Curriculum standards require:

1, part of speech; Words are based on grammatical functions (whether a has practical significance; B can act as the backbone of the sentence; Can you answer this question alone? D can be divided into two categories: notional words and function words. Content words include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and quantifiers. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia.

2, preposition jingle:

Up, down, left and right, right,

According to, in accordance with, make, yes.

Because, rely on, rely on,

Pass, pass, place, give and do.

Prepositions can not be used alone, but can only form object-object phrases with nouns or pronouns, and can be used as modifiers (attributives, adverbials and complements) in sentences. The order of the two words before and after a preposition cannot be reversed.

3. Synonym discrimination perspective: one meaning is light and heavy; B. Scope of application; The object of c collocation; D emotional color; E style color.

4. Principle of distinguishing words: words cannot be separated from words, and words cannot be separated from sentences. Pay attention to the specific language environment to understand the meaning of words.

5, pay attention to the use of related words: a, correct use; B, match correctly.

6. The meaning of words, including basic meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning, as well as the deep meaning and special meaning of words.

In the process of using words, due to the different specific language environment, some extended meanings, figurative meanings, some deep meanings and some special meanings will be produced.

Answer method

(1), thinking: contact the specific language environment to understand its figurative meaning, extended meaning, deep meaning and special meaning of words.

(2) Language: Generally speaking, the answer language can be "metaphor", "reference" and "reference".

7. Expression function of words

The expressive function of words refers to the expressive function and effect of specific words on the objects expressed in sentences. This requires students to have a deeper understanding of words and whole sentences and find reasonable and effective language to express them.

Answer method

(1) Thinking: Judging from the situation of the object expressed in words and the actual situation. And organize reasonable language answers.

(2) Language: Pay attention to distinguishing styles. If it is a narrative, it should be "expressed …" or "vividly expressed …"; If it is descriptive, it is necessary to "accurately explain ..."; If it is argumentative, it should be "a strong argument ...". Of course, it is not static, but it is best not to say that the expressive function of words in narrative is to "explain" something.

8. Emotional color of words

There are generally two kinds of emotional colors in the text: one is to express the feelings of the characters in the article; The second is to express the author's emotional tendency.

(1) Thinking: According to the specific language environment, we should judge the expressive effect of words on feelings or the author's emotional tendency conveyed by words.

(2) Language: it can express, criticize, satirize and praise.

9. Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?

Answer:

Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...

Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...

Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.

10. Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be changed? Why?

Answer format:

I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.

1 1. Reasons for incorrect use of idioms:

A look at the meaning of the text, that is, just according to the literal meaning, naturally make a wrong explanation. For example, walking into the embrace of mountains, seeing majestic mountains and hearing all kinds of things have greatly relaxed both physically and mentally. "Frightened by the wind" means that the fleeing soldiers all suspect that they are chasing troops when they hear the screaming of the wind, describing panic and doubt. Another example: at the sports meeting, the clothes he borrowed didn't fit him well, and he was really short of money.

B. Misuse of praise and criticism, that is, the emotional color of uncertain idioms originally contains praise, but it is used in the context of derogatory meaning.

For example:

Idioms with derogatory colors include: doing everything possible, bluffing, boasting, deliberate, aiming high, echoing from afar, making a storm all over the city, swarming in, resurging, unscrupulous, irresponsible, hot and so on.

Idioms with commendatory colors are: becoming a common practice, gathering sand into a tower, taking your time and so on.

The c object is misused, which means that this idiom is used to describe class A things, but it is used to describe class B things. For example, you just moved to a new house. The room is spacious and bright, but the decoration is a little monotonous. I suggest you hang an oil painting, which will definitely brighten the room. "Splendid" is a modest expression, which means that you are honored because others come to your home or hang calligraphy and paintings that others gave you.

Some idioms refer to concrete objects, such as "row upon row" to describe many buildings such as houses; Many books describe it as "Khan Mountain" and "Sea of Smoke"; "Respect each other as guests" describes husband and wife; "Family happiness" describes a family; "Rare" refers to rare and precious talents or things; "One stroke" means that writing, drawing and composition will be completed soon; "Tone sandhi" refers to the reform and change of system and method; Pay special attention to words with "such as" structure.

