post-industrial stage of developed countries, the main purpose of production is to meet people's living needs, and eating and living can be independent of the production and consumption of high-carbon energy. Generally speaking, industrialized economies in developed countries are characterized by high energy consumption and high carbon emissions. No country in the world relies on low-carbon energy to achieve industrialization. In other words, human industrial civilization is based on the massive emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, and ecological civilization is still being explored. Developing countries are at completely different stages of development, not only living but also producing; Improving people's living standards is a historical task and the top priority. Therefore, developing low-carbon economy is a great challenge for developing countries.
Third, the energy crisis such as coal and oil is an inherent requirement for developing a low-carbon economy. Low-carbon economy first appeared in the British energy white paper Our Energy Future: Creating a Low-carbon Economy in 2003. As a pioneer of the first industrial revolution and an island country lacking in resources, Britain has realized the importance of sustainable energy utilization for the development of the economy and even the whole country. Britain's energy production and consumption are moving from self-sufficiency to relying mainly on imports. According to the current trend, it is estimated that 80% of Britain's energy will depend on imports in 2020. Judging from the world reserves, fossil energy can be exploited and utilized for a long time. But we should also see that the use cost of fossil energy is getting higher and higher, and the technical requirements are getting stronger and stronger. If there is uncertainty about climate change, there is no dispute about the non-renewable nature of fossil energy such as coal, oil and natural gas. Non-renewable energy will be exhausted one day. This. It can be verified that the key points of developed countries to deal with climate change are energy conservation, renewable energy development and utilization, electric vehicles and other fields. Therefore, the sustainable development concepts such as "small is beautiful", "we don't leave resources to future generations, but borrow earth resources from future generations" and "meet the needs of contemporary people and enable our future generations to meet their development needs" have become the knowledge and pursuit of all mankind; Research and development of third-generation nuclear power technology, energy-saving technology, renewable energy development and utilization technology such as solar energy and wind energy, hydrogen energy technology, electric vehicles, etc. It has become an area for developed countries to increase investment.
In short, whether it is circular economy or low-carbon economy, it is a strategic choice for the international community to change its production and lifestyle.
Third, the practice of circular economy and its economic principles.
According to the definition of Circular Economy Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China, circular economy refers to the activities of reduction, reuse and recycling in the process of production, circulation and consumption (the so-called 3R principle).
The reduction defined in Circular Economy Promotion Law includes two aspects: source reduction and end reduction. China's current efforts to promote energy conservation and emission reduction include these two aspects. In fact, reduction has both absolute reduction and relative reduction, and the core is efficiency. Accurately speaking, what we pursue is to produce more products with the same resources and energy; In other words, producing the same product consumes less resources and energy. There are many methods and examples of reduction. For example, cars used to use several tons of steel plates, but now they are lighter. The ten energy-saving projects implemented in China and the energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies promoted can reduce resource consumption and waste emissions. This is also the inevitable result of scientific and technological progress and social development. When discussing the concept and law of circular economy, there are many disputes about whether to bring reduction into circular economy in China. The point is that there are different ways to achieve reduction. In addition, the reduction is moderate and cannot be extreme. Jerry-cutting, for example, not only can't encourage but also resolutely oppose it.
Reuse defined in the Circular Economy Promotion Law includes four levels: first, direct use of old things is equivalent to second-hand goods, in other words, developing the second-hand goods market is an important way to develop circular economy; The second is to repair and reuse, which is roughly equivalent to the repair and utilization of waste in factories in the past; Third, use something that is not good, and use it in part; The fourth is that things that are not used well can be used. The working people in China have a tradition of thrift. There are countless examples of reuse. Of course, not all recycling activities are worth encouraging. Such as "black cotton", disposable syringes, and "five-pack" assembly cars, toxic and harmful substances cannot be recycled. In other words, remanufactured products and recycled products must meet the national quality standards and safety standards, otherwise there will be problems, which is also an important reason why the government needs to manage circular economy.
