Keywords: Yuan Juyi's Bai Yuan and New Yuefu
As early as the Zhenyuan period, the wind of communication and singing between people in the middle and Tang dynasties has begun to show signs. At that time, people who should be promoted by scholars "traveled with friends, contended for fame and profit" (Biography of Gao Ying in Old Tang Dynasty), and formed the "Chang 'an custom" of "wasting on banquets" (Supplement to National History by Li Zhao). But most literati have to recite poems when they go to dinner. Sometimes even if you don't go to dinner, you have to pay for poetry, or contact feelings, or show your talents. The most representative in this respect is Quan Deyu, a scholar, and his group of scholars. Quan Deyu (759 ~ 8 18), whose name was written in Chinese, held important positions and served as prime minister for two years. It has both the voice of politics and the name of literature, and "Zhenyuan and Yuanhe are gentlemen's feathers" (New Tang Book). Among his more than 380 existing poems, there are many fresh and meaningful poems, similar to the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. However, most of his later poems are in response to a group of Taige poets gathered around him, and they have made innovations in style and skills, such as "Feng presented, Cui Sancao presented Chen in his later years" and "Rewarding Cui Sheren Pavilion to save the province for the old winter". The contents of these poems are not substantial and artistic, but they have a great influence on the poetic fashion in the late Zhenyuan period. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared a singing method of long tune and secondary rhyme, and Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi were the founders of this singing method. Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi advocated "new Yuefu" in their early years. People often call them "Bai Yuan".
At the same time as Han Meng's poetry school, Bai Yuan's poetry school, represented by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, rose in the middle Tang Dynasty. This school of poets paid attention to realism and popularity, and took a completely different creative path from Han Meng's poetry school. A Qing poet Zhao Yi said: "Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai are the most important Tang poems in China. Han, Jing Meng, businessmen dare not speak; Yuan, white on Tan Yi, what the speaker wants. " On the surface, the two seem to run counter to each other, but the essence is innovation. Although the paths are different, they are all the same.
Cao Pi once said: "Scholars despise each other, which is natural since ancient times." (classical theory. Paper). However, the friendship between Wei Zhi and Bai Juyi has become a much-told story in the history of literature. The letter also said: "Wei is the closest person. Although the flesh and blood have not arrived, the curtain of love can deceive the stone and make friends thousands of miles away. If it is harmonious, it will not exceed two public figures. " (Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty), Yuan Zhen's early works were deeply influenced by Bai Juyi in realistic style and melody. His new Yuefu poems and allegorical realistic poems were both written in patriarchal ways. After they became friends, they became famous for their mutual harmony.
Yuan Zhen (779 ~ 83 1) was from Luoyang. Zhenyuan studied for ten years in the ninth year (793), and was awarded an outstanding position with Bai Juyi. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he was awarded a left-handed position with Bai Juyi, and was later transferred to supervise the imperial history. Yuan Zhen was fierce by nature, with a strong sense of participating in politics and a strong desire for fame and fortune. He wrote many times to discuss the matter, criticized the current malpractices, or corrected them on the spot and punished the bully. As a result, he was demoted many times. He joined the army, was a scholar in Jiangling, and now served in Tongzhou Sima and Guo Ren, and returned to Korea in the last years of Yuanhe. He has served as the minister of food and beverage, the doctor of ancestral temple and the official in charge, and was promoted to prime minister in the second year of Changqing. Because of the contradiction with Pei Du, he was dismissed from the secretariat of the same state after only four months. Since then, he has served as an observer in eastern Zhejiang and an envoy in Wuchang Army. He died of sudden illness in Wuchang at the age of 53. There are Yuanshi County Changqing Collection, with more than 800 poems.
