It is recognized that the "Cultural Revolution" led to the simplification of the structure of secondary education, and secondary majors were seriously out of touch with the needs of national economic development. China is characterized by a large population and a weak foundation, and vigorously develops education, especially vocational education.
Only through technical education can the burden of population be transformed into the advantage of human resources. As Comrade Xiaoping pointed out: "A big country with a population of one billion has developed education and its advantages in human resources are unmatched by any country." but
Socialist modernization needs a large number of talents at different levels, especially applied construction talents and junior and intermediate skilled workers. Therefore, adjusting the educational structure and vigorously developing vocational and technical education have been placed in a prominent position.
The key to international competition today is the competition of science and technology, and the competition of science and technology is essentially the competition of knowledge and talents. Comrade Xiaoping profoundly pointed out: "Education should face modernization, the world and the future", "China's national strength
The strength and stamina of economic development increasingly depend on the quality of workers and the quantity and quality of intellectuals. Vocational education shoulders the task of improving the quality of millions of workers and training a large number of skilled workers and technicians.
Tasks of employees and managers.
In the 20 years since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the research on vocational education has been guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, followed by three orientations, promoted vocational education to train all kinds of talents for the main battlefield of socialist construction, and constantly explored the development path of vocational education suitable for China's national conditions.
1. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, vocational education research ushered in a vigorous spring 1. Reform the structure of secondary education, and vocational education will flourish.
As early as April 1978, Comrade Deng Xiaoping clearly stated that "education must meet the requirements of national economic development" and "the proportion of agricultural secondary schools, various secondary specialized schools and technical schools should be expanded". can
It is suggested to study the adjustment of secondary education structure. This is the first sign of the rapid development and reform of China's vocational education and the major changes in the structure of secondary education in the next two decades. 107, approved by the State Council.
Report of the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of Labor on the reform of the secondary education system. The report points out that the structural reform of secondary education is mainly to reform high school education and change the situation of simplification of high school education. For twenty years, vocational skills
With the vigorous development of technical education, the unreasonable structure of secondary education has gradually changed.
The rapid development of secondary vocational education objectively requires strengthening macro-control and guidance, that is, strengthening the importance of vocational and technical education.
Study and solve theoretical problems and major practical problems. The research results of vocational and technical education provide a basis for the macro-decision-making and formulation of policy measures for the development of vocational and technical education, and promote vocational and technical education to adapt to social needs.
It is constantly developing to meet the needs of modernization. Secondary vocational and technical education has become an important part of Chinese education, especially secondary education. At the same time, higher vocational education and primary vocational education have also developed accordingly.
Exhibition, initially formed a secondary vocational and technical education as the main body, the combination of junior, secondary and advanced, and various forms of vocational training.
1980- 1997, Pu
The number of senior high schools decreased from 3 1300 to 13880, and the number of students decreased to 1 197200. In the same period, the number of secondary vocational and technical schools (including secondary normal schools) increased from 9,688 to 2,000.
School 17 1 16, the number of students has soared from 2.263 million to 10895 1 10,000, an increase of 4.8 times (see attached figure 1), and * * has trained 3088 graduates of various types. These seventeen years, ordinary high.
The proportion of middle school students decreased from 8 1% to 44%, and the number of students in secondary vocational schools increased from 19% to 56%.
2. Establish institutions, make plans and gradually carry out vocational education research.
During the "Cultural Revolution", educational research came to a complete standstill. In order to resume educational research, the Ministry of Education submitted the Request for Instructions on Rebuilding the National Institute of Educational Sciences to the State Council on July 4th, 1978.
Sue. After the National Institute of Educational Sciences was rebuilt with the approval of the State Council, it set up the "Educational System Research Office" to study the reform of secondary education and vocational and technical education system. The room was changed to vocational technology at 1986.
Education research office and adult education research office. Later, some provinces, cities and universities also established some vocational education research institutions. By 1986, the central government and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had established 12 vocational education research institutions.
Colleges and universities have established vocational education research institutions 12, and ministries and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have successively established 75 academic organizations such as vocational education societies and vocational education research associations.
