In a narrow sense, adolescent education is mainly about sex education, including the basic knowledge of life gestation and birth, the physiological laws of adolescent development, the changes of adolescent physical appearance, the physiological and psychological phenomena of sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual impulse and sexual catharsis, the knowledge of sexual safety, health and physical and mental protection, and the knowledge of preventing unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS and drug abuse.

Broadly speaking, adolescent education, as a kind of life education, should also teach sexual values, sexual social behavior norms and moral responsibilities, sexual legal boundaries and the prevention of sexual violence. Teach the knowledge and skills of interpersonal communication, especially gender communication, help teenagers learn life courses about gender friendship, love, spouse selection and marriage, and understand the basic concepts of gender socialization, gender differences and gender roles, gender respect and equality.

Second, the purpose and content

One of the important purposes of adolescent education is of course to improve sexual health. From 65438 to 0975, the World Health Organization put forward the concept of "sexual health": "The complete combination of physical, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of sex can actively enrich personality, promote communication and promote love." If the sexual health of contemporary men and women reaches such a level, will there be so many problems in communication, harmony and cooperation between the two sexes and the establishment of long-term relationship between the two sexes, that is, marriage? It can be said that sexual health is the foundation of a happy marriage and the element of a happy life.

Adolescent sex education should have the following comprehensive purposes and contents.

1. Provide scientific and accurate information on human sexual potential, including sexual organs and reproductive system, human sexual development, sexual orientation and gender, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS prevention.

2. Provide education on sexual values and attitudes. It is necessary to spread the mainstream values that conform to their own culture and society, and clarify the origin and significance of these values; Help teenagers scientifically understand what is a healthy and civilized relationship between the sexes, cultivate self-esteem and self-confidence, and learn to be responsible for themselves, others and society.

3. Through participatory education and training practice, teenagers can learn respect and equality between the sexes, and acquire skills of gender communication, including communication, making choices, coping with peer pressure, evaluating media information and establishing honest friendship. Help teenagers understand and accept gender roles in modern society scientifically and creatively, so as to correctly fulfill their future role mission.

4. Educate teenagers to be highly responsible for themselves and others in sexual expression and behavior, including leading an honest and clean life, rejecting immature sexual relations, opposing sexual coercion, preventing and eliminating masturbation, and maintaining their sexual health with others.

Contraception, family planning and parental responsibility should also be the contents of adolescent sex education, and we can't wait until men and women get married and have children to explain these knowledge.

Because the age span of adolescence is large, from 10 to 20 years old, we must follow the principle of "timely, moderate and appropriate" in the process of implementing adolescent sex education, and decide the degree of the above content at what age according to the actual situation that teenagers need to know, know and don't know.

Third, sexual values

1. Everyone is born with sexual potential, and sex is a natural and healthy part of life.

2. Sex has physical, psychological, ethical, social and spiritual levels, and sex expressed by combining these levels completely is healthy.

3. Everyone's sexual orientation and sexual expression may be different, but everyone has his own dignity and value; All forms of gender discrimination, sexual abuse and sexual violence are violations of human rights.

4. Family should be the first school for children to learn sexual knowledge, and parents should be the first and main teachers of children's sex education; Parents have the obligation to help their children accept the mainstream values of society and regard values as an important part of their healthy growth.

Any sexual behavior has consequences, so everyone has the right and obligation to make highly responsible choices for themselves and others in sexual behavior.

6. Encouraging children to discuss sexual issues with their parents, teachers or other reliable adults is very beneficial to individuals, families, schools and society.

7. Tell teenagers clearly that it is risky to get involved in sexual relations before maturity; Teenage pregnancy and abortion can harm health; Being infected with AIDS will ruin your life; The most effective way to stay away from AIDS is to lead an honest and clean life and keep loyal to only one sexual partner.

8. No sexual act should be compulsive or exploitative.

9. Teenagers should be protected by their families and schools, and have the right to obtain scientific and accurate information to prevent pregnancy and diseases, so as to make "informed choices"; Teenagers should also know where to get sexual health counseling and where to seek help in an emergency.