D taken out of context means that the applicable context of idioms is misused, resulting in improper use. For example, according to experts' calculations, automobile exhaust emissions are the first to bear the brunt of urban air pollution, accounting for 45% of the total pollution. The metaphor of "bearing the brunt" is the first to suffer an impact or disaster.

E repetition is tedious, which means that the sentence already contains the meaning in the idiom, and if the idiom is used again, it will cause repetition. He was tortured and beaten black and blue in the enemy's prison. Hearing the humorous story, he couldn't help laughing.

Improve a sentence

Curriculum standards require:

Get into the habit of revising your composition. When revising, you can use your sense of language and common sense of grammar and rhetoric, so that you can follow the words.

1, modify the class of sick sentences

(1) Improper use of words

① Improper emotional color. His earnest and hard-working learning spirit is worth learning from each of our classmates. "Youyou" means "not learning well" and is derogatory. It's not appropriate to use it here. It should be changed to "learning". )

② Incorrect use of related words. Only by insisting on verification can the Iraq issue be resolved peacefully. When only and only are used together, just should be changed to only. )

(2) Improper collocation

① Improper collocation of subject and predicate. His lofty revolutionary qualities often appear in my mind. ("quality" can't be "budding", but it can be changed to "his great revolutionary image". )

② Improper collocation of verbs and objects. For example, Shanghai Science and Technology Development Center has gathered a group of professional teams who are enthusiastic about serving the development of science and technology and are good at management. ("Gathering" should be "specialized talents". )

8 Improper collocation of subject and object. This last day's work is the most stressful, enjoyable and meaningful day for students. ("labor" and "one day" are not properly matched, so "labor" should be deleted. )

④ Rhetorical words and head words are not collocated properly. He has made great efforts in cultivating improved varieties. ("great" and "painstaking" are not properly matched and should be changed to "many". )

(3) Incomplete ingredients

(1) The subject is missing. By studying Lei Feng's touching deeds, I learned a lot about being a man. The word "yes" makes "I" lose its subject.

Therefore, the role should be deleted. )

(2) lack of objects. Seeing his photo reminds me of the time when we played together and read books at the same table. This sentence lacks an object head word. "Scene" should be added. )

(4) improper word order

① Improper logical word order. The school has adopted and studied new rules and regulations. The order of "passing" and "learning" is reversed. It should be "learning" before "passing". )

② The related words are in the wrong order. I trust not only him, but also his friends. B: Not only I trust him, but also those who opposed him before trust him now. When two clauses are the same subject, the related word comes after the subject. For example, in A, the subject of both clauses is "I", and "not only" should be behind the subject "I": when the subjects of the two clauses are different, the related words are in front of the subject. For example, B, the subjects of the two clauses are "I" and "person" respectively, and the related word "not only" should be placed before "I". )

(5) Inconsistent

① Inconsistency. Whether you can study hard is the key to improve your academic performance. "Yes" and "No" express two completely different situations, so "Yes" should be deleted. )

② Negative redundancy. For example, individual doctors don't talk about medical ethics and want red envelopes. Hospital leaders are not without responsibility for this. ("not without responsibility" means responsibility, and adding "not" is the opposite, so "not" or "no" should be removed. )

The scope is not clear. As soon as people enter the teaching building, they will see all the pictures and posters about Macao's history hanging on the walls of the corridor. ("Pictures" include "posters" and should not be juxtaposed, but should be called "posters and other pictures". )

(6) Repetition, for example, the heavy schoolwork burden of primary and secondary school students is a chronic disease that plagues our basic education. ("Chronic disease" and "disease" are duplicated, and one of them should be deleted)

(7) Ambiguity For example, a shepherd boy is eating grass with a cow. Is it a "grazing shepherd boy" or a "grazing cow"? It should be changed to "the shepherd boy leads the cow, and the cow is eating grass." )

2. Knowing these basic types of sick sentences, we must master the basic methods of modifying sick sentences.

(1) Check the sick sentences and find out the reasons. Look at the original sentence first and see what is wrong. Grammar, rhetoric and logic have different requirements for review. Finding out the reason is the premise of modifying the sick sentence.

(2) Take the initiative first, and then prescribe the right medicine. If it is a sentence caused by grammatical errors, when modifying it, we should first find out the trunk (subject, predicate and object) of the sentence to see if it is incomplete, if it is properly collocated, if it is disordered, and correct the mistakes found; Then, we should check the additional components (definite, adverbial and complement) and correct them one by one.