Yuan Zhen's Yuefu poems were influenced by Wang Jian of Zhang Jihe, while his New Poem Yuefu was directly inspired by Li Shen. In Yuan He's fourth year (809), he read 20 poems of Li Shen's New Poem Yuefu and wrote 12 poems. Li Shen's original work is no longer there, and now we can only guess its face from his poems such as Two Poems for Farmers and Yuan Zhen's works. Although Yuan Zhen's harmony poems are all realistic works, such as Shang Yang's White-haired Man, which describes the suffering of a maid-in-waiting, Five-string Drama, which uses the homonym of "string" and "fairy" to describe the appointment of talents, and Fa Qu, which expresses dissatisfaction with the custom of "Hu Yin, Hu Qi, Hu makeup, fighting for fifty years", among which
Yuefu poetry occupies an important position in Yuan poetry, and its "Twelve Poems on Yuefu, a New Title of School Books" inspired Bai Juyi to create a new Yuefu, which has certain practical significance. The disadvantage is that the theme is not focused enough and the image is not clear enough. As well as Liu Meng's and Li Yu's 19 ancient Yuefu poems, we can use ancient poems to create new meanings, with profound themes, concentrated descriptions and powerful performances. The long narrative poem Lian Chang Gong Ci was also classified as Yuefu in Yuan Dynasty, which was intended to be ironic and was as famous as Song of Eternal Sorrow. Its details describe beauty and nature. The most distinctive poems in Yuan Dynasty are colourful poems and mourning poems. He is good at writing the love between men and women, and his description is meticulous and vivid, which is different from the description of ordinary colourful poems. Mourning poems were written in memory of his wife, Wei Cong. Among them, three mourning poems are the most widely circulated. In the form of poetry, Yuan Zhen is the founder of "paying with rhyme". "Appreciating Lotte" in Hanlin's Appreciating Bai Xueshi and Southeast Poems is to reuse the original rhyme of white poems in turn, with the same rhyme but different meanings. This practice of "paying for two rhymes" had a great influence at that time, and it was also prone to abuse.
Yuan Zhen's masterpiece is Lianchang Gongci, written in the 13th year of Yuan He (8 18). This is a long narrative poem, which explores the reasons for the political chaos in the Tang Dynasty before and after the Anshi Rebellion through the rise and fall of Lianchang Palace. The first half of the poem begins with the desolate scene of "Lianchang Palace is full of palace bamboos, and no one is like a bunch of trees for a long time", which leads the "old man in the palace" to recall the rise and fall of the palace in the past; In the second half, through the question and answer between the author and the old man, we discuss the big problem of "who is peaceful and who is chaotic", and finally return to the topic of "the old man deeply hopes for good luck and tries his best not to fight". The whole poem is mainly narrative, mixed with discussion, showing obvious exhortation and irony, but it can't be said that it is a satirical poem. In terms of artistic conception and creative method, this poem combines historical facts with hearsay, supplemented by imagination and fiction, and describes some people and things unrelated to the Lotus Palace, which not only renders the atmosphere of the poem, but also makes it more vivid and tortuous. Chen Yinque thinks: "Lianchang Palace Ci is deeply influenced by Bai Letian and Chen Hong's" Songs of Eternal Sorrow and Biography ",which combines the historical talents and poems of Tang Dynasty novels." (Chapter 3 of Bai Yuan's Poems and Notes)
Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846) was born in Xinzheng (now Xinzheng County, Henan Province), whose ancestral home was Taiyuan, and later moved to Xia 'ao (now Weinan, Shaanxi Province). At the age of eleven or twelve, he moved to Vietnam to escape the war, and then moved to Xuzhou, Xiangyang and other places to live a wandering life. Zhenyuan was a scholar in the 16th year (800). Three years later, he was awarded an excellent degree in calligraphy in China and the title of provincial school secretary. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he and Yuan Zhen spent many months discussing various social and political issues at that time and wrote 75 articles, many of which were related to Bai Juyi's political attitude and poetic views in the future. That year, he was awarded the title of "the top scholar in the imperial examination", and the following year, he was a bachelor of Hanlin.
In three to five years, Yuanhe was awarded Zuo Shiyi as a bachelor of Hanlin. During this period, Bai Juyi, with great enthusiasm for participating in politics, said, "If there are mistakes, there must be rules, and if there are violations, there must be remonstrations" ("The Book of Receiving Legacy"), and repeatedly mentioned Chen, advocating paying taxes, refusing to serve, releasing maids and restraining eunuchs, and folding the imperial edict before the emperor. At the same time, he also wrote a lot of satirical poems, such as Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, which dwarfed them all.