With the development of vocational education
Development, in order to further strengthen the macro-control of vocational education, 199 1 established a national "vocational and technical education center research institute". 1993 The former Vocational Education Research Office of the Central Institute of Education was merged into the Institute of Vocational Education Center.
Now, with the rapid development of vocational education, the scientific research team of vocational and technical education is also growing, and vocational education administrative departments, vocational education scientific research institutions, vocational education colleges and vocational education academic groups have been initially formed.
A vocational education research team combining full-time and part-time researchers. National vocational education research institutions include the Institute of Vocational and Technical Education Center of the Ministry of Education and the Bureau of Vocational Skills Appraisal of the Ministry of Labor, and some commercial ministries and industries also have vocational education research.
Research institute (room). Independent provincial vocational education research institutions include Shanghai Vocational and Technical Education Research Institute, Liaoning Vocational and Technical Education Research Institute and Hunan Vocational Education Research Center. Provincial Institute of Educational Science (Institute) generally
There are vocational and technical education research institutes, and some institutions of higher learning such as East China Normal University and some vocational and technical normal colleges, vocational universities and staff universities also have vocational education research institutes.
China Vocational and Technical Education Association is a national mass academic organization with 10 professional committees engaged in vocational education research.
China Vocational Education Association has a long history, and has always attached importance to vocational education research, with research institutions and full-time and part-time researchers, and published the academic journal Education and Occupation.
General cities, counties and key vocational schools have established vocational education and teaching research rooms, which are engaged in education and teaching research and teacher training. Now, from the central government to the local government, a combination of full-time and part-time has been initially formed, with considerable
The number and level of scientific research teams in vocational education are relatively high, and extensive and in-depth research has been carried out for the development of vocational education and the promotion of education and teaching reform, providing advice for administrative decision-making. According to the recent system of the Institute of Vocational Education Center
At present, there are 8/kloc-0 central and provincial vocational education research institutions (institutes and offices) in China, and there are about 400 full-time researchers at the central and provincial levels.
As early as June 1978 1 1, under the leadership of China Academy of Social Sciences and the Ministry of Education, the National Leading Group for Education Science Planning and the Education Science Planning Office were established. In June, 1979, 1, the outline of educational science development plan (draft) was issued (1978- 1985). Among the key research projects in the Outline, it is proposed to focus on establishing a socialist education system that meets the needs of the four modernizations, carrying out experimental research on the reform of middle school education structure, and offering vocational courses in high schools. The Outline puts the reform of educational structure and the development of vocational and technical education research in an important position.
Looking at the development of vocational education research in recent 20 years, it can be divided into two stages:
(1) Introduce foreign vocational education and study the major practical problems that need to be solved urgently in the development of vocational education in China.
As a branch of educational science, vocational and technical education is still very young in the world. The research on this subject started late in China, but it has developed rapidly in recent years. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, with the structure of secondary education
Scholars from all over the world have introduced the current situation, system, theory and mode, teaching process and management of foreign vocational education in order to correct people's prejudice and despise the outdated concept of vocational education. Weifa
China Vocational Education Exhibition provides useful experience and model. At this time, a large number of books have been published to translate and introduce foreign vocational education. Such as secondary vocational and technical education, vocational education in West Germany, technical education and vocational education, the history of technical education in six countries, Japanese vocational and technical education research, foreign vocational and technical training research, vocational education and labor education,
Teaching process of vocational and technical schools, world vocational and technical education, a brief history of vocational and technical education in the Soviet Union, vocational and technical education in seven countries, a preliminary study of dual teaching mode in Germany, and dual occupation in Germany
Education, and a series of books introducing foreign vocational guidance. These works provide us with a lot of information about the concept, theory, structure, system, development, teaching process and teaching methods of vocational and technical education in various countries in the world.
The structural reform of secondary education and the re-start of vocational education in China mainly occurred in the early 1980s, and there are many problems to be solved in practice.
Political administrators and educational researchers have carried out vocational education research. At this time, the research in the primary stage is mainly applied and closely related to the development of vocational education. Most of the research results are papers published in various newspapers and periodicals.
