In recent years, China's private economy has entered a period of rapid development. The assets scale of private scientific and technological enterprises has expanded rapidly, the economic strength has been further enhanced, and the number has continued to grow. Private enterprises have become an important part of the national economy. According to the data of China's Ministry of Science and Technology, in 53 national high-tech industrial development zones, private high-tech enterprises account for more than 80%, engaged in high-tech and diversified technology fields. More than 90% of private scientific and technological enterprises in Beijing and Shanghai are engaged in high-tech industries, and the focus of industrial development is in the fields of electronic information and biotechnology. Private scientific and technological enterprises in China have become the main force in developing high-tech, realizing industrialization and exporting high-tech products.

However, with the continuous growth of private high-tech enterprises and entering a glorious period, major developed countries have set up many barriers to China's high-tech products, and the means of trade protection have shifted from traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers to the establishment of various so-called "standards" at a deeper level. The means of trade protection are more subtle and the competition is more intense. Due to the late start of private high-tech enterprises in China, a considerable number of enterprises can not fully adapt to the increasingly fierce international market. Therefore, these so-called "standards" have become "obstacles" for the export of private high-tech enterprises in China.

The first obstacle: technical barriers to trade.

According to Li Yongjiang, a researcher at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce, in order to protect their related industries, countries began to widely use technical barriers to trade, as the traditional means of trade protection could no longer contain the high-tech products of exporting countries. They set stricter technical performance standards and quality standards for imported mechanical and electrical products on the grounds of protecting human health and consumer safety. Technical barriers to trade have become a new trade barrier after tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers (administrative measures).

It is understood that the EU first set strict technical barriers to trade on mechanical and electrical products, and the CE mark is a passport for industrial products to enter the EU market. The customs of EU countries have the right to refuse the entry of products without CE mark. On the other hand, the United States has established the Law on Controlling Radioactive Health and Safety for the import of electronic products, and formulated the Air Purification Law and the Automobile Pollution Prevention Law. Products that fail to meet the standards will be rejected. Japan has formulated various technical regulations and standards. The restrictions on mechanical and electrical products are JIS specifications, many of which are higher than international standards. If you can't meet the standard, you can't enter the Japanese domestic market.

At present, there are 6,543,800 technical standards in the EU, 6,543,800 industrial standards in Germany and 865.438+0.84 industrial standards and 397 agricultural products standards in Japan. American technical standards and regulations are numerous. Moreover, the technical standards of these developed countries are mostly very harsh, which makes developing countries far behind.

Some countries, especially the United States, Japan and the European Union, rely on their own technological and economic advantages to formulate technical standards, technical regulations and technical certification systems that are stricter than international standards, and implement trade protectionism in the name of technical barriers to trade.

The second "obstacle": green barrier

Officials from the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Commerce of China believe that in recent years, green barriers have become a new type of trade barriers set by developed countries to developing countries. On the grounds that clean technology and clean products can maintain the ecological environment, they have formulated trade punishment measures related to environmental protection, such as environmental surtax, to restrict low-quality and cheap products from entering the world market. There are also terms related to product performance, such as emission limitation, recyclability, energy saving and so on. For example, the European Union has introduced the IS0 14000 environmental management system, which requires imported products to meet environmental protection standards from production preparation to manufacturing, sales, use and final treatment. There are also "UL" and "Green Cross" in America, "ECP" in Canada and so on. To this end, they have also formulated a strict product quarantine and inspection system.

In addition, in the name of protecting the environment, western developed countries frequently levy environmental protection taxes on the export products of some developing countries, and also require polluters to thoroughly control pollution, and all the control costs are included in the cost according to the polluter pays principle, that is, the cost of internalizing environmental resources, otherwise it is ecological dumping and ecological anti-dumping duties should be imposed.

From the product point of view, it not only involves the primary products related to human health in the resource environment, but also includes all intermediate products and industrial finished products. The higher the processing level and technical level of products, the more obvious the constraints and influences.

Green barrier has become a realistic problem that high-tech private enterprises must face. Therefore, Li Yongjiang suggested that the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine should exempt or self-check the high-tech products exported by private enterprises that have passed relevant international certification, and conduct random inspection or even compulsory inspection on the products of enterprises with poor quality.

The third obstacle: social responsibility related to trade.

In recent years, under the pressure of oil price fluctuations, exchange rate changes and domestic labor organizations, developed countries have linked product trade with non-trade barriers such as labor standards and social welfare, setting new obstacles for the export of mechanical and electrical products in developing countries. For example, the social responsibility management system (SA8000 for short) is a new management standard system with the protection of working environment and conditions and labor rights as its main content. In the name of strengthening social responsibility management, human rights issues are combined with trade through management system certification, and finally the purpose of trade protectionism is achieved.

Dr. Li Youhuan, an economics researcher at Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, believes that under the background that China may gradually become an international manufacturing center, domestic enterprises are more and more closely linked with the international market, and China's dependence on foreign trade exceeds 60%, the development of China enterprises will be seriously restricted with the multinational companies in developed countries enforcing various corporate social responsibility certifications or audits similar to SA8000.

Dr. Li Youhuan told the reporter that transnational capital has higher and higher requirements for moral certification of China enterprises. Some foreign trade enterprises in coastal areas such as Zhejiang Province and Guangdong Province have such a jingle: "Multinational companies come to inspect factories, don't drink, don't eat, ask about wages, check taxes, and place orders after counting pits." These "factory inspections" are hundreds of corporate social responsibility audits promoted in Europe and America, including the SA8000 standard. According to incomplete estimates, more than 50,000 enterprises in the coastal areas of China have received similar factory inspections. He stressed that these measures show that the situation faced by China's export enterprises will be more severe.

Because of the uncertainty and plasticity of the above three trade barriers, they can be easily used by developed countries to formulate targeted technical standards for foreign products in concrete implementation and operation, and they can make things difficult and resist imported products at will, so they have the characteristics of flexible implementation. In addition, because these trade barriers are very extensive, complex and constantly changing, and there are great differences between countries, it is difficult for exporters in developing countries to adapt.

Therefore, experts predict that future trade disputes will focus more on these aspects.