The essence of resource utilization is to use waste as resources, or. Resource utilization of waste. The Circular Economy Promotion Law puts resource utilization and reuse together when explaining the main activities. In fact, there is a difference between the two, and the difference lies in the form of matter. Accurately speaking, reuse has basically not changed the original form of goods, and the original form of goods can hardly be seen in resource-based products. There are many practices and examples of resource utilization. In the comprehensive utilization of resources in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, the utilization of fly ash and coal gangue power generation all belong to the category of resource utilization. For another example, garbage power generation in many places in China, through international cooperation, sells greenhouse gas emission reduction quotas (so-called CDM projects) to enterprises in western countries to obtain funds or technology, which not only reduces garbage emissions, but also produces environmental benefits, solves the employment problem and produces economic and social benefits. Therefore, it is a good thing that benefits the country and the people, and it is worthy of vigorous publicity and promotion.
It should be emphasized that the resource utilization of waste needs certain conditions, otherwise it is difficult to realize resource utilization. If we bully. Simply pursuing the recycling of waste will lead to "recycling" without "economy". For example, "garbage is a misplaced resource", which has been highly praised by relevant experts. But if we dig deeper, we will find many problems. For example, why do many cities in China still have the phenomenon of "garbage besieged city"? Why are these resources not used by foreign countries? Because the law of value is at work. If the enterprises that use these resources can't produce economic benefits, they will continue to invest, and no enterprise is willing to do such a thing. Broadly speaking, if circular economy can not produce economic benefits, it will be difficult to develop continuously.
On the other hand, not all waste can be recycled. For example, the emergence of "mad cow disease" in Britain is related to improper recycling of homologous waste. This point needs our special attention. If some wastes, such as paint, cannot be recycled, but the resource utilization efficiency is not high, the recycling of some wastes, such as the internal organs of cattle and chickens, will affect the food chain and human beings themselves through the food chain. Once such a problem occurs, the consequences are unimaginable, and the outbreak of SARS in 2003 has illustrated this point.
For each activity of the principle of reduction, reuse and resource utilization, the contribution to improving the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization is hierarchical. Taking reduction as an example, the first level is structural adjustment and optimization. The second level is to reduce the process. The third level is "using the right materials in the right place", in other words, making the best use of everything.
Although the formulation of circular economy and low-carbon economy are different, they have a lot in common, and both pursue efficient use of resources and environmental friendliness. The purpose is to improve the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization (greenhouse gas emission rights can also be regarded as resources). We borrowed the resources of our children and grandchildren, and we should also leave resources and development space for our children and grandchildren to achieve sustainable development.
50 principles of low-carbon life
1, use less paper towels, recycle handkerchiefs, protect forests and live a low-carbon life.
2. Each piece of paper is printed on both sides, which is equivalent to retaining the second half of the forest that was originally to be cut down;
3. Turn off the lights, switch and unplug at will, which is the first step and the embodiment of personal cultivation; Don't take the elevator to climb the stairs, save everyone's electricity and change health;
4, greening is not only planting trees in the suburbs, but also planting some flowers and plants at home without driving;
Yes, a plastic bag costs 50 cents, but its pollution may be 50 times that of 50 cents.
6, the perfect bathroom does not necessarily have a bathtub; It has been installed and may not be used every time; It has been used, please flush the toilet with accumulated water;
7. Turn off unused computer programs, reduce the workload of hard disk, save electricity and maintain your computer;
8. If you want to avoid cars, people who commute by bike are not worried about rising oil prices or gaining weight;
There is no need to turn on all the lighting as soon as you enter the door. The electric light was invented only 130 years ago, and it was fine for thousands of years before;
10. Considering the contribution of public transportation to the world environment, it can at least offset the sense of superiority brought by driving a private car;
1 1, please believe that infatuation with fur is just an anti-ancestral impulse;
12, it can be said that the climate warming is partly due to retaliation for excessive use of air conditioning \ heating;
13, use disposable toothbrushes, disposable plastic bags and disposable water cups as little as possible ... because the oil used to make them is also disposable;
14. If you knew that some canned shark fins produced in China were on display in some western ocean museums, would you still have such a good appetite to eat shark fins as food?
