Tibet has been under the administrative jurisdiction of the central government since the Yuan Dynasty, but Tibet's land, people and culture have been inseparable from the mainland since ancient times. It should be said that Tibet has been an inseparable part of China's history since ancient times. ?

(1) Are the ancient Sino-Tibetan languages and ethnic groups of the same origin?

(1) The homology of the original Sino-Tibetan languages?

After long-term research, linguists have basically established the scientific classification of Chinese and Tibetan languages belonging to the same language family. In the field of historical language research, many scholars at home and abroad have made fruitful research on the homology of primitive Chinese and Tibetan languages, which has aroused widespread concern. For example, Nicholas C. Bodman, an American scholar, made an in-depth discussion on this issue in his long paper Primitive Sino-Tibetan: Some Evidence for Establishing the Relationship between them.

Through research, he demonstrated the pronunciation and meaning of 486 Chinese-Tibetan cognates. Scholars in China have also conducted in-depth and systematic research on this issue. For example, Yu Min discussed the homology of the two ethnic groups, made a manuscript of Chinese-Tibetan homophones, and listed about 600 Chinese-Tibetan homophones.

Historical language research is an important auxiliary means of historical research. The homology of primitive languages is a reflection of the same historical fate of the two ancient nations, and it is the product of the close blood relationship and culture of the two nations. ?

(2) Tibetans are also descendants of China, and Tibetan culture is also an integral part of Chinese culture?

The Han nationality and the Tibetan nationality are closely related in race and blood, and the connection point is the ancient Qiang nationality. According to the textual research of Jia Kui, a scholar in the Han Dynasty, the legendary Gong family, who is famous for its water control, is a "man surnamed Jiang". Yan Di, the "Shennong" who invented agriculture, was also a native. Guo Yu said to Jin: "Who did you marry in the past? GFEA 1？ Stone, gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is a discipline and a ginger. " Poetry, Elegance and Living People says "I lived in Gangwon as soon as I was born". And has always maintained a close marriage relationship with the Qiang people. When Gu's father came to Korea, he led his troops to travel west to the water margin. As for SJGH, he and Jiang Nv came to Yu Xu. Archaeological data also confirmed the close relationship between the Central Plains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Ancient Tibetan ancestors, although the academic circles have different understandings of her origin, can not deny her close relationship with the ancient Qiang people. Therefore, most of the history books in China in Tang and Song Dynasties associate Tubo with Guxiqiang, and Tongdian and Old Tang Book recorded the statement that Tubo originated from Faqiang at that time. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty directly affirmed this statement, saying: "Tubo belongs to the Western Qiang, and there are 50 species of Gaibai, which are scattered in the rivers, yellow rivers, Fujian and some Faqiang, but it has never been connected with China and lives in the west of the water. The ancestors said that the stork Tibo knew the wild, was strong and wise, and was slightly close to Qiang, according to his land. Fan, the sound is close, so his descendants are called Tubo and surnamed Bo Xiye. " ?

To say the least, if the royal ancestors of Tubo are not the Qiang people mentioned in China's ancient history books, then most of its indigenous people are the ancient Qiang people in China's ancient history books. Therefore, we have reason to believe that Tibetans are also descendants of the Chinese people, and Tibetan culture is also an organic part of Chinese culture. ?

(3) What is the basis of ethnic relations in Tibetan history books?

In fact, not only Chinese materials describe the blood relationship between the two ethnic groups, but also Tibetan history books have similar records, which can be seen from Tibetan legends. For example, there are many legends about the origin of ancient nationalities recorded in Tibetan history books, one of which says: the four outer tribes are rats, frogs, apes and monkeys protected by their skins in grass gullies; The four internal ethnic groups are Keshanghan, Jinxiang Mongolia, Kalememba and Xibuye Tubo. Among them, Keshanghan people are divided into two branches, namely Mu and Gaila; Jinxiang Mongolians are divided into Sencha and Ra?a, and Kalememba people are divided into three branches: one is Menbaben tribe, the other is Yao Mi (Muya) people on the border between China and Tibet, and the other is Kampot people; "The lineage of Tubo people is divided into six branches: at first, in the upper part of Maka Xiangya Show, there was a prince named Dingge, who had three sons, namely Han, Tubo and Mongolian. The Tubo, whose name is Chiduo Qinbo, has six sons, namely, four brothers Cha, Zhu, Dong and Ga, and two brothers Wei and Da, a total of six. " They each marry and have children. Two younger brothers, Wei Heda, married Dadai in the border area between China and Tibet.

