Examination is the examination and approval of the meaning, scope and requirements of the topic. The process of examining the topic is the process of establishing the genre, theme, center and writing of the article. This is the first step in writing, and you can't be careless at all, otherwise it will be "a thousand miles away" and the consequences will be unimaginable. In particular, candidates are easy to grab time and are very nervous on the spot, so it is particularly important to calmly examine the questions.
The specific task of topic examination is to understand the intention of the proposer, understand the image, scope and focus of writing, clarify the intention and determine the genre of the article through thinking and analyzing the topic of the composition. Therefore, as the first step of the composition test, it is particularly important. Whether the composition test is accurate or not directly determines the quality of the article and the success or failure of writing.
The first step to break through when examining questions is to identify the types of questions. Common problem types are:
1. Proposition composition
Its characteristic is that the proposer only gives one topic as the basis of our composition. Sometimes it is just a word, such as "habit" (1988 national topic); Sometimes it is a sentence, such as "my wealth" (1996 Shanghai topic); Sometimes it is just a sentence, such as "worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world." In addition to the title, there are usually some tips and requirements. In the examination of this kind of propositional composition, it is natural to grasp the main meaning of the topic, but also pay attention to "hints" and "requirements"
2. Material composition
There are two kinds of common material compositions: one is written materials, such as fables, allusions and real life events; Second, the picture material: one or more pictures, mostly cartoons (satire). This kind of topic requires us to write our own composition according to the requirements of style and length in the given materials and tips. The title of the suggested article and the content of the written article must be related to the given materials and tips.
3. Topic composition
From 1999, marked by the appearance of the word "topic" in the composition in 2000, a composition form that pays more attention to examining candidates' thinking quality and writing basic skills-topic composition appeared. "Topic" is also the material and the center of conversation. The topic is to lead to the topic, but it is only the starting point of writing. As long as it is a composition related to the thoughts and feelings caused by the topic, the biggest difference between the topic composition and the material composition lies in the way of thinking: the former is radiant.
4. No theme proposition composition
This is the trend in recent two or three years. This kind of composition pays attention to diversification, pays attention to the "hybrid" of topic composition and material composition, abandons the AB relationship that has remained unchanged for many years, and the theme of the composition is not limited. It requires us to get inspiration from materials, associate life phenomena, refine opinions, and purify structural, emotional and logical clues from chaotic feelings. When writing, we should understand the composition of topics and materials, and have the writing ability from real to virtual, or from virtual to real.
Judging from the actual effect of the proposition, the first two types of questions are too restrictive, which is not conducive to candidates' play, so in recent years,
Basically, it adopts the form of topic composition or theme-free proposition composition.
The second step of the breakthrough in examination is the meaning of examination.
1. Examine the meaning of the proposition composition
(1) Start with the grammatical structure of the topic and cut into the deep layer of the topic.
Analyze the grammatical structure of the topic and determine the theme and focus of the article. Because the topics of a propositional composition generally include parts of speech, phrases and sentence patterns, we can grasp the intention of the proposition from the grammatical structure and determine our own thinking trend. For example, those who are near the ink are black/those who are near the ink are not necessarily black (19 1 national topic), subject-predicate structure, and what is the subject "those who are near the ink are black"? Can I dye it black? The decisive factor is nothing more than "those who are close to ink are black" himself. This analysis makes the main points of the article clear; Perseverance 1-the character I pursue (1998 national topic), subject-predicate structure sentence, what is the character I pursue? Perseverance. My pursuit limits the scope of writing, and it is my pursuit, not the pursuit of others.
(2) Analyze the connotation and extension of title words and the logical relationship between words.
As we know, words have original meaning and figurative meaning, and sometimes they have temporary meaning (temporary meaning produced in different language environments). 1997 and 1998 focus on the original meaning, 1996 focuses on the extended meaning, and 1995 focuses on the figurative meaning.
2. Investigate the meaning of material composition.
(1) the "analysis method" to distinguish types and grasp the meaning.
Materials The materials for the composition are written materials and picture materials. Written materials can be divided into two categories: one is to clarify the views on the facts stated in the material itself, which is called case type; There is a discussion about the phenomenon that materials allude to ten metaphors, which is called figurative. The former material is an example, which is an extension and deepening on the basis of the original meaning; The material of the latter is the medium, and the carrier excavates its metaphorical meaning on the basis of the carrier. Comic materials are generally more concrete, and often reflect reality with exaggeration, humor and irony. When you write, you should find out its metaphorical meaning instead of "painting on a picture", such as the Fujian composition in 2005.
(2) Scrutinize the text and find out the "breakthrough" of the material.
Grasp the key words that can reveal the content in the material and scrutinize it repeatedly; These words are the "eyes" in materials. If we are asked to write an argumentative essay based on the following materials, how to examine the topic?