In the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10), Bai Juyi changed his official position to Cao, joined the army, and remained a bachelor of Hanlin. Yuanhe returned to his hometown from April of six to winter of nine because of his mother's funeral. With the change of living environment, Bai Juyi has leisure to seriously think about his past actions and his life. His long-standing Buddhist and Taoist thoughts gradually gained the upper hand, and his enthusiasm for politics began to decline. The so-called "I am very fast when I am straight, but it is not my ambition when I meet." Within ten years, I will eliminate my arrogance "(the second part of" Two Clothes "). It can be seen as evidence of his psychological changes. In the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Bai Juyi returned to the DPRK as a doctor of Prince Zuo Zanshan. Because the Prime Minister Wu was stolen and killed, he was the first to ask for an urgent arrest of the thief. As a result, he was accused of exceeding his authority and some trumped-up charges, and was demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) Sima. This demotion shocked Bai Juyi's heart beyond description. He re-examined this extremely sinister political struggle with the pain of the skin, and made up his mind to retreat quickly, avoid disasters, and take the road of "being alone." "This year, he wrote the famous Nine Books with Yuan, which clearly and systematically expressed his philosophy of life and poetic ideas.
In Jiu Shu Tong Yuan, he clearly said: "Servants aim to help the two, and they are independent. Always serve the Tao, and invent poetry. Calling it a satirical poem is also aimed at helping others; It's not bad to call it leisure poetry. " It can be seen that among Bai Juyi's four kinds of poems, satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous law, the first two poems are the most valued, because they embody his "serving the people and always being kind". His poetic thoughts are mainly based on early satirical poems. He also put forward the idea that "articles should be combined with the times and poems should be combined with things". On the positive side, this kind of literary thought can promote literature and art to pay attention to society, reflect reality and plead for the people, which is of great significance to make up for the shortcomings of grandiose formalism. On the negative side, this view is too utilitarian and regards poetry as a purely social and political tool, which may lead to the neglect of artistry. "Articles are written in the times, and songs and poems are written in things." Bai Juyi should focus on the good side, which was also determined by the reality at that time and the author's thought.
When discussing the classification of Bai Yuan's poems in Bai Yuan Shi Hua, Chen Yinque mentioned: "Lotte and Yuanjiu were written by Yuanhe in December of ten years when he was a Sima in Jiangzhou, and the poems in micro-narrative were sent to heaven. According to "Thirty-seven years ago" and "Yesterday's trip to Banan Road", it was also written after Yuanhe's visit to Tongzhou in 10. Although it was written in the same way as Lotte's book, it is said that his poems are divided into ten styles and twenty volumes. It was written in sixteen years, that is, from ten to thirty-four years of Zhenyuan, that is, between Yuan and seven years. He also said:' Yuan He wrote seven years later, up to 200 articles, which are miscellaneous and miscellaneous, and are no longer placed in front of deacons. This was written by Wei Zhi, and it became ten volumes and twenty volumes ... "He divided Wei Zhi's poems into ten categories: one ancient satire, two musical satires, three ancient poems, four new poems, five-seven laws, six-five laws, seven-law satires, eight mourning poems, nine-five-seven modern poems and fifteen-seven ancient poems. Among them, fable poetry coincides with Bai Juyi's poetic theory. Bai Yuan's satirical poems have played an important role in criticizing the facts and presenting the facts, but at the same time, they have also brought them a bumpy and difficult fate.
When Yuan Zhen was 25 years old (in the 19th year of Zhenyuan, AD 803), he was awarded the title of scholar with Bai Juyi, and both of them were awarded provincial school secretaries. What is most praised in history books is their elegant and interesting poems. In the meantime, Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, and Yuan Zhen was appointed as the secretariat of Yuezhou and an observer of eastern Zhejiang. The two poets exchanged poems, sang harmoniously and sang frequently. The so-called "poetry tube" means putting poems in a bamboo tube, replacing books with poems, passing them back and forth, exchanging greetings and exchanging news. Bai Juyi's "Singing Poems with Wei Tongchang in Bamboo Tube, Beauty in Law": "Pick up Langya and cut it into a tube, and write your mind with words and sentences. Every time I like to fly with the wind like a bird, I often turn into a dragon after crossing the water. Fenjie is as firm as keeping promises, and Shuang Yun is as cold as a doctor's capacity. Sorry to bother you and praise you, fish eyes are the same. " This paper introduces the way and content of rhyme transmission in Shi Guan, expressing their happiness and mutual appreciation.