These clearly reflect the historical fact that China and Tibet are of the same origin. Of course, this contains the theoretical color of serving the national unity of the Yuan Dynasty, but it also reveals the objective historical facts. As we know, not only the Tibetan and Han nationalities are of the same ancestry in ancient times, but also this blood relationship is deepening in the later historical development process. During and after the expansion of the Tubo dynasty, a large-scale wave of ethnic integration began in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main trend was that many ethnic groups in the plateau and marginal areas were integrated into the Tubo people, including a large number of Han people living in this area. Therefore, the statement that Han and Tibetan are connected by blood is based on sufficient facts. ?

(2) Close cultural relations?

(1) Cultural exchange takes a long time and has the largest scale and depth.

Since the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty, cultural exchanges with the outside world have been sparse or dense. However, from the perspective of the length, scale and content of cultural exchanges, Tibet has the most prominent ties with all ethnic groups in the mainland, and has the closest ties with people in the administrative areas of the central government in previous dynasties, which is unmatched by any other region. Tibet not only has close ties with China's central governments and other brotherly peoples, but also has frequent and close cultural exchanges with India, a neighboring country to the south, but they are not in the same breath. Everyone knows that the closest relationship with Tibet is Indian Buddhism. As far as Buddhism is concerned, its exchanges with all ethnic groups in the mainland of China far exceed those with India, because since the 1 1 century, northern India has been occupied by Islamic troops, and Indian Buddhism has gradually lost its tradition. Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, Han nationality and other ethnic areas in the north, forming a huge torrent, which is incomparable to India after the decline of Buddhism. As for the connection between material culture, production technology and other social life, this is even more true. ?

(2) There are various ways of cultural exchange?

There are various ways of cultural contact between Tibet and Chinese mainland. As far as the general trend is concerned, there are problems that the culture of Han nationality and other nationalities in the Central Plains affects Tibetan culture, Tibetan culture affects the culture of Han nationality and other nationalities in the Mainland, and Tibet and other brotherly nationalities interact with each other. For example, during the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Tibetan students studied the culture and system of the Tang Dynasty in Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. Tubo also invited many literary experts, medical and craft professionals directly from the Tang Dynasty to spread advanced technology in the mainland, and also requested the introduction of China classics such as Shi Mao, Li Ji, Zuo Zhuan and Selected Works through Princess Jincheng.

In Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, Tibetan decorative customs were very popular at that time. In Bai Juyi's poem, "Yuanhe makeup comb, bun face is not Chinese style." This is the portrayal. Gaoji is a custom of Uighurs, while "making noodles" is a custom of Tubo people, which reflects the two-way influence of cultural customs, although the influence of mainland culture on Tibetan culture was the main one at that time. The forms of Sino-Tibetan cultural exchange are also diverse and direct, that is, the two ethnic groups have direct cultural contact and exchange; It is also indirect, that is, it can be realized through the culture of other fraternal peoples. For example, the cultural exchange between China and Tibet is realized through Mongolian, Manchu and other brotherly peoples, and this significance is even greater, thus forming an all-round communication trend. ?

(3) A solid foundation for economic exchanges?

(1) Tang-Fan Ancient Road and Tubo Silk Road?

The relationship between Tibet and the central governments of past dynasties, as well as the relationship between the local people in Tibet and the people of the Han nationality and other ethnic groups in the mainland are getting closer and closer. One of the reasons is economic interdependence and close ties. Before the Tubo Dynasty was established, the economic exchanges between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the mainland had been formed, which was based on the complementarity between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region with animal husbandry economy as the main production mode and the mainland with agriculture as the main production content. Of course, animal husbandry economy is more dependent on agricultural economy, so that agricultural civilization plays a centripetal role in a certain sense. After the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty, it attached great importance to the economic exchanges and trade relations with the mainland Tang Dynasty. In the contacts between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo for more than 200 years, there were envoys almost every year. In addition to applying, proposing marriage, giving away forms, etc. It is very important to restore the economy and trade interrupted by the war. Since Princess Wencheng entered Tibet and got married, a prosperous traffic avenue has been formed between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo, which is the famous "Tang-Fan Ancient Road" at that time.

The New Tang Book Geography records the direction and mileage of this road. According to historical records, there are many kinds of goods exchanged on the ancient Tang-Fan road, but silk is the most important or representative, so this road can also be called "Tubo Silk Road". The trade on the Tubo Silk Road played a great role in promoting the economic development of the Tubo Dynasty. ?

(2) Tea-horse mutual market?