Once, people asked Professor Bohr, a Danish physicist, "What is the secret of establishing a first-class physics school?" Unexpectedly, Bohr replied, "Because I am not afraid to show my stupidity in front of students." Hearing this answer, everyone was very surprised and puzzled.
Bohr's answer is really unexpected, but it is reasonable to think about it carefully. In life, we often encounter similar situations. Please give your own ideas, choose your own style and write an article of no less than 800 words on the topic of "lying down and reasoning". What you write must be within the scope of the topic.
The following review materials, the wrong one is ()
A. the topic is "unexpected, reasonable". "Unexpected" is extraordinary; "Reasonable" means not grotesque, and the topic is the combination of the two. Then this material tells us this truth: contingency and inevitability in life are often unified.
B. Connecting with real life from Professor Bohr's answers, such unexpected things often occur in life, so the composition can write out the accidental phenomena in life. What the first-class scientists say can find out the reasons and is reasonable, so they can also write the inevitable phenomena in life.
C. Bohr's answer shows that Bohr's scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, modest spirit of studying and broad mind, and equal and frank interpersonal relationship between teachers and students are all necessary conditions for establishing a first-class school, so it is reasonable.
D. From the topic, it can be associated with kimball, the undersecretary of the US Navy, who blocked Qian Xuesen's return to China, saying that the helpless Qian Xuesen was "worth five divisions"-unexpected; From this, we can see the power of knowledge-a feeling. In this way, knowledge is power around the topic, and the topic becomes mature.
Therefore, the examination questions should be accurate. We should be good at extracting important information from keywords and accurately grasp the proposition intention. For more abstract topics, we should learn to turn abstract into concrete and learn to associate. For example, in the essay titled "Emotion and Cognition of Things" in 2003, it is necessary to clarify the meanings of several concepts involved: "Emotion and closeness" refers to the intimacy of feelings between people, which is understood as "emotional impulse", and "emotional fluctuation" is a cognitive judgment of objective things, and it is also wrong to understand it as decision, fact and approval.
(3) Seeking common ground while reserving differences and grasping the "connection point" of materials.
This mainly refers to the topic of providing a variety of materials. When there are many materials, there must be various relationships between them. When examining questions, we must learn dialectical thinking, analyze phenomena in essence and grasp the "connection point" between multiple materials. According to the nature of the materials, we will now introduce "seeking common ground" and "seeking differences".
Seeking common ground method: Although the materials provided are different in form and content, their connotations are similar. When reviewing questions, it is necessary to find out the similarities between materials, such as the following set of materials:
After 27 years of investigation and study, Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, which guided Evan Leahy to invent 606 kinds of drugs and failed 605 times. Pavlov studied conditioned reflex for 30 years before writing a lecture on the function of the two hemispheres of the brain. It took Marx 14 years to write Das Kapital, and Edison failed hundreds of times to invent the electric light.
The material lists five things of five people, which are relatively independent and different. But there is a * * between them. Great men can achieve great success because they can persist and struggle for a long time after setting their goals. This * * * is the central connotation of the material and the central argument we want to summarize.
Difference-seeking method: If there are positive and negative materials in several items, then when examining the questions, we should first find out the opposition between the positive and negative materials, get inspiration from the comparison of the positive and negative materials, and refine our own views.
Look at the following two materials:
A. The red ones are all black recently.
B. There is no dye in the mud, and there is no demon in the ripple.
The views of these two materials are opposite. Material A shows that the environment can change people's ideological quality and emphasizes the great influence of objective environment on people. Material B shows that people can form and maintain noble ideology and morality even in a dirty environment, without pollution, emphasizing people's subjective initiative. When looking for their "connection point", both sides should pay attention. If you analyze it carefully, you will find that although these two materials are opposite, they are unified.
3. Examine the meaning of the topic composition
Although the topic composition adopted in recent years has repeatedly reduced the difficulty and requirements of topic examination, there are still quite a few candidates who have some deviations in one way or another. One of the most important reasons is that candidates lack a clear, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the internal and external characteristics of the topic composition, especially the examination of "tips".
Pay attention to certain methods when reading materials and understanding the meaning of topics.
(1) Study materials and be familiar with the phenomena and principles reflected by materials.
(2) Understand the requirements and define the scope of the composition.
(3) Association analysis, from topic to conception. The method is: from this to that, from phenomenon association; From the outside to the inside, the connotation is clearly defined from the truth.
(4) Draw up a sentence, take it as the center of the article, and make it the highlight of the article.
