Writing format of academic papers GB 77 13-87

Introduce science and technology

Technical reports, papers and scientific papers

1 Introduction

1. 1 The purpose of this standard is to unify the writing and editing formats of scientific and technological reports, dissertations and academic papers (hereinafter referred to as reports and papers) and facilitate the collection, storage, processing, retrieval, utilization, communication and dissemination of information systems.

1.2 This standard is applicable to the writing format of reports and papers, including table composition, title description, writing, editing, printing and publishing.

Reports and papers referred to in this standard can be manuscripts, including handwritten and typed copies and their copies; It can also be printed, including papers published in journals or conference proceedings and their preprints, printed copies and variants; Monographs written as part of a book or independently; Microforms and other forms.

1.3 this standard is applicable to all or part of other scientific and technological documents, such as annual reports, brochures, memos, etc. , and technical documents.

2 definition

2. 1 Science and Technology Report

Scientific and technological reports describe the achievements or progress of scientific and technological research, or the results of technology development tests and evaluations; Or discuss the current situation and development of a scientific and technological problem.

The scientific and technological report is intended to be submitted to the competent scientific and technological institutions, science foundations and other organizations or persons in charge of research. Generally speaking, scientific and technological reports should provide enough information systematically or according to the working process, which can include both positive and negative results and experiences, so that relevant personnel and readers can make judgments and evaluations, and propose amendments to the conclusions and suggestions in the reports.

2.2 Dissertation

Dissertation is an academic paper that shows that the author has made creative achievements or gained new insights in scientific research, and is written with this as the content, which is used as an evaluation when applying for the corresponding degree.

The bachelor's degree thesis should show that the author has really mastered the basic theory, professional knowledge and basic skills of the subject, and has the preliminary ability to engage in scientific research or undertake professional and technical work.

The master's thesis should be able to show that the author has really mastered the solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge of this subject, has new views on the research topic, and has the ability to engage in scientific research and independently undertake specialized technical work.

The doctoral thesis should be able to show that the author has really mastered the solid and extensive basic theory and systematic and in-depth professional knowledge of the subject, has the ability to engage in scientific research independently, and has made creative achievements in science or special technology.

2.3 academic papers

An academic paper is a scientific record of an academic topic by means of experiments, theories or observations, with new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas and knowledge; Or apply the known principles to the scientific summary of the new progress made in practice for reading, communication or discussion at academic conferences; Or published in academic journals; Or written documents for other purposes.

Academic papers should provide new scientific and technological information, and their contents should be discovery, invention, creation and progress, rather than repeating, imitating and copying the work of predecessors.

3 writing requirements

Chinese manuscripts of reports and papers must be written or printed on one side of white manuscript paper; Foreign manuscripts must be typed. You can use an indelible copy.

Reports and papers shall be in A4(2 10 mm×297 mm) standard size white paper, which shall be convenient for reading, copying and photographing microform copies. When writing, scanning or printing reports and papers, it is required to leave enough margins around the paper for binding, copying and reader's comments. The upper side (ceiling) and the left side (notch) of each surface are reserved for more than 25 mm respectively, and the lower side (anchorage) and the right side (incision) are reserved for more than 20 mm respectively.

4 writing format

4. 1 The numbering of reports, articles and articles shall refer to the relevant provisions of Chapter 8 "Arrangement of Standard Articles" of the National Standard GB 1. 1 Basic Provisions for the Compilation of Standards for Standardization Work Guidelines, and adopt Arabic numerals for grading numbering.

4.2 Composition of reports and documents (omitted)

5 front part

5. 1 cover 5. 1. 1 cover is the external surface of statements and papers, providing due information and playing a protective role.

The cover is not important. Academic papers, if they are part of periodicals, books or other publications, do not need a cover;

If it is used as a pre-printed, printed and other singles, it can have a cover.

5. 1.2 The cover may include the following contents:

A. The classification number should be marked in the upper left corner to facilitate information exchange and processing. Generally, the classification number of China Library and Information Law should be indicated, and the classification number of UDC should be indicated as far as possible.