In fact, it provides guidance and suggestions for practical work. A great deal of research by practical workers at the grass-roots level has laid a broad and profound foundation for vocational education research, with not only fruitful results, but also deep and high-level results.
This also puts the national vocational education research plan on a solid foundation. 65438-0983 National Sixth Five-Year Plan for Philosophy and Social Sciences and National Sixth Five-Year Plan for Education Science (83-85).
There is a research on technical vocational education, which is in the charge of Li Lintian and other comrades. The research result is a research report. According to the spirit of the "Central Decision on Education System Reform" on the establishment of vocational and technical education system, the report puts forward that
This paper introduces the idea that the vocational education system is "two types, multi-level and self-contained", and the report also puts forward the idea of vocational and technical education management system in view of the problems existing in the vocational education management system, which is of great significance to strengthening vocational education management and mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties.
The enthusiasm for running a school is of great significance.
(2) Carry out theoretical research and discipline construction.
While introducing the theory and practice of foreign vocational education, education and teaching system, many scholars in our country have also begun to conduct theoretical research on vocational and technical education, and have continuously produced results and published a number of monographs. The earlier ones are Introduction to Vocational Education, Introduction to Technical Education, Vocational and Technical Education, and Theory and Practice of Vocational and Technical Education.
According to the Seventh Five-Year Plan of National Philosophy and Social Sciences and National Education Science implemented by 1986, the proportion of theoretical research has increased, with *** 129 national ministerial-level topics, including 25 theoretical research.
Items, accounting for 19.4%, applied research still accounts for the main part, with 95 items, accounting for 73.6%, and 9 experimental research items, accounting for 7%. Vocational education research project 1 1, theoretical research has been paid attention to, and there are special projects, such as "occupation"
Basic theoretical research of vocational and technical education, research of vocational and technical education system, research and experiment of vocational guidance, etc. Besides, there are a large number of full-time and part-time researchers and practitioners in vocational education.
A series of theoretical studies, including those outside the discipline planning, have achieved fruitful results in the discipline construction of vocational and technical education and published a series of monographs. Mainly includes: China vocational and technical education, vocational and technical.
Research on technical education management and vocational and technical education system. In addition, there are many monographs written by scholars. Such as "Introduction to Vocational and Technical Education", "Introduction to Technical Secondary School Education" and "Guide to Vocational and Technical Education"
Theory, introduction to vocational and technical education, new theory of vocational and technical education, history of vocational education in China, introduction to vocational training, rural vocational and technical education, etc. This batch of numerous academic monographs is my job.
The discipline construction of vocational and technical education has built a theoretical system framework and laid a good foundation.
3. Vocational education research is closely integrated with reform practice, serving administrative decision-making and promoting the rapid development of vocational education.
Vocational education is closely related to productive labor and has strong practicality. Vocational education is in a critical period of major reform and development. Therefore, the research of vocational education must closely combine the reform practice, explore and solve the major problems encountered in the reform, provide the basis for administrative decision-making, and promote the rapid development of vocational education.
(1) straighten out the management system and establish a diversified school-running system.
Vocational education should cultivate talents suitable for all walks of life, and one of the characteristics of China is its large population and weak vocational education foundation. Therefore, running vocational education well is not a matter of the education system, but needs the support and participation of employers such as enterprises and institutions, and the reform of vocational education system will inevitably involve the reform of labor and personnel system.
At the beginning of the reform, vocational schools faced many difficulties in running schools, such as a serious shortage of funds, equipment and teaching materials for teachers, and poor employment channels for graduates. After a period of practice and exploration, there has been a new trend of running vocational education jointly by schools and enterprises in various places.
Vigorously promote enterprises and institutions to run schools and social forces to run schools, gradually form the concept of vocational education in the whole society, and begin to establish a diversified school-running system. In the field of research, the Seventh Five-Year Plan includes "developing vocational and technical education"
In the study of the simultaneous reform of education and related labor and personnel systems, the government has issued the relevant policies of "training before employment" and "professional qualification certificate", thus solving the shortage of school funds, equipment and teachers' teaching to some extent.
The problem of material shortage and graduates' employment, more importantly, strengthens the connection between vocational education and economic construction and social development, which further strengthens vocational education's school-running activities and clarifies the service direction.