Looking at students' compositions, we find that many people can't summarize the center of the article in one sentence. The reason is that they don't know what to write, and they have no concept before writing. They are learning to write articles, but they must write at once. Naturally, they can't write good articles. In fact, no matter who you are, when you write an article, you have a clear meaning in your heart, that is, a clear central point of view, and some are simply. Some people have a one-sided understanding that designing sentences directly at the center of expression is not implicit, that is, they lack skills. As everyone knows, this is exactly what the composition requires. Marking papers is a very hard work and there is a time limit. Fast reading is the basic skill of marking teachers. Implicit composition requires teachers to try to understand it repeatedly, which is of course time-consuming and laborious, which contradicts the short time and high efficiency of marking papers. Therefore, the composition requires candidates to properly design the sentences that express the center in the article and put them in a conspicuous position in the article. When designing the sentences of the expression center, we should start from the requirements of materials and topics, use the truth contained in them, and connect with the reality of life, and draw a judgment with certain guiding significance (or philosophy). This judgment is the central idea or central point of view. Examining every excellent composition, we use different judgments. The difference is that sentences expressing this judgment have different forms because of different styles. Generally speaking, the central sentence of an argumentative essay is a judgment sentence, while the central sentence of a narrative essay is a sentence with strong lyrical meaning. As for the specific expression, it varies from person to person, from text to text, and even from language environment.
4. No theme proposition composition
Although the requirements for a composition without a theme are quite broad, it is not unlimited. If you want to write a composition that meets the meaning of the topic, you must carefully examine the topic, determine the content scope of the material requirements, and determine the focus of the article. The examination of composition topics generally includes four aspects: examining the materials of the topics, analyzing the restrictive conditions, grasping the writing requirements, and defining the writing theme. In addition, "optional style" does not mean no style, let alone no style. If you choose to write prose, it should be like prose and conform to the stylistic characteristics of prose.
The relevant methods of topic composition and material composition should be considered when examining the topic.
The third step to break through the examination is to establish style.
When establishing a style, we should pay attention to two points:
First, what kind of expression is more suitable for the material you have?
Second, what style of writing are you good at? In short, we should consider comprehensively, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and give full play to our strengths.
The fourth step of the breakthrough in the examination of questions complements each other in three aspects: interpretation, inquiry and clarification.
The examination of composition requires writers to complement each other in the process of examination.
To interpret the text, we should learn the original meaning of a word from the prophet, and then master its extended meaning and figurative meaning. Only by thoroughly understanding the meaning of the problem can we guarantee it.
The accuracy of the examination questions is correct.
While understanding the literal meaning of the topic, we should also see through its implied meaning and grasp its profound ideological connotation.
The key to writing a clear composition is to grasp the main idea of the material, accept the limitations of the material and get inspiration from it.
When writing a topic composition or a topic-free composition (generally no topic is specified), you should read the topic text carefully, define the writing scope, determine the center and genre, and then "write a small topic". It should be noted that "orientation" is a very important link in the examination of topic composition.
To have these three aspects of real kung fu, the key is to improve their ideological level and understanding and analysis ability.
In short, in the examination room, there are mainly three kinds of examination skills:
Technique 1: cut first and then cut. Find a cut in the material to obtain a cross section; Or find a writing angle to narrow or limit the scope of the composition. Don't generalize, cut to the chase, indulge your feelings and gallop freely.
Tip 2: Compare before taking. Draw up two sets of composition plans according to the requirements of the proposition, then compare their advantages and disadvantages, and decide which one to keep with the principle of more conforming to the intention of the proposition. This seems to be time-consuming, but if you deliberately strengthen the training of choice at ordinary times, you will be handy in the exam.
Manipulation 3: buckle first and then lift. From the beginning, you can't escape the idea of the composition given by the materials. On this basis, you should learn to be superior and make your thoughts more profound.
Theme demonstration
1. Read the following text and write as required.
I don't know when, the saying that "The Great Wall in Wan Li, China is the only man-made building that can be seen in space" has been widely circulated. It is said that it has been verified by many astronauts and there are photos to prove it. The major media rushed to report, and even said solemnly, "American astronauts said that the biggest building they can see from the moon is the Great Wall, and the Great Wall seen above looks like a black earthworm."
Can we really see the Great Wall from space? After Yang Liwei, the first man in China's space, successfully returned to the ground, a reporter asked curiously, "Have you seen the Great Wall of Wan Li in space?" Yang Lijun replied without thinking: "No!"
Why are our inner desires always inconsistent with the facts? When we know the truth, how should we face it? Please write an article on the topic of "Facing the Truth".
What sentences do you think are the key points to be grasped in order to accurately and comprehensively examine the composition materials of this topic?