B. The unit number is generally marked in the upper right corner. Academic papers are unnecessary.

C. according to the contents of reports and papers, and in accordance with the confidentiality provisions stipulated by the state, indicate the classification in the upper right corner. If it is a public offering, it is not classified.

D titles and subheadings or titles of fascicles shall be marked in obvious positions in large font.

E. If the serial number and name of the volume, book and chapter are all Quan Yi volumes, this item is not required.

F. Version, such as draft, first draft, revised version, etc. If it is the first edition, this item is not needed.

G. Name of the person in charge: the person in charge includes the author of the report and thesis, the supervisor and reviewer of the dissertation, the chairman of the defense committee, the degree-granting unit, etc. If necessary, the position, title, degree, name and address of the person in charge may be indicated; If the responsible person is a unit, organization or group, the full name and address shall be stated.

Individual authors who sign in front of the cover, title page or text of academic papers are limited to those who directly participate in all or most of the research work and make major contributions, and those who participate in writing the paper and are responsible for the content, in order of contribution. As for the collaborators involved in a certain work, the workers responsible for specific events according to the research plan, the undertaker of a certain experiment, and the auxiliary personnel entrusted to carry out analysis, inspection and observation, etc. , they are not included. These people can be included in the thank-you section one by one as people who take part in the work, or listed in footnotes.

If it is necessary to attach hanyu pinyin to the name of the person in charge, it must comply with the state regulations, that is, the surname comes before the name, and the name is connected into a word, and hyphens or abbreviations cannot be used.

H the applied degree grade shall be marked according to the name stipulated in the Interim Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC).

First, the professional name refers to the professional name of the author of the dissertation.

J the date of work completion includes the date of submission of reports and papers, the date of defense of dissertations, the date of conferring degrees and the date received by the publishing department (if necessary).

K. Place of publication and name of publisher, year, month and day of publication (if necessary).

5. 1.3 See Appendix A for the cover format of reports and papers.

5.2 Two letters

The second cover of the report can indicate the delivery method, including free gift or price purchase, and the sending unit and individual; Copyright regulations; Other matters that should be noted.

5.3 Title page

The title page is the basis for recording reports and papers.

Academic papers do not need a title page.

The title page is placed after the second cover and liner, and becomes the Shi Ye of another page.

If reports and papers are divided into two or more volumes, each volume should have its own title page. Indicate the name and serial number of the volume on the title page.

In addition to the cover contents specified in 5. 1, the title page shall also include the following contents, which shall be agreed by both parties:

The name and address of the unit, position, professional title, degree, name and address of the person in charge, and the name of the collaborator involved in a certain work not listed on the cover.

5.4 variants

Reports and papers sometimes meet the needs of different types of people. In addition to the official original text, some variants are needed, such as abridged version, abstract version, detailed abstract version submitted for review, rewritten version to extract the required content, etc.

The cover of the variant must be marked with the words "abridged version, extracted version or rewritten version", and the rest should be marked with items. See 5. 1 for details.

5.5 Title

5.5. 1 Title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in reports and papers with the most appropriate and concise words. Every word used in the title must take into account the specific practical information that is helpful to the selection of keywords and the compilation of secondary documents such as titles and indexes.

The title should avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas.

Titles generally do not exceed 20 words.

Reports and papers used for international communication should use foreign language (mainly English) titles. Generally speaking, foreign book titles should not exceed 10 notional words.

5.5.2 Subtitles may appear under the following circumstances:

At the end of the title, the subtitle is used to supplement the specific content of the report paper;

Reports and papers are published in volumes, or a series of work is divided into several reports, or research results are published in stages, and their specific contents are distinguished by different subheadings;

Others need subheadings as extensions or explanations.

5.5.3 When the title appears in different places in the whole report and paper, it should be completely consistent, but the eyebrow title can be omitted.