(2) The proportion of vocational education development.
Vigorously developing vocational education is a policy clearly put forward by the state. The proportion of vocational education in the structure of secondary education, especially in the stage of high school education, has always been a concern of educational administrative departments, vocational educators and vocational education researchers.
Concerned, the educational structure involves the socio-economic structure, talent structure and educational investment structure in a specific period. This issue has aroused heated discussion in the press, and some people have put forward the threshold for the development of vocational education.
Limited. Most people think that the development of vocational education should proceed from the actual situation of our country, determine the appropriate proportion range, and also meet the needs of the development of market economy. By the year 2000, the number of students in secondary vocational and technical schools will account for the proportion of high school.
The proportion of the total number of students in the country reaches about 60%, and the cities that popularize high school education can reach 70%.
(3) the construction of vocational education teachers.
In 1980s, vocational education flourished.
Rapid development, career development involves three factors, namely teachers, funds and teaching facilities. At that time, there was a shortage of vocational education teachers, the number was seriously insufficient, and the quality could not meet the requirements, which seriously restricted the development and teaching of vocational education.
The improvement of quality. In this regard, the seventh five-year plan of educational science has a project on teachers, and a series of policy measures and suggestions are put forward in the research report submitted after the work of this project. Just like this.
At that time, the administrative department of education held many seminars for vocational education teachers, and vocational education managers and researchers from all over the country also conducted in-depth research and published a large number of articles. The former General Office of the State Education Commission was established in 1995.
On August 24th, the Notice on Formulating and Implementing the Training Plan for Vocational Education Teachers was issued, and then the State Education Commission issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Teachers in Secondary Vocational Schools.
The administrative department has also taken a series of effective measures, established a number of vocational education teacher training and continuing education bases, and expanded the sources of students and continuing education channels. At present, the number of vocational education teachers basically meets the needs, and the quality level is constantly improving.
(4) The problem of declining enrollment of agricultural majors.
From 65438 to 0993, the enrollment of agricultural majors in rural vocational education decreased, that is, the enrollment and students of agricultural majors decreased greatly. The national enrollment dropped from 250,000 in 1992 to 16 in 1993.
Ten thousand people, a decrease of 34.6%, this phenomenon has attracted the close attention of educational administrative departments and experts and scholars. Vocational education administrative departments and research institutions have conducted many joint investigations. Through the investigation, they have realized the problem of landslide and rural production.
The change of industrial structure, the transfer of labor force and the law of market economy are related. It is normal for the enrollment of agricultural majors to decrease moderately, but such a "sharp decline" trend is beyond the actual normal state of China's industrial restructuring.
If it continues to decline at a high speed, rural vocational education will be divorced from the reality of rural economy and form new inadaptability. China's rural conditions vary widely, so we should adopt flexible and diverse forms of running schools and make reasonable adjustments according to the actual needs of various places.
School layout and professional structure. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the overall planning of the government, adopt appropriate support and preferential policies for agricultural majors, build model schools, comprehensively improve the level of teachers and teaching quality, and implement entrepreneurship education to enable them to graduate smoothly.
Only industry students can truly master the skills of getting rich. In this regard, the former State Education Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture jointly issued the document "Opinions on Further Running Agricultural Specialty in Rural Secondary Vocational Schools" (No.5, Faculty 1996), which was proposed to be passed.
A series of policy measures. At present, the landslide phenomenon of agricultural specialty has been basically curbed.
4. Combine full-time, part-time and small groups to form a strong vocational education research team.
Solid vocational education
However, there are many theoretical problems that need to be studied and solved, but more are a lot of practical problems in the practice and reform of vocational education. It is gratifying that many vocational education administrators, including some experienced personnel who have been engaged in vocational education management for a long time.
Retired comrades have participated in the research of vocational education, and many teachers who have been engaged in vocational education teaching for a long time have also actively participated in the research of vocational education teaching. They and full-time researchers have formed a model of combining professional and group research.
Team. Closely combine vocational education research with vocational education reform, and reform promotes vocational education research. This is an experience and characteristic of vocational education research.