Four or three firewalls

The first "firewall" is to prevent minors from having sex, that is, middle school students before 18 years old should "lead an honest and clean life". At this point, adolescent sex educators should communicate with students confidently and openly. 18 years old can't participate in the referendum because of immaturity, and middle school students can't have sex because they are mentally, socially and economically immature and can't bear the consequences of sex.

The second firewall is contraception and emergency contraception. We hope that all children before the age of 18 can stay safely in the first firewall, but often we can't absolutely realize our hope. Facts show that more and more "little warriors" have climbed over the wall. It is difficult for us to predict which children will climb the wall, so we still have to build another safety net for them. In explaining the lesson of "Birth and Birth of Life", the children intuitively saw the combination of sperm and eggs from the CD-ROM, and learned from the lesson of "Family Planning" that if parents can't have a second child, what methods can be used to prevent or avoid sperm and eggs from meeting? In case of meeting, the fertilized eggs can be destroyed within 72 hours with emergency contraceptives.

The third "firewall" is about terminating pregnancy. Also in the "family planning" class, we talked about the failure of contraception. First of all, we talked about that all kinds of contraceptive methods are not very reliable. Therefore, if a wife who has sexual life finds that she has not menstruated on time, she will go to the hospital for examination as soon as possible. If it is found that she is pregnant and cannot have another child, she will definitely have an induced abortion to terminate the pregnancy. According to the existing medical technical conditions, it is relatively safe to terminate pregnancy within 3 months. Although induced abortion is not a good method to control fertility, but a remedial measure that has to be taken after contraceptive failure, it is safer to terminate pregnancy within three months than to induce labor in big months. It is also necessary to mention the possible harm to pregnant women caused by induced labor in big months.

In short, we should not only help children build moral barriers, but also convey scientific information to them, so that they can really make "informed choices" in order to ensure health.

5. Who should play the leading role?

1. Family oriented

(1) Sex education is private and individual in psychological communication and behavior guidance, which is most suitable for parents and children to face alone.

(2) The family environment is natural and friendly, not tense, safe and confidential.

(3) It is easier for families to grasp the principle of timeliness and moderation.

(4) Parents should always keep the good habit of talking to their children like friends and establish a relaxed and harmonious family atmosphere.

2. Schools as a supplement

(1) Schools focus on learning, and sex education is widely used to impart knowledge.

(2) For parents and children with special difficulties, the school has the responsibility to provide counseling.

(3) For children's sexual problems, schools should adopt a consistent attitude and take active measures to deal with them after consultation with parents to avoid accidents. 1. Emotional characteristics of adolescence: Emotions are easy to fluctuate, and they are bipolar, that is, sometimes they are full of joy, sunshine and spring breeze, and sometimes they are sad, gloomy, painful and even furious, which can be described as "the child's face in June". Parents must be calm in this situation, otherwise conflicts will easily occur.

2. Characteristics of interpersonal communication in adolescence: Adolescent students gradually drift away from their families, have more contacts with their peers, and make like-minded classmates. They talk about everything, are inseparable, regard friendship as supreme, and even do anything for their friends. These behaviors are often difficult for parents to understand, which are just typical manifestations of psychological weaning, but they happen too fast and parents are unprepared.

3. Emotional characteristics of adolescence: During this period, teenagers' emotions expanded from the initial love for relatives to the reverence and follow-up for classmates, teachers, stars, scientists and leaders, and from self-love to the love for the collective, hometown, people, motherland and all mankind; In other words, teenagers' emotions fully reflect sociality; At this time, their moral values have also changed. They worship successful people and celebrities, hate bad people and pursue fairness and justice. Once someone is found to have selfish distractions, they will sneer at it, because people and things with different opinions can't be compromised and accommodated in real life, so they are easily hurt. 1. The contradiction between independence and dependence

The most prominent psychological feature of teenagers is their sense of adulthood, which enhances their sense of independence. If they are gradually unwilling to be taken care of or interfered by their parents in life, they will be bored psychologically; When judging the merits of some things, they are unwilling to listen to their parents' opinions and have a strong desire to express their opinions; If you disagree with some traditional and authoritative conclusions, you will often make radical criticisms. However, due to the lack of social experience and life experience, he often runs into a wall and has to look for methods, ways or help from his parents. In addition, he can't be independent economically, and the authoritative role of his parents forces him to rely on his parents.