In ancient China, there was a very close barter form of economic exchange between the agricultural areas dominated by the Central Plains and the pastoral areas in the frontier plateau, and between the central government and the political power in the frontier ethnic minority areas, with rich connotations, including political tribute, economic complementarity and cultural exchange and reference. Economically speaking, horses urgently needed for farming operations in the Central Plains and tea for basic daily necessities in nomadic areas have caused the relationship between supply and demand between two major economic types and two major regions, as well as two political forces, the central government and border local governments. Tea and horses are duty-bound to act as an important link between them. The history book says: "People who love cheese but can't drink tea are trapped in illness. Therefore, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, tea has been exchanged for horses, and Qiang Rong has been used, but the Ming system is especially dense. "

Similarly, the mainland can't farm without horses. In order to cope with the constant war, the demand for horses is increasing. We should also see that the so-called "tea-horse exchange" is just a symbol, and its connotation is much richer and more substantial. Therefore, this kind of economic exchange closely links the two and forms an interdependent relationship. It has also played a positive role in maintaining the relationship between Tibet and the central government in China, and promoted the historical process of Tibet being under the jurisdiction of the central government in China. ?

(4) The inevitable connection of historical development?

It is inevitable that Tibet will be included in the history of China, which is caused by many factors, regardless of human will. The eastward spread of Tibetan culture also has certain objective inevitability.

(1) Factors of natural geographical environment?

Tibet is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the core part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is surrounded by mountains and rivers. Especially in its south and west, the Himalayas, known as the "roof of the world", geographically separates it from the vast areas of South Asia and Central Asia, while in its northeast, it is a relatively open low-lying area, providing it with a platform and channel for outward development. This natural geographical factor has created a good natural atmosphere for the integration of Tibet and the mainland. Therefore, when the Tubo dynasty was strong, although positive measures were taken in four directions, the expansion to the north and east was the most effective, and geographical factors played an important role. ?

(2) The historical choice of the development direction of Tibetan civilization?

The influence of geographical environment is one of the factors for the development of civilization, and the outward development of Tibetan civilization is also restricted by the surrounding cultural atmosphere. If there were close cultural exchanges between Tibet and India in South Asia during the Tubo Dynasty, then around the century1/kloc-0, a large number of Indian monks fled to Tibet because of the occupation of northern India by Islamic forces, which was a very tragic closing ceremony. Although the contact between the two sides has always existed, there is no such intimate scene as before. The ancient Tibetan culture, with Buddhism as its main content, has turned its attention to the brotherly nationalities and regions in China, which have always been rich and fertile, with sunshine and rain, providing an infinite prospect for the survival and development of Tibetan Buddhism. ?

(3) Positive promotion of central policies, measures and management in past dynasties?

In view of Tibet's special natural geographical environment, religious and ethnic characteristics, the central governments of past dynasties have adopted policies different from those in the mainland and even other border ethnic areas. Although these policies and systems have some shortcomings and mistakes, on the whole, they have also played an active and effective role in strengthening the relations between the local and central governments in Tibet and the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet and the mainland. The policy of "affinity" in the Tang Dynasty, the policy of "worshipping Buddhism according to customs" in the Yuan Dynasty, the measure of "building more buildings and guarding the city" in the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty reused the Gelug leaders to manage the place, established the system of ministers stationed in Tibet, and cast lots for reincarnation of living buddhas. ?

(4) The inevitable result of the long-term contacts between Tibet and mainland people?

The deep feelings and friendship between people in Xizang and the people in the mainland and other parts of the motherland have always played an irreplaceable role in maintaining the relationship between the local government in Tibet and the central governments of past dynasties. The connection between people is gradual, subtle and very firm and lasting. As the story of King Gelsall quotes an old Tibetan proverb, "Yaks who travel between China and Tibet don't want to carry anything on their backs. When trade is favorable, they even care about their own lives. " "Han Chinese goods are shipped to Tibet (Tubo). Don't we produce these things here? No, just connect the hearts of the Han and Tibetan people. " The blood relationship between Tibet and the Han nationality and other ethnic groups in the mainland has been established in ancient times, and will continue to deepen in the future. The formation of ancient Tibetans is also a process of constantly recognizing the Han nationality and other brotherly peoples psychologically, culturally and politically. This process of identification is forever developing and never ending, and it needs to be maintained and cherished from generation to generation. ?

To sum up, Tibet has been an inalienable part of China since ancient times, which is well-founded. The historical phenomenon is very complicated, and the process of historical development is full of twists and turns, but the direction and trend of historical development are certain. In a sense, it was inevitable that Tibet was under the administrative jurisdiction of the central government of China during the Yuan Dynasty. In fact, it is also a page in the long history of China and the formation of the Chinese nation. It is neither the beginning nor the end of this political relationship.