Second, the research on vocational education has yielded fruitful results.
The research achievements of vocational education in recent 20 years can be summarized as follows: academic theoretical achievements; Policy suggestions for practical work; Research methods and modernization of educational technology; Expand international academic exchanges and cooperation.
1, academic theoretical achievements (1), and the theoretical framework of the discipline system was initially formed.
As mentioned above, a large number of academic monographs were published during the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Theoretical research has laid a good foundation for discipline construction, and the theoretical framework of the discipline system has initially taken shape, which is a major achievement of vocational education research. work
As an educational discipline, vocational education is still very young and immature in the world and China, and its branches such as vocational education psychology, vocational education sociology and vocational education economics are very difficult.
The theory has been formed, but the management of vocational and technical education and the history of vocational and technical education are still in the primary stage, just like vocational and technical education. However, as an educational discipline, the theoretical system of vocational and technical education is generally formed and mature.
It is believed that it will take decades or even longer, and its theoretical basis and discipline system will continue to develop and improve with the development and changes of science and technology and social economy. There is no doubt that in the twenty years since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee,
With the vigorous development of vocational and technical education, the research results of the discipline construction of vocational and technical education are quite fruitful and gratifying.
(2) The theoretical research of vocational education system has achieved good results.
The research on the vocational and technical education system initiated independently in the Seventh Five-Year Plan focuses on the academic system, and selects electromechanical, railway, commerce, finance, health, rural industries and some open cities for investigation and research. As a result
The research report puts forward the principles of establishing and perfecting China's vocational education system, such as that the structure of vocational education must adapt to the structure of social talents; Vocational education should communicate with general education and vocational training; Cultural foundation is in harmony with professional and technical skills.
Exhibition; Unity and diversity, etc. The report puts forward the implementation plan of establishing China's characteristic vocational education and training system.
For the establishment of China's vocational education system, researchers and administrators from all over the country
Researchers have also published many articles and monographs, most of which have been adopted by educational administrative departments, such as establishing three-level diversion with emphasis on junior high schools; Simultaneously carry out vocational school education and vocational training; common
Teaching, vocational education and adult education are integrated; Combination of agriculture, science and technology and education; National macro-management, social participation and independent running of schools; From junior year to senior year, the industry is matched, the structure is reasonable, the forms are diverse, and the professional title comes before the work.
Then, a vocational education system that communicates with other education and develops harmoniously.
(3) The study of development strategy and development plan outlines the blueprint for the future development of China's vocational education.
Vocational education development planning
The research shows that there are many projects in the Seventh Five-Year Plan, especially in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, such as the development strategy and reasonable proportion of vocational education in China in 2000; Regional development planning, such as "old and poor" areas, southern minority areas, urban employment, etc.
Education, the development of vocational education in five northwest provinces, and the layout structure of rural vocational education. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, there are still many development planning topics to be studied, such as economically developed areas, rural areas in central China, poverty-stricken areas in western China and the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Area. Rural communities, special economic zones, southern Jiangsu, border ethnic minority areas, etc. The research of these projects will further deepen the research on the development strategy and regional development of vocational education and contribute to the healthy development of vocational education in various places.
Exhibition.
2. Study and solve some major practical problems.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, with the development of vocational education, vocational education research has also developed. There are various problems in the development of vocational education, which need to be studied and solved. A large number of problems are practical problems, and vocational education research is more applied research.
Due to the attention and support of relevant government departments, professional research institutions and vocational education associations, as well as the active participation of vocational education practitioners and vocational education administrators, many major practical problems have been studied and solved in time. To sum up, these years have mainly solved the following major practical problems:
(1) The research on vocational education legislation provides a basis for the legislature to formulate a vocational education law.
As early as "Outline of Educational Science Development Plan" (draft) (1978- 1985), "research on educational legislation" was mentioned. Although there is no project in the scientific research plan, due to the urgent need of the development of vocational education,
To be sure, vocational education administrative departments and vocational education research institutions have conducted extensive and in-depth research on vocational education legislation, and scholars and vocational education administrators from various countries have also published a large number of research articles in the media and discussed vocational education legislation many times.