15, not necessarily mahogany and leather can reflect home taste; It is recommended to use bamboo furniture because bamboo grows faster than trees;
16 in fact, the simplest way to use solar energy as an environmentally friendly energy source is to try to do work during the day;
17, eating too much meat hurts at least three pairs: animals, themselves and the earth;
18, the wedding ceremony is not a face that you have struggled for 28 years, nor is it a PK accumulated by your family. Nowadays, simplicity and low carbon are the attached values of sweet civilization;
19. It's just a psychological effect to think that turning the faucet to the maximum can wash the dishes more cleanly.
20. It can be confidently said that washing clothes in barrels is not because of laziness, but to save water and electricity;
2 1, raising a child from infancy to preschool, the telephone bill is indeed quite a lot, and some toys, clothes and books are second-hand;
22. The traffic jam is too long. Put out the fire first, and then wait for a while.
24. Check the tire pressure regularly. Too low or too full air volume will increase fuel consumption;
25. Clean the air conditioner regularly, not only for health, but also to use less electricity;
26, general car 93# engine oil is enough, blind use of 97# may not only waste engine oil, but also damage the engine;
27. Learn from the old bus drivers how to save fuel: use less brakes, start the throttle and slide inertia;
28. Some people, especially women, use forty or fifty liters of water for a bath, and cleanliness is not so exaggerated;
29. Scientific thrift is a fine tradition; After the leftovers are cooled, wrap them with plastic wrap and send them to the refrigerator; Hot steam not only increases the work of refrigerator, but also frosts and wastes electricity.
30. In fact, outdoor air conditioners are designed according to waterproof requirements. Adding a coat to it will only reduce the heat dissipation effect, and of course it will cost electricity;
3 1, the amount of foam in washing powder is not necessarily related to washing ability, but low foaming detergent can rinse several times less than high foam washing powder, saving water, electricity and time;
32. The washing machine can save electricity by opening the strong gear than the weak gear, and it can also prolong the life of the machine;
33. The power consumption of TV set in standby state is generally about 10% of its starting power, which is really not small.
34. If you just use the computer to listen to music, the monitor can only be dimmed or turned off;
35. If you use a lot of hot water, you might as well keep the water heater energized to moisturize, because the electricity used for moisturizing one day is lower than that of a box of cold water burning to the same temperature;
36. When cleaning the same car, the water consumption for washing with bucket is only1/8 of that for washing with faucet;
37. You can reduce the floating ball in the toilet tank by 2 cm, saving 4 cubic meters of water a year;
38, set up saving files, monthly consumption of water, electricity, gas and accounting, accomplish know fairly well;
39. Buying electrical appliances depends on energy-saving indicators, which is the easiest way;
40. Experiments have proved that medium fire and water are the most gas-saving;
4 1, 10 years ago, you don't have to know about throwing batteries, but now it's completely irresponsible;
42. Carrying chopsticks or spoons with you has become the label of environmentalists;
43. The quantity of food stored in refrigerator should be 80% of the volume. Too much or too little will consume electricity.
44. Holding a short meeting is also a saving-lighting, air conditioning, stereo, etc.
45, nothing to go out for a walk, "home" is very expensive;
46. If it is not necessary, try to buy local and seasonal products. Transportation and packaging often consume more energy than production;
47. Planting trees pays for the carbon dioxide you emit, how much you discharge and how much you suck;
48. Choose cotton and linen for clothes, which is both environmentally friendly and fashionable, elegant and durable;
49. Is drying really necessary? Let clothes bask in the sun more;
50. American statistics show that the per capita resource consumption after divorce is 42%-6 1% higher than that before divorce. Let's protect the earth with marriage!