The so-called singing is that you reward me and I sing you and. According to ancient records, there were 79 chorus poems in Tongjiang period of Bai Yuan (March 30th, Yuanhe 10th year to March 10th, 14th year). Among them, there are 42 poems by Bai Juyi (excluding his remuneration and Yuan Zhen's poem "Five Words in Jiangling") and 37 poems by Yuan Jie. Among these choral poems, there are 24 groups of poems corresponding to chorus * * *, and 8 1 poem (including 2 1 poem and 55 poems), only 12 poem was presented by Baiyunyuan County, and 6 poems were presented by Yuanshi County for nothing. As far as Bai Juyi is concerned, there are 30 poems corresponding to Yuan Zhen and 12 poems corresponding to Yuan Qi's chess. As far as Yuan Zhen is concerned, Bai's poems consist of 3 1 head (including 27 rhymes), as well as "Wenle is gifted to Jiangzhou Sima", "Send happiness to the water" and. In addition to poems, they also exchanged three letters: in June, the tenth year after Yuan He first arrived in Tongzhou, there was a poem telling a story, and a gobbledygook was sent (for this reason, Bai was sent back to Yuanshi County), Bai Juyi had a book with Yuan Jiu in December of the tenth year, and Wei Youshu in April of the twelfth year (there was a poem and virtue in Yuanshi County). ②
At the beginning of their acquaintance, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi both had singing works. Since then, they have been demoted, one in Tongzhou and one in Jiangzhou. Although they have a long way to go, they still send poems and sing nonstop. The so-called "Tongjiang Chorus" has become a remarkable phenomenon in the history of literature. The chorus poems of Yuan and Bai in this issue are long, neatly arranged, and the rhymes complement each other. Fifty or sixty short sentences and hundreds long sentences are magnificent and magnificent. For example, Bai Juyi sent Yuan Zhen's "Hundred Rhymes of Southeastern Journey" and Yuan Zhen returned "Hundred Rhymes of Lotte Southeastern Journey". The creation of this kind of secondary rhyme poem is very difficult. We should not only strictly abide by the rhyme of the original poem, but also express ourselves and write hundreds of sentences. If you don't do well, you will lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another. However, those with great talent can take this opportunity to win the competition and show their talents. As Yuan Zhen said in Poems of "xianggong" in Upper Hu Ling: "If elegance can be a poem, it must love to write, and it is extremely poor in rhyme, or a poem of 1,000 words or 500 words, so that it can be sent to the other party. I can't pass the self-taught exam. Often play old rhymes and don't invent new words. It's called two rhymes, and it's hard to pick your ears. "In this way, on the one hand, the wisdom and skills of poets have been exercised, and the types of poems have been enriched; On the other hand, the poet's true feelings are diluted or even submerged because of his over-emphasis on formal skills. In contrast, their short poems are more sincere, durable and fresh. Such as Bai Juyi's "Reading Nine Poems on the Ship":
Read your poem in front of the lamp, the lamp goes out, and the sky is not bright. When your eyes are sore, the lights are still sitting in the dark and the waves are beating against the wind.
Yuan Zhen enjoyed Lotte boating and reading micro-poems at night;
Knowing that you are hiding by the Xijiang River, I want to read my idle poems. Tongzhou is still awake tonight, and the wind and rain are full of cuckoos.
The long and short verses of Yuan and Bai were widely circulated at that time, so that "Chang 'an teenagers were imitated and contended for new words, calling themselves' Yuan and Poetry'" (Preface to Bai Changqing's Collection of Yuan Zhen). The "Yuanhe Poetry" here is actually the "Yuanhe Style" mentioned by Yuan Zhen on other occasions. In addition to the long arrangement of the above rhymes, "Yuanhe Style" also includes "small chapters" of Yuan and Bai, including Yuan Zhen's colorful poems.
Bai Juyi praised Yuan's erotic poems: "The rhyme is high, and the ancient words are new." ("Preface to Five Stories") "Words float at the bottom of the threshold and rhyme in front of Qingjiang." "One inch of gold is a word, and two jade carvings are connected together." "Take the white clouds and win Yun Lan." "The ice button is cold and the beads are round." ("Jiang Lou Ye Hua" Yuan Qu Jiu Yun into 30 Yun) "Beautiful voice knocks cold jade, and every sentence is decorated with colorful silk." ("tinkering").
Chen Yinque's Notes on Bai Yuan's Poetry also said: Expressing the sadness and joy of men and women's life and death with unparalleled talent, its sadness and lingering are not only rare in Tang poetry, but also have a great influence on later literati.