Tip: the examination of the topic should be comprehensive. Every sentence and word in the topic should be carefully read and analyzed, including every content in the writing requirements, to ensure that there is no omission. For example, the composition "Emotion and Cognition of Things" in 2003 is a compound topic. The word "harmony" between "emotion and cognition of things" cannot be ignored. It is the connection point between the two and the focus of writing. The direction of conception can be "correct cognition should overcome emotional closeness", "emotion should obey rationality", "emotion should be guided by acceptability", or "emotional closeness helps rational cognition". It can also be considered that there are rich and complicated connections between the two ... as long as it can be said in the past, it is in line with the meaning of the topic. In the process of writing, "emotional closeness" allows you to focus on "emotional closeness" or "cognition of things" without sharing pen and ink, but only writing "emotional closeness" or "cognition of things" will be regarded as deviating from the meaning of the question in marking.
2. Read the following composition materials, and then complete the topic.
The newspaper said that a middle school student designed an experimental scheme for a space project, thinking that he would definitely win the first prize in the country, but only won the third prize. He didn't stand up to receive the prize when presenting the prize. Another middle school student completed an invention design with the help of teachers and classmates. Knowing that the factory was going into production, he negotiated with the factory alone and asked the factory to give him 20 thousand yuan or send him abroad to study.
Select the best item () from the listed test results.
A. Have a sense of commodities
B. dissatisfied
C. Pay attention to the construction of spiritual civilization
D. Cultivate talents with both ability and political integrity
Hint: Judging from the self-propositional composition questions in 2005 in China 17 provinces and cities, the composition tends to return to the traditional proposition and material composition. Examining questions is one of the key steps. Examining questions is to understand the theme, a thinking-oriented process and the first step in writing a good composition. If you are writing a composition that provides written materials, you must correctly and comprehensively grasp the meaning of the written materials. First of all, you should see through the literal meaning of the topic, that is, the clear requirements. Then, we should deeply grasp its internal relationship, that is, implicit requirements. For explicit requirements, it is necessary to fully and completely understand the contents of written materials; For implicit requirements, we should understand the emotional intention of written materials, that is, the positive or negative attitude of people or things, phenomena or problems referred to in the materials.
3. Reading the composition topic, one of the following mistakes is ()
A. The multiple-choice relationship "Better retreat and build a network, if you don't advance, you will retreat" must explain why we can't just have the illusion of "admiring the forest", but must "retreat and build a network" and adopt a realistic attitude.
B. The topic of "Only deep roots can flourish" emphasizes the necessary condition of deep roots, and the argument is based on this condition.
The "expensive" in C learning lies in asking more questions, which reveals the importance and necessity of asking more questions for learning.
D. "Plum Blossom is beaming with snow" From the title, grasp the words "Plum Blossom is beaming with snow" and praise the plum blossom's habit of not being afraid of cold and snow.
Tip: The topics or materials of some compositions are very implicit, so you can't talk about things. We must dig deep into the connotation and reveal the meaning correctly. For example, the topic of "fairy fish netting" is by no means a discussion of fishing; The topic of "how to sweep the world without sweeping a room" cannot be understood as discussing sanitation work. Especially in the composition of materials and charts, we should carefully understand the meaning of materials or charts. Revealing meaning is often manifested in exploring its metaphorical and symbolic meaning. Symbolism is a means of expression in literary creation, which uses the image of concrete things to express an abstract concept, thought or emotion. It is characterized by using some similarities between symbols and symbolized objects. Make a certain content of the symbolized object be implicitly and vividly expressed. Some topics contain a symbolic meaning, so we can't judge them on their own merits. We should explore its symbolic meaning and consider what it symbolizes with the most practical significance.
4. Read the following text, and then write as required.
It is said that King David's ring is engraved with an inscription: "Everything will pass." There is an inscription on the ring of a character in Chekhov's novel: "Nothing will pass."
A philosopher once said: Success and failure only represent the past. If you forget the past, you can enter a new world. Another philosopher said: The past cannot be forgotten, because history is eternal.
Please write an article on the topic of "forgetting and not forgetting".
Requirements ① The content written must be within the scope of the topic; (2) Self-determined ideas, self-selected styles and self-made topics; ③ No less than 800 words.
Tip: A good composition topic, material and topic should have more expanding and stimulating relations, which can help us to jump out of the box of habitual thinking. This is a topic that can focus on one side and explore the relationship between the two. Starting from the point of "forgetting", we can write about the transcendence of the past, the warning to the proud (success or failure will come to nothing), the comfort to the frustrated (knowing that forgetting is a happy life) and the helplessness and indignation to forgetting. Today's wedding, tomorrow's door is empty) and so on; From the perspective of "not forgetting", we can at least talk about cherishing the past experience of life (all sufferings will not be endured in vain, and the beauty of the past is still hidden in the bottom of my heart, X's affirmation of history and tradition and condemnation of escaping from the past; Judging from the relationship between them, "forgetting" and "not forgetting" can form a complementary relationship (some should be forgotten, some should not be forgotten), a contradictory relationship (should be forgotten, but should not be forgotten) and a cross relationship (forgetting and not forgetting permeate each other, and life is so hesitant).