I only have the format. . But I don't quite understand. .

Writing format of scientific papers

Generally speaking, the components and arrangement order of scientific papers are: title, author's signature, abstract, key words, introduction, body, conclusion (and suggestion), thanks, references and appendix.

1 title

1. 1 the concept of title

Title, also known as title, title and title (or "general title" to distinguish it from "hierarchical title"), is the general outline of the paper and the logical combination of the most appropriate and concise words that can reflect the most important specific content of the paper.

1.2 general requirements for the title

1.2. 1 accurate and appropriate.

The title should accurately express the central content of the paper, properly reflect the scope and depth of the research, and should not use general and common words and flashy words.

Frequently asked questions are as follows:

1) The topic reflects a large area, but the actual content contains a very narrow area. For example:

① Research on new energy utilization

In fact, this paper only discusses the utilization of biogas. Biogas is just a kind of "new energy", obviously the original title is too general and general. It can be changed to "biogas utilization research" or "biogas utilization".

2) The general title is not enough to reflect the characteristics of the article. For example:

② The role of automation in China's industrial modernization.

This title can't attract people's attention, because there are many similar titles, and many articles are expounding the role of industrial automation from different angles. This article has a very obvious feature, that is, it puts forward a quantitative analysis method for this topic for the first time, and draws a more convincing conclusion by establishing a mathematical model and carrying out a series of calculations; Therefore, changing ② to "quantitative analysis of the role of automation in China's industrial modernization" embodies the specific content of "quantitative analysis" in this paper, which is different from other general articles.

3) Do not pay attention to discretion, intentionally or unintentionally. For example, some authors have not studied the subject deeply, and they often use such words as "the mechanism of" and "the law of" in the title. A more objective approach is to know the "mechanism" and master the "law", and to use more appropriate and prudent common names such as "1) explanation of the phenomenon of ……" and "a mechanism of …".

1.2.2 be concise and to the point.

The title should be concise, clear to the reader and easy to remember and quote. GB77 13-87 stipulates that the title generally does not exceed 20 words. We should take this "20 words" as the upper limit, and under the premise of ensuring that the "most important specific content" can be accurately reflected, the fewer words in the title, the better.

Here are some ways to reduce the number of words in the title:

1) Delete redundant words as much as possible. For example:

① Study on the influence of the increase of self-guided boats in XX Port on safety and its countermeasures.

It can be changed to "the influence of the increase of self-guided boats in XX Port on safety and its countermeasures".

2) Avoid synonyms or synonyms. For example:

② Analysis and discussion on the force acting on the impeller of impeller aerator.

"Analysis" and "discussion" have similar meanings. Just keep one. According to the content of the article, "discussion" can be deleted.

3) When the title is not easy to simplify, you can reduce the number of words in the title by adding subtitles (of course, listing subtitles is not just about reducing the number of words in the title). For example:

③ The principle of spiral bevel gear and hypoid gear cutting small wheel according to any datum point on the tooth surface of large wheel is ***30 words. Considering the need, the principle is difficult to simplify, but it can be changed into a new calculation method for tooth cutting adjustment of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gears-the principle of matching and cutting small wheels according to any reference point on the tooth surface of large wheels.

Using subheadings, the overall number of words may be more (in this case, the total number of words will increase), but it will not make readers feel that the title is too long, and it is more convenient to arrange the header (according to the convention, the header can be arranged without subheadings).

Subtitles are not only used to reduce the number of words in the topic, but also can be used in the following occasions: a. The meaning of the topic is endless, and the specific content of the paper is supplemented by subtitles; B. A series of research work is reported in several papers, or phased research results, each with different subheadings to distinguish its specific content; C. Other circumstances that require the use of subheadings as extensions or explanations.

1.2.3 easy to retrieve.

The words used in the title must be helpful to the selection of keywords and the compilation of secondary documents such as titles and indexes, and provide specific practical information for retrieval.

There must be keywords in the title that reflect the content of the article, and the more keywords, the better. This is easier to do as long as you avoid the title.

1.2.4 Readability

Abbreviations, acronyms, characters and codes that are not used by * * * should be avoided in the title.

1.3 Text requirements for the title

There are also special requirements for the literal expression of the title, that is, the title is more demanding than the content, that is, it must conform to the grammar, rhetoric and logical rules of modern Chinese, there can be no linguistic errors, and at the same time, it should give people a sense of beauty as much as possible.

The structure of 1.3. 1 should be reasonable.

1) Try not to use the verb-object structure. Traditionally, titles do not use verb-object structure, but use nouns or noun phrases as the center of radical phrases. For example:

① A new method for preparing phenylacetaldehyde was studied.

This is a verb-object structure (research+new method), which can be changed to a more positive structure: "research on a new method for preparing phenylacetaldehyde"; According to the principle of concise title, it can be changed to: a new method for preparing phenylacetaldehyde.