Liu Yuxi praised Yuan Zhen's poems as "splendid piles" and "articles as splendid as rainbows"; Bai Juyi admired Yuan Zhen's poems, saying that "every sentence is decorated with colorful silk"; Ma Wei said that "the words are beautiful in spring", and the beautiful words in Yuan poetry are as colorful as spring; Li Heng praised Yuan Zhen's ci more beautifully than that of Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. Mr. Nan Feng and Ceng Gong (Zi Gu) said that Yuan Zhen's poems were "rich and colorful"; Song said that Yuan poetry had "beautiful sentences". It can be seen that the rhetorical beauty of Yuan poetry is recognized by most people.
Another example is Pi Rixiu's praise in the article "On Bai Juyi's Praise for Xu Ning" (full volume 797):
"I often say that the difficulty of the article lies in the difficulty of the source. Yuan Bai's heart, which is based on religion, is implied in Yuefu's graceful words, which are called irony and leisure. In other words, holding is to take a big name. When people suddenly follow it, they learn from its words and lose its purpose. Anything that is said in vain is called white body. The rules of the second son are very confusing, and the customs are deep and unbreakable, and it is not the heart of the second son. So, not the source, don't quit! "
The friendship between Bai Yuan is profound, which can also be seen in Bai Juyi's Nine Books with Yuan Dynasty. In Harmony, "infinitesimal" is constantly mentioned (infinitesimal is the epigraph of Yuan Zhen). You count, he mentioned one or two infinitesimal words in several paragraphs, and one * * * has seven times. There are also two "small, know my heart!" " They wrote many poems to each other and expressed their deep feelings. Bai Juyi's feelings are particularly serious. For example, Bai Juyi wrote a poem to Yuan Zhen: "I have planned your accommodation, and I have gone to the good north ... When I dream of you, I should remember you." I held your hand in my dream and asked you what you thought. No one can send a book. Before I felt it, I knocked at the door. It's a messenger from Shangzhou. I've sent you a letter. Suddenly I started up on the pillow and turned my clothes upside down. "
So lingering, I have been thinking about Yuan Zhen's room and board since I left, thinking about where he should be, dreaming about Yuan Zhen, and feeling that Yuan Zhen must be thinking about himself. "I held your hand in my dream and asked you what you thought?" The four sentences "No one can send a book" tell the feelings of my little children. Hearing Yuan Zhen's letter, Bai Juyi, who was sleeping under the covers, immediately got up and his clothes fell off. Ten years after Yuan Zhen's death, Bai Juyi was seventy years old, still thinking about him and writing poems for him. I once met Lu Zhen, an old friend of Yuan Zhen, and saw that many of his poems were for Yuan Zhen, so "the tears are hard to hide". This situation can be seen.
Compared with Bai Juyi's frankness and enthusiasm, Yuan Zhen is implicit and euphemistic:
Moonlight shines on tung flowers, moonlight shines on tung flowers. Unable to bear resentment, brush the curtain low.
The shadow of new leaves is thin and the exposed branches are weak. There is much hatred in Changchun at night, and the wind is faint.
I miss you at night, and you are as thin as a knife. However, the feelings are contrary and officials don't like it.
During the Golden Temple, he played books and boarded Qinglong Pavilion. I was in the mountain pavilion, and the tung flowers fell all over the floor.
Yuan Zhen admitted that he was not as good as Bai Juyi. He said, "I can't check myself" and found the reason. Because when writing poetry, I always look forward and look back, I am cautious, afraid to offend people, and I dare not express my feelings directly, so I have developed the habit of writing poetry with subtle twists and turns. Many poems have loose structures and vague meanings. Bai Juyi went his own way, not afraid of the anger of powerful people, and made jokes for relatives and friends. People can't do anything about him and call him "crazy", so his poems are also very refreshing and won't make people understand. Therefore, although Yuan Zhen can't do what Bai Juyi did, he is yearning and envious at heart. Bai Juyi also thinks Yuan Zhen is very good, and he is a person who really understands his heart.
As Bai Juyi's poem "Give Yuan Zhen" said:
I traveled on business and stayed in Chang 'an for seven years.
You get Yuan Jun, but it's hard to make friends.
There are no seedlings on the mountain, and the path is not cold.
Don't need water, there are waves at hand.
My son is different. I will scold him for a long time.
There is no wave in the ancient well, and there are bamboo poles in autumn.
One is a concentric friend, and the other is Fang Nianlan.
Ride a pommel horse and have a drink in the snow.
Meet at the cross gate, without a crown.
Sleep in the spring breeze and watch the autumn moon at night.
Not for the same degree, not for the same officer
There is no heresy in my heart.