Discussion on the Legislative Model of Vocational Education, Conception of Formulating Vocational and Technical Education Law, Progress of Domestic Vocational Education Legislation, Discussion on Vocational Education Legislation in China, and Accelerating the Establishment of Private Schools.
Law, promote the development of private vocational education ". On the basis of the local laws and regulations of vocational education in various provinces and cities, the programmatic document "Decision on Vigorously Developing Vocational and Technical Education" in the State Council laid a policy foundation for vocational education legislation.
And the Vocational Education Law was finally deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), and was promulgated and implemented from 1 September, 19961day.
(2) the transformation of vocational education to rural areas.
middle
China is a big agricultural country, and agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. For a long time, general education and basic education in rural areas still follow the traditional path of further studies, and education is not closely integrated with the reality of rural construction, which is a great contribution to the vast rural society.
Socialist construction and personnel training. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, agricultural vocational middle schools recovered and developed rapidly, and the idea of belittling vocational education was criticized. Great changes have taken place in educational thought, and it is based on the countryside.
(3) Vocational education research and reform of labor and personnel system.
The relationship between vocational education and the production department is very close, and the talents trained by vocational education must be implemented in the corresponding professional posts to produce benefits. Therefore, the reform and development of vocational education must be linked with the labor and personnel system.
Synchronization reform. In this regard, many comrades in the education department and the labor and personnel department have conducted extensive and in-depth research and published a large number of papers. There is a national key project "Vocational and Technical Education and Related Laborers" during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
The research report provides a reference for the decision-making of administrative departments.
A series of labor and employment system reforms, such as "training before employment" and "trained personnel are given priority", as well as the formulation and implementation of a series of vocational qualification certificate systems, all show that the administrative department has absorbed the research results of researchers and practical workers. The reform of labor and personnel system has laid a good foundation for the healthy development of vocational education.
(4) The educational process and teaching reform are implemented in the ability training of the training objectives.
Vocational education and teaching process have their own characteristics, which are closely related to teaching experiment and production practice. Vocational education in China has always attached importance to the combination with productive labor. In recent years, we have learned from the production practice of the former Soviet Union.
The experience of dual apprenticeship training in Germany and competency-based teaching in North American community colleges, combined with the reality in China, should be said that it has been explored and practiced by vocational education researchers and vocational educators.
The vast number of vocational educators in China have realized the importance of ability training in educational thought. They have changed from paying more attention to the systematization of subject knowledge to the cultivation of vocational ability, curriculum reform and teaching reform in vocational education.
Around the goal of ability training, we have made some progress in theory and accumulated a lot of experience in practice.
Because vocational education attaches importance to cultivating students' comprehensive vocational ability, developing all-round quality, implementing competency-based vocational curriculum development and implementing entrepreneurship education, it not only promotes the teaching reform of vocational education, but also greatly improves the quality and level of graduates.
In addition, the evaluation of vocational education has also made great achievements. Combined with the construction of national key provincial schools, the administrative department of vocational education has organized many evaluations, and researchers have made meaningful explorations in theory and evaluation index system, and gained important experience, laying a good foundation for the future development of vocational education evaluation.
(4) The orientation and development of higher vocational education.
Higher vocational education represented by short-term vocational universities rose in the early 1980s. At that time, a number of municipal short-term vocational universities appeared in China, reaching 128 at most. Due to the different understanding of higher education.
As a result, there are also some problems in its management ownership, funding sources and graduates' employment, which leads to the slow development of higher vocational colleges. Academic circles are extremely concerned about this, and there are projects in the seventh and eighth five-year plans of educational research: higher education.
Research on vocational and technical education, research on the training objectives, ways and characteristics of higher vocational and technical education, and the Higher Vocational Education Research Association have also continuously organized academic research, with research reports, monographs and a large number of papers.
The leading comrades of the administrative department of education have also published many articles about higher vocational education. Short-term vocational universities and a number of ordinary universities, adult colleges and a few national key ordinary middle schools are piloting higher vocational education.
In this process, a lot of experimental research and theoretical exploration have been carried out, and the results obtained from it are of special significance to the development of higher vocational education in China.