The exception is that if the central verb has an adverbial, the verb-object structure can still be used. For example:

② The gravity constant g was measured by mechanical vibration method.

The verb-object structure (determination+gravitational constant g) can still be used because the central verb "determination" has an adverbial of "vibrating by mechanical means", and "determination" cannot be used as a noun, and ② is changed into a radical phrase with "determination" as the central word.

There is another exception, that is, the titles in the form of "(try) Shang ……" and "(shallow) Shang ……" can use the verb-object structure. For example:

③ Discussion on the network mode of logistics system

2) Pay attention to the types of attributive phrases. If we don't pay attention to the choice of attributive phrase type, sometimes there will be ambiguity. For example:

④ Study several basic theoretical problems of fuzzy relational database.

According to the author's original intention, the title of the original title is "Several Basic Theoretical Problems" and the attribute is "Research on Fuzzy Relational Database", but the merged result may make readers understand "Research" and "Several Basic Theoretical Problems". The problem is that the attributive is a verb-object phrase (research+fuzzy relational database), but it should be changed to a subject-predicate phrase (fuzzy relational database+research). The revised title is "Several Basic Theoretical Problems in the Research of Fuzzy Relational Database", and it is better to change it to "Several Basic Theoretical Problems in the Research of Fuzzy Relational Database".

1.3.2 accurate choice of words.

Choose carefully the words used in the topic, otherwise the meaning will be unclear or there will be logical errors. For example:

① Development of frying oil quality tester

In Chinese, the word "quality" has two completely different meanings: one is the quantity of substances contained in an object (in English, it is mass), and the other is the quality of a product or work (in English, it is quality), and the two are irrelevant. Judging from the content of the article, the tester is used to measure the quality index of frying oil, not the quantity of frying oil, so it is more accurate to change "quality" into "quality".

1.3.3 The details should be appropriate.

1) Avoid the multi-use and omission of "de". Grammatical rules require that when joint phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases and prepositional phrases are used as attributes, "de" should be used before the central phrase; Rhetoric rules require that the word "de" in many attributives cannot be used more. Therefore, whether the word "de" should be used somewhere in the topic should be comprehensively investigated from two aspects: grammatical rules and rhetorical rules-if the rhetorical effect of the word "de" is not good, it is not necessary to use "de"; If you don't use "de", it won't be smooth. Use "de". For example:

① Structure analysis of expert system

No "de" is both smooth and concise.

② Variable water supply electrical control system for high-rise buildings.

It can be changed to "Electrical control system for variable flow water supply in high-rise buildings", and the original title does not use "de", which makes the boundary between attribute and prefix unclear and difficult to understand.

2) Delete redundant words. The title should be concise, and "redundancy" is the taboo in drafting the title. Examples have been given in this section 1.2.2 and will not be discussed here.

3) Words cannot be omitted casually. A word that should not be omitted is called Gou Jian. If there is simplification in the topic, it will also cause grammatical and logical errors. For example:

③ Computer information processing system of automobile maintenance equipment.

According to the article, it should be changed to "computer information processing system for automobile maintenance equipment management", in which the word "management" cannot be omitted, because here, the computer processes the information of "equipment management" instead of "equipment".

The word order of 1.3.4 should be correct.

The wrong word order of the topic sometimes causes semantic confusion and makes people confused. For example:

① Computer-aided geometric accuracy detection of machine tools

The correct word order is: computer-aided detection of geometric accuracy of machine tools.

The position of the structural auxiliary word "de" in the title can not be ignored, otherwise it may not be the author's intention. For example:

② Discussion on stress characteristics and distribution law of arch dam.

The 1 th "de" was misplaced and became "mechanical characteristics of arch dams" and "distribution law of arch dams". The former is difficult to read, or it should be "mechanical characteristics of arch dams"; The latter does not accord with the author's original intention at all: this paper studies the distribution law of arch dam stress, not the distribution law of arch dam. Therefore, the revised topic is: Discussion on stress characteristics and distribution law of arch dams.

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3 abstract

3. 1 abstract concepts and functions

Abstract is a brief statement of "the content of the paper without comments and comments"

A complete paper needs an abstract. It has two functions:

1) Let readers know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the topic. There are so many scientific and technological documents that it is impossible for readers to read through them as soon as they get the articles. Whether readers need to read through a paper depends mainly on the abstract from the title, so the abstract is responsible for attracting readers and introducing the main contents of the article.

2) Provide convenience for scientific and technological information personnel and computer retrieval. After the paper is published, the abstract can be used directly without modification or slight modification, which avoids misunderstandings, shortcomings and mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract, and provides great convenience for the retrieval and utilization of scientific and technological documents.

3.2 Classification of abstracts

3.2. 1 report summary

A reportable summary is an informative summary or an informative summary. Used to report the author's main research results reflected in the paper.