It goes without saying that the friendship between Bai Yuan and his wife is true and profound, from "one is a concentric friend, three is a fragrant age" to "the heart is in the same place, and there is no heresy in the heart".
The author concludes:
From Bai Yuan's position in the history of literature and Bai Yuan's self-made friendship to singing and making friends, we can draw the following conclusions about the relationship between Bai Yuan:
① Bai Yuan's friendship can be divided into four periods: the first Chang 'an period (from 19th year of Zhenyuan to 5th year of Yuanhe), the first on-off period (from 5th year of Yuanhe to 15th year of Yuanhe), the second Chang 'an period (from 15th year of Yuanhe to 2nd year of Changqing) and the second on-off period (from 2nd year of Chang 'an to 5th year of Dahe).
(2) Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi initiated the singing method of long sentences with two rhymes, and * * * advocated "New Yuefu", which was called "Bai Yuan" by the world. Their singing works were also widely circulated at that time and were called "Yuanhe Style".
(3) Bai Yuan had a similar experience. They were all demoted for their realism and allegorical poems. On the other hand, their poems pay attention to rhythm and become popular poetry themes. Bai Yuan's sentimental poems show his love for children and have strong artistic characteristics. This reflects the two sides of their inner contradictions-delicate emotions and tenacious resistance.
④ Poetic theory sparks in singing. Taking Yuan Jiushu as a typical example, Bai Juyi's life philosophy of "being alone" and his poetic proposition of "combining articles with the times, songs with things" are systematically expressed.
⑤ With the support and encouragement of Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen expressed the sincere feelings of parting between men and women, which had a great influence on the parting poems of later generations.
⑥ Yuan poems "Twelve New Poems of Yuefu" and "People who are particularly anxious when they are sick" inspired Bai Juyi to create a new Yuefu, which has certain practical significance. In the form of poetry, Yuan Zhen is the founder of "paying with rhyme". "Appreciating Lotte" in Hanlin's Appreciating Bai Xueshi and Southeast Poems is to reuse the original rhyme of white poems in turn, with the same rhyme but different meanings. This practice of "paying for two rhymes" had a great influence at that time, and it was also prone to abuse.
Precautions:
(1) In the fifth year of Daiwa (83 1), Yuan Zhen died, and his trip to Bai Yuan ended. But when did Bai Yuan first meet him? There have been different opinions on this issue, and so far it seems that there is no conclusion. Bai Yuan's first year of acquaintance is generally described as "making friends" or "getting to know each other". Generally speaking, it can be divided into three ways.
For example, the traditional theory is "Nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803)". This statement has been widely accepted and recognized by later generations since it was put forward by Chen in Bai Wengong's Chronicle in Song Dynasty. For example, Zhang's "Chronicle of Mr. Tang Yuan Zhi" and "Nineteen Years of Zhenyuan" said: "I first met Bai Juyi." (Taiwan Province Commercial Press, 1980) Liu Weichong's Comments on Yuan Zhen also said: "Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi met in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan." (Taipei Liming Cultural Enterprise Company, 1977) Wang gleaned the Biography of Yuan Zhen and attached a chronicle of Yuan Zhen, saying, "Yu, Bai Juyi and others." Bian's Comments on Yuan Zhen said: "Bai Juyi was awarded the title of scholar at the age of twenty-five (that is, in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan), and both of them were awarded provincial school secretaries, and they began to make friends at this time." (Journal of Liaoning University, No.5, 1982. ) that's right. The theory of "Nineteen Years of Zhenyuan" is based on Bai Juyi's self-interpretation of the poem Bai Yun Dai Shu. His poem says: "I remember when I first joined Canon School, I was in Zhenyuan." You gave me your name that day, and I know what I'm thinking. "I note from the cloud:" in Zhenyuan, Wei and I were promoted to the first class, and both of them were awarded provincial school secretaries, so I just met. "Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi won the first prize in the book, and in the spring of the 19th year of Zhenyuan, they were awarded the provincial school secretary Shu Lang. If we only rely on this information, there seems to be no doubt that Bai Yuan met in the 19th year of Zhenyuan.