5.6 Preface or preface

Order is not necessary. The preface of a report or paper is generally a brief introduction of the basic characteristics of this paper by the author or others, such as the origin, background, purpose, significance, writing style, funding, support and cooperation of the research work; You can also comment and explain the research on related issues. These contents can also be explained in the introduction of the text.

5.7 Summary

5.7. 1 Abstract is a brief statement of the contents of the report and paper, without comment.

5.7.2 Reports and papers should generally have abstracts, and foreign language (mainly English) abstracts should also be available for international communication.

5.7.3 Abstracts should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, necessary information can be obtained without reading the full text of reports and papers. There are data and conclusions in it. It is a complete essay, which can be used independently, quoted and used for process promotion. The content of the paper should contain the same main information as the report and paper, so that readers can determine whether it is necessary to read the full text, and it can also be used for secondary documents such as abstracts. Generally, the purpose, experimental methods, results and final conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions.

5.7.4 Generally, the Chinese abstract should not exceed 200~300 words; Foreign language abstracts should not exceed 250 real words. In case of special needs, the number of words can be slightly more.

5.7.5 Except that there is really no alternative method, unknown and common figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms are not used in the abstract.

5.7.6 The abstracts of reports and papers can be placed on a new page after the title page, and the abstracts of academic papers are generally placed after the title and author and before the text.

5.7.7 Dissertations for evaluation and academic papers attending academic conferences can be summarized in variant forms as required, and are not limited by the number of words.

5.8 Keywords keywords are words or terms selected from reports and papers for document indexing to express the information items of the full text theme.

Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and start a new line with prominent characters, which are arranged at the lower left of the abstract. If possible, try to use the standardized words provided by China Thesaurus and other glossaries.

International communication should be marked with English keywords corresponding to Chinese.

5.9 Directory Page

Long reports and papers can have table of contents pages, and short articles do not need table of contents pages.

The table of contents page consists of serial number, article name and page number, chapter, article, appendix and title of report and paper, and the other pages are arranged in order.

When compiling a complete set of reports and papers into a book, each book should have a catalogue of all reports and papers.

5. 10 list of illustrations and schedules If there are many charts in reports and papers, they can be listed separately and placed after the table of contents page. The list of drawings shall have serial number, title and page number. The list of forms should have serial number, title and page number.

5. 1 1 Notes on symbols, signs, abbreviations, acronyms, units of measurement, nouns, terms, etc. Annotation collection table of symbols, signs, abbreviations, units of measurement, nouns, terms, etc. Should be placed after the chart list.

6 main body part

6. 1 format

The writing format of the main part can be decided by the author, but it usually begins with an introduction and ends with a conclusion or discussion.

The main section must start from the right page of another page. Every article (or part) must start on a new page. Where reports and papers are printed into publications such as books and periodicals, the format of books and periodicals shall be stipulated.

The format and layout of each chapter and article of all reports and papers should be unified and clear.

6.2 serial number

6.2. 1 If reports and papers are packed into more than two volumes (or more volumes) under a general topic, or divided into more than two (or parts), each volume or article should have a serial number. It can be written as: Volume I and Volume II; The first article, the second part and so on. Reports and papers written in foreign languages, the serial numbers of volumes (volumes) and articles (parts) are coded with Roman numerals.

6.2.2 Charts, tables, notes, references, formulas, formulas, etc. In reports and documents, Arabic numerals shall be used for serial numbering. The serial number can be coded in the order of the whole report and paper, and long reports and papers can also be coded chapter by chapter. The marking forms should be easy to distinguish from each other, which can be as follows: Figure L, Figure 2.1; Table 2, Table 3.2; Note l); Literature [4]; Formula (5), formula (3.5), etc.

6.2.3 Reports and documents shall be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals. Page numbers start from the first page of writing, typing or printing. As the first page, there are other pages. The front cover, the second cover, the third cover and the back cover are not numbered. The front pages such as the title page, preface and directory page can be numbered separately. Page numbers must be marked in the same position on each page for easy identification.