(3) On the basis of not changing the original meaning of the sentence, we should add (add words), delete (delete redundant words and phrases), adjust the tone (adjust the word order) and change (replace other words) to the sick sentence. You can't make new sentences.

Reading masterpieces: The Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, How Steel was Tempered, and Robinson Crusoe. ...

1, Character: Name, Nickname, Appearance, Personality, Main Deeds, 2, Story: Character Case 3, Educational Significance.

Classical literature in junior high school, mainly reading famous books.

Literary masterpieces are the essence of human culture and thought. Reading literary classics can not only enjoy excellent literary and artistic edification, but also realize life experience and wisdom, and stimulate children's humanistic feelings, spiritual rationality and social responsibility. Chinese curriculum standard: the fourth stage (grade 7-9) "Learn to make your own reading plan, read all kinds of books extensively, read no less than 2.6 million words after class, and read two or three famous books every year.

First, The Journey to the West author Wu Cheng'en, a famous novelist in Ming Dynasty.

Main content: This book mainly tells the story of the Monkey King's disturbance in the Heavenly Palace, the birth of Tang Priest and the four disciples' Buddhist scriptures, and praises the fearless and indomitable spirit of the four disciples based on the Monkey King.

Features of the work: ① This novel is good at telling stories and readable; (2) He is good at portraying characters, and his characters, such as the Monkey King and Pig Bajie, are unforgettable; (3) The book is full of wild imagination and bold and peculiar exaggeration.

Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics;

The Monkey King: Make a scene in the Heavenly Palace, Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, the true and false Monkey King, outsmart Hong Haier, borrow a banana fan to be unruly, dare to act boldly, dare to resist oppression, be both wise and brave, love and hate clearly, hate evil, be honest, selfless, brave and humorous; Like "wearing a top hat", competitive, like to play some practical jokes.

Pig Bajie: The Four Saints tried Zen and Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon. On the one hand, they are lazy, short-sighted, gossiping, clever and lying, taking advantage of petty advantages and lusting after women. On the other hand, he is brave and kind, brave in struggle, capable of correcting mistakes, simple and honest.

Tang Priest: Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon spirit, four saints meditate, believe in Buddhism, strictly observe the precepts, have a clear goal, stand firm, go forward and be invincible; But sometimes there is no difference between good and bad.

Revelation: There are eighty-one difficulties in life. The process of going forward bravely and overcoming difficulties often breeds success.

Highlight: The Journey to the West has created a magical and gorgeous mythical world with strong artistic charm. Heaven and earth, Dragon Palace and the underworld, vivid characters and bizarre plots make us never tire of seeing them.

Second, Shi Naian, the author of Water Margin, was a famous novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

Main content: The Water Margin is the first chapter-by-chapter novel praising the peasant uprising in China. It vividly describes the whole process of Liangshan heroes from uprising to prosperity and finally failure, especially by writing the different life experiences and resistance roads of many rebellious heroes, and vividly shows the theme of "officials forcing the people to rebel", which is a heroic legend against feudal tyranny.

Features of the work: ① The characters are vivid and vivid; (2) The whole book adopts the chain structure of dividing first and then combining, which makes the stories of the novel interlocking, with numerous and clear clues; Linguistically speaking, the novel uses ancient vernacular, so the language description in this book is vivid and vivid.

Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics;

Lu (Flower Monk): Defending Kansai with heavy punches, uprooting weeping willows, causing havoc in wild pig forests, hating evil, being chivalrous and awe-inspiring, cautious, wise and brave, and being open-minded.

Song Wu (Walker): Pan Jinlian, Blood Blade, Ximen Qing, Jiang Menshen, Fei Yunpu, Yuanyang Building and Chihiro Ridge are the most bloody and legendary figures among the lower heroes.

Wu Yong (Zhi Duo Xing): resourceful and resourceful, outsmart the birth class.

Lin Chong (Leopard Head): I accidentally hit the White Tiger Hall, the temple of Fengxue Mountain and the burning forage field, and went to Liangshan on a snowy night. He was brave and resourceful, but he was forced to go to Liangshan because he obeyed the rules.