Another way of saying it is "the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan (802)", such as Gu's Chronicle of Bai Juyi "The eighteenth year of Zhenyuan", which says: "Try reading in winter, and judge the problem. ...... "Yuan Bai's engagement started around this time." In Bai Juyi's "Notes", Chu Binjie's "Eighteen Years of Zhenyuan" said: "In winter, I tried to write a book in the official department and decided to pull out the subject. ...... `Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi made an appointment. " Japanese greenhouse Hideki 1970 1 1 The academic report of Kyoto Prefectural University published in the Chronicle of Yuan Zhen in the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan: "I met Bai Juyi in autumn." Specifically, the so-called "eighteen years of Zhenyuan" between Gu and Chu refers to the winter of that year, and the encounter between home and Chu was in the autumn of that year. As far as the period is concerned, it can be said that there is not much difference, but as far as its basis is concerned, it is quite different. Gu and Chu's conclusions are still based on the annotations in the white poems. After Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi won the first prize in the book, they were awarded to Shu Lang, secretary of the provincial school, in the spring of the 19th year of Zhenyuan. However, according to the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, the selection of the official department of Shangshu Province began in Mengdong and ended in Ji Chun the following year. It can be seen that Bai Yuan's choice of official department took place in the winter of the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan, so they may have formed a personal relationship in this process. However, family harmony is based on another fact, that is, there is a poem "Autumn Rain to Send Yuan Jiu" in vain. Fang Hua speculated that his poems were written in the autumn of the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan, so he concluded that Bai Yuan met in the autumn of the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan. But in my opinion, Fang's conclusion is absolutely untenable. As for its detailed reasons, I won't say it here, but later.
Another saying is "Zhenyuan was eighteen years ago", which was put forward by Zhu Jincheng. Zhu said in Bai Juyi's Chronicle that it began in the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan and changed later. In Bai Juyi's Textual Research (1987) and Notes on Bai Juyi's Collected Works (1988), he began to advocate that Bai Yuan should be betrothed eighteen years ago in Zhenyuan. He thinks that the time recorded in the self-annotation of the poem "Bai Yun Dai Shu" is inaccurate, so he comes to the conclusion that "Chen's Chronicle of Bai Wengong is not true, so he said that he was ordered by Zhenyuan in the 19th year", and finally he came to the conclusion that he was ordered by Zhenyuan in the 18th year. The primary basis of this conclusion is the same as Fang Hua's, and it is also based on the premise that Bai Juyi's poem "Autumn Rain Sending Yuan Jiu" was written in the autumn of the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan. In any case, Zhu's theory of "eighteen years before Zhenyuan" is more flexible than that of "autumn in the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan", but there is still room for discussion on the basis of the creation year of the white poem "Autumn Rain to Send Yuanjiu". The reason is that poetry is not necessarily written in the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan. ) —— A textual research on the year of Yuan Juyi's "first meeting" Chen Cai
(2) "Yuan Juyi Tongjiang sings the truth" by Wu Weibin
References:
(1) Chen Caizhi's Textual Research on Yuan Juyi's "First Meeting"
(2) The manuscript of Bai Yuan's Poems and Notes, Chen Yinque's New Collection of Life and Reading, Joint Publishing Company, 200 1 Beijing First Edition.
(3) Selected Poems of Yuan Zhen Bai Juyi translated by Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; Translated by Wu Dakui and Ma Xiujuan/1. 10.
(4) The History of China Literature Development Volume I, Liu Dajie Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House.
5) "Yuan Bai really gathers righteousness and sings truth in Tongjiang" by Wu Weibin.
Differences between Einstein and Bohr in the Interpretation of Quantum Theory
Einstein also said: "I don't like the basic positivism attitude in this argument. From my point of view, it can't be recognized." I thought it would become something like Becquerel's principle "Being is being perceived" (Essette Percipi). Existence is often regarded as what we are spiritually constituted, that is, what we freely assume (in a logical sense). Einstein thought: "In the macro field, people must adhere to the procedure of real description in space and time. "
It is not difficult to see that Einstein's criticism of Bohr is not based on a reasonable explanation of the uncertainty principle, but on what he called "in the macro field, people must adhere to the true description of this procedure in space and time." Objectively speaking, Bohr's complementary principle does not betray Einstein's "program" if it is limited in the scope of quantum theory, because the complementary principle emphasizes that waves and particles cannot exist in an experiment at the same time, so it cannot be embodied in a picture. Only through the complementarity of the two experiments can the complete truth of quantum phenomena be reflected. It should be said that Bohr's explanation of quantum theory is based on the "uncertainty principle" proved by experiments; It is obviously unfair for Einstein to criticize Bohr without any theoretical explanation of the uncertainty principle.