Try not to leave blank pages. If there is, you should still use the page number as the page number of a single page.

If there are more than two volumes under a general theme, the page numbers should be numbered consecutively. If each volume has a subtitle, it can be numbered separately.

6.2.4 Appendices of reports and documents are numbered with capital letters A, B and C.. ... in order, as shown in appendix a.

Figures, tables, formulas, references, etc. The appendices shall be numbered separately from the main text, and all of them shall be coded with Arabic numerals, but the appendix sequence number shall be added before the numbering, as shown in Figure A1; Table B2; Formula (b3); Literature [[〔A5〕], etc.

6.3 Introduction (or introduction)

Introduction (or introduction) briefly describes the research purpose, scope, previous work and knowledge gaps in related fields, theoretical basis and analysis, research ideas, research methods and experimental design, expected results and significance. Be concise, not like the abstract, and don't take notes of the abstract. Some knowledge in general textbooks need not be described in the introduction.

Shorter papers can be introduced with only a short paragraph.

In order to show that the author has mastered solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge, and has a broad scientific vision, the paper fully demonstrates the research scheme. Therefore, historical review, comprehensive comments on predecessors' work and theoretical analysis can be described in a single chapter with enough words.

6.4 Text

The main body of the report and paper is the core part, occupying the main space, which can include: the object of investigation, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, original data, experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, arguments formed and conclusions drawn, etc.

Because there are great differences in the subjects, topics, research methods, workflow and expression of results involved in the research work, it is impossible to make uniform provisions on the content of the text. However, it must be realistic, objective and true, accurate and complete, clear in logic, concise and easy to read.

Drawings include charts, structural drawings, schematic diagrams, sketches, block diagrams, flow charts, records, layouts, maps, photographs, plates, etc.

Charts should be "self-explanatory", that is, only look at charts, titles and legends, and you can understand the meaning of charts without looking at the text.

The drawings shall be numbered (see 6.2.2).

Each picture should have a short and accurate title and be placed under the picture together with the picture number. When necessary, symbols, marks, codes, experimental conditions, etc. on the drawings should be arranged horizontally under the drawing theme in the simplest words as illustrations.

The vertical and horizontal coordinates of a graph must be marked with "Quantity, Standard Symbol and Unit". These three can only be omitted if there is no need to specify (such as dimensionless, etc.). ). The symbols and abbreviations of the quantities marked on the coordinates must be consistent with those in the text.

Photos require a clear outline of the theme and main display parts, which is convenient for plate making. If an enlarged copy is used, it must be clear and have a moderate contrast. There should be a scale to indicate the size of the object in the photo.

Table 6.4.2

The arrangement of the table is generally that the content and test items are read horizontally from left to right, and the data are arranged vertically in order. The form should speak for itself.

The form shall be numbered (see 6.2.2).

Each table should have a short and accurate title and put it on the table together with the table number. When necessary, the symbols, marks, codes and items that need to be explained in the table should be arranged horizontally under the table title as a table note with the simplest words, or attached to the table.

See 6.2.2 for the arrangement of note serial numbers. The serial number of notes in the table should be placed in the upper right corner of the marked object, with small Arabic numerals in brackets, such as: ××××1), and the asterisk "*" should not be used to avoid confusion with symbols such as yoke and material transfer in mathematics.

Each column of the form should be marked with "quantity or test items, standard symbols and units". It can only be omitted if there is no need to mark it. Abbreviations and homophonic symbols in the table must be consistent with the text.

Numbers in the same column in the table must be aligned up and down. Similar words such as "same as above", "same on the left" and "same" should not be used in the table, and all specific figures or words should be filled in. In the table, "blank" means untested or untested, "-"or "………" (because "-"may be mixed with negative reaction) means not found, and "0" means that the measured result is really zero.

If the data has been charted, it may not be listed.