Li Kui jy (Black Whirlwind): True and false Li Kui jy, Zhongzhou robbed the court, hated evil, was chivalrous, impatient, simple-minded, straightforward and upright.

Song Jiang (timely rain): I put classical works in private, angered and killed Yan Poxi, and was brave and good at employing people in Sanda Zhujiazhuang, but I always wanted to win them over.

Yang Zhi (green-faced beast): Yang Zhi is smart, tenacious and arrogant in selling knives and outwitting the birth class.

Revelation: the spirit of drawing swords to help each other is worth learning.

Highlight: A group of heroes, an ideal society, a rebellious spirit and a heroic legend have created a large number of heroes for us.

Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, was a famous novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

Main contents: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms artistically reproduces the historical process from the rebellion at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, and describes the complicated political and military contradictions and conflicts between Wei, Shu and Wu at that time, with an obvious ideological tendency of "supporting Liu over Cao".

Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics;

Liu Bei: In Taoyuan, there are three ties of righteousness, three visits to the thatched cottage, and in Mei Qing, there are nine comments on heroes, courtesy to corporal, understanding people, being kind and caring for the people.

Zhuge Liang: Burning Red Cliff, borrowing an arrow from a grass boat, arguing with Confucianism, borrowing the east wind from the Seven-Star Altar, retreating Sima Yi from the empty city, and transporting grain and grass from a wooden ox to a horse are all manifestations of wisdom. They are far-sighted, farsighted, resourceful, loyal and dedicated.

Guan Yu: Curing poison by scraping bones, riding a thousand miles alone, crossing five customs and beheading six generals, beating Hua Xiong's heroism and former America with warm wine, being loyal to the liver and righteous and courageous.

Zhang Fei: The three outstanding men in Taoyuan are strong, honest and strong, fierce and brave, witty and brave.

Cao Cao: On nine stories of childhood boiling: the heroic generation is insidious, cunning and overbearing.

Highlight: It shows the hundred-year history of unification from the end of Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty in a panoramic way, and describes the political and military struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu. Successfully created many characters such as Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Zhou Yu, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. The structure is magnificent and the story is tortuous, which makes people sad to read.

Fourthly, Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions, was a famous novelist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

Main content: A Dream of Red Mansions unfolds a vast social and historical picture with an aristocratic family as the center. The novel is set in four families: Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue, and the story consists of two contradictory clues: primary and secondary. One is centered on the love between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu, which runs through the book. It takes the contradiction between Jia and Lin's thought of fighting for freedom of love, independence of marriage and liberation of personality and feudal system and feudal ethics as a clue, and ends with Jia and Lin's complete betrayal of feudal system and feudal ethics and the tragic ending of love.

Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics;

Jia Baoyu: He is the main central figure in A Dream of Red Mansions. As a descendant of the Rong-Guo mansion, he was born with extraordinary intelligence and wit, and he was the heir of Jia's great hope. But his thoughts and personality prompted him to betray his family. Jia Baoyu abandons fame and fortune, treats others equally, respects women and personality, and advocates that everyone can act freely according to his own will.

Lin Daiyu: She is a talented and aloof woman. She is sentimental and often cries for trivial things that others don't pay attention to. She is frank by nature, and she is also a rebel of feudal morality like Jia Baoyu.

Xue Baochai: It is "perfect" in the eyes of Jiafu people, because she not only abides by feudal etiquette, but also is exquisite in all aspects; But compared with the rebellious Daiyu and Baoyu, she is too secular. Although quiet and elegant, she believed in feudal official career, which often made Baoyu angry. When people talk about her dignity and beauty, they will also think of her profound talents.

Related storyline: Daiyu entered Jiafu, Daiyu buried flowers, Grandma Liu entered Daguan Garden and studied poetry in Xiangling.

Highlight: A Dream of Red Mansions is the epitome of China's feudal social life and culture. It has a shocking charm, and everyone can find a place that is connected with their own hearts when reading A Dream of Red Mansions, causing a strong * * * sound, which is the spiritual refuge of the frustrated in A Dream of Red Mansions. When the ideal of life cannot be realized, a dream of red mansions becomes people's confidants, and the world of a dream of red mansions is open to your heart. When you walk into a dream of red mansions, you walk into a free world, where you can talk, sing and bring comfort to your broken heart.