6.4.3 Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Formulas

The formula, formula or equation in this paper should be numbered (see 6.2.2), and the serial number should be marked on the far right side of the line where the formula is located (if there is a continuation line, it should be marked on the last line).

The longer types are arranged in the middle and horizontal direction. If you have to change careers, you can only change careers at+,-,×, ⊙,. Align the upper and lower expressions at the equal sign "=" as much as possible.

Example 1:

- ( 1)

Example 2:

- (2)

Example 3:

- (3)

The decimal point is indicated by ".". Integers greater than 999 and decimals with more than three digits are always separated by a small interval of half an Arabic numeral symbol, and there are no decimal places. Pure decimal, with 0 before the decimal point.

Example: it should be written as 94 652.023 567; 0.3 14 325

It should not be written as 94,652.023,567; .3 14,325

We should pay attention to distinguish between various languages, such as Latin, Greek, Russian, German and cursive. Roman numerals and Arabic numerals; Characters are italicized, black and white, uppercase and lowercase, upper and lower corner marks (especially multi-level, such as "three steps"), upper and lower deviations, etc.

Example: I, L, L, I; c，c； k，k，κ； 0，o，()； s，s，5； z，z，2； b； β; w，w，ω.

unit of measure

Reports and papers must adopt People's Republic of China (PRC) legal measurement median 1984 issued by the State Council on February 27th, and follow the usage of People's Republic of China (PRC) legal measurement unit. The use of various quantities, units and symbols must comply with the provisions of the national standards listed in Appendix B ... The writing methods of unit names and symbols adopt international common symbols.

Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols and abbreviations shall conform to the relevant provisions of national standards (see Appendix B). If there is no standard to follow, the regulations published by authoritative institutions or academic entities of disciplines or professions in China can be adopted; You can also use the words in the glossary of various disciplines compiled by the National Natural Science Terminology Examination Committee. If you have to quote some symbols, symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, etc. Those that are not widely known and common, are not easily understood by readers, or are defined by the author, you should explain them one by one when they first appear and give a clear definition.

6.5 conclusion

The conclusion of the report and the paper is the final and overall conclusion, not a simple repetition of the summary of each paragraph in the article. Conclusion should be accurate, complete, clear and concise.

If we can't reach an appropriate conclusion, we can also have the necessary discussion without conclusion.

Suggestions, research ideas, suggestions for improvement of instruments and equipment, problems to be solved, etc. Can be put forward in the conclusion or discussion.

thank you

You can thank the following aspects after the text:

National Science Foundation, scholarship funds to support research work, contract units, individuals who finance or support enterprises and organizations;

Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work and provide convenient conditions;

Someone who gives advice and help in research work;

Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote;

Other organizations or individuals that should be thanked.

6.7 List of references

It conforms to GB 77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References".

7 Appendix

The appendix is a supplementary date as the main body of the report and paper, and it is not necessary.

7. 1 The following contents can be compiled as an appendix after the report and paper, or as another volume.

A. For the integrity of the whole report and paper materials, but the compilation in this paper is detrimental to the arrangement and logic. This kind of material includes more detailed information than the text, a more in-depth description of research methods and techniques, suggestions for reading references, and supplementary information useful for understanding the content of the text.

B. The material is too large or taken from a copy, which is not easy to be integrated into the text;

C. Rare and precious materials that are not easy to be included in the text;

D materials that are not necessary for the general readers, but have reference value for professional peers;

E some important raw data, mathematical derivation, calculation programs, block diagrams, structural diagrams, notes, statistical tables, computer printouts, etc.

7.2 Appendix and text are numbered consecutively. See 4.2 and 6.2.4 for the arrangement of various serial numbers in each appendix.

7.3 Each appendix starts from a separate page. For example, reports and papers are divided into several volumes. Any appendix belonging to a volume should be placed after the preparation of the volume.

8 End (if necessary)

In order to quickly store reports and papers in the computer, relevant input data can be provided.

You can arrange classification index, author index, keyword index, etc.

Third cover and back cover (including copyright pages).