2. The contradiction between the sense of adulthood and the sense of childishness

The prominent psychological feature of adolescence is the sense of adulthood-thinking that you have matured and grown into an adult. Therefore, in some behavioral activities, thinking understanding, social interaction and other aspects, it shows the demeanor of adults. Psychologically, I long for others to treat him as an adult, respect him and understand him. However, due to the limitation of age, social experience, life experience and knowledge, they tend to be blind in thinking and behavior, easy to do stupid things, and obviously naive.

3. The contradiction between opening and closing

Teenagers need to communicate with peers, especially with the opposite sex and parents on an equal footing. They are eager for others to open their hearts to each other like themselves. But because everyone's personality and ideas are different, I can't find someone to release this desire, so I have to say it in my diary. The truth written in these diaries, because of self-esteem, does not want to be known by others, so it has formed the ambivalence of wanting to be known by others and being afraid of being known by others.

4. The contradiction between desire and depression

Teenagers have a desire to communicate with the opposite sex because of their mature sexual development. For example, I like to be close to the opposite sex, want to know about sexual knowledge, like to show myself in front of the opposite sex, and even have hazy love ideas. However, due to the constraints and restrictions of schools, parents and public opinion, teenagers are in a state of depression and contradiction in their emotional and sexual understanding, and they are both eager to express themselves and embarrassed to express them.

5. The contradiction between self-control and impulse

Teenagers' consciousness and self-control have been strengthened while their psychological independence and sense of adulthood have emerged. In the interaction with others, they subjectively hope that they can consciously abide by the rules and do their best, but objectively it is often difficult to control their emotions well, and sometimes they act rashly, which makes them fall into the contradiction of strong self-control but impulsive. It should be said that the changes of teenagers are the inevitable result of the physiological and psychological development of adolescence and the normal performance of teenagers in the process of changing from immature to mature. If children have similar "problems", parents should maintain a peaceful attitude and guide their children with a positive attitude, scientific knowledge and correct methods.

★ Understand and accept children. A series of physical and mental changes of children are unexpected and difficult to control. At this time, parents' understanding and acceptance are especially needed. Never see some changes in your child, or shout and panic when you find his abnormal behavior, let alone scold and accuse him. Otherwise, it will only aggravate children's rebellious psychology and increase the gap with their parents.

★ Be a child's friend. The biggest wish of adolescent children is to be respected, independent, treated as adults and treated equally. This requires parents to change their roles and educational concepts, and change one-way education from commanding to equal and exploratory two-way education. From simply caring about children's daily life to guiding children's development and growth, we strive to become children's mentors. Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, and there are many physical and psychological changes, such as emotional fluctuations, love for the opposite sex, and easy transfer of interests. Whether teenagers' mental health is mainly reflected in the following seven aspects:

Similar to others, people are also similar. When you hear the moon, it's normal to think of the sun or stars. But when it comes to death, it's hard to understand. If this happens frequently, we should pay attention to whether his mental state is normal. If a person's ideas, manners, hobbies, clothes, etc. They are all too different from others, so his psychology may not be healthy enough.

The behavior of school-age people changes with the development of body and mind. People of different ages have different ideas, interests and behaviors. Adolescence should be energetic and positive. However, from the perspective of mental health, young and mature students are actually unhealthy.

Be good at getting along with people. Everyone lives in society and is a member of it. One can't exist alone without society. Puberty, social scope expanded. In communication, we should learn from each other's strengths, cultivate the spirit of mutual assistance and cooperation, enrich the group life experience and exercise the ability to adapt to others.

An optimistic, enterprising and cheerful mood indicates mental health. An optimistic person is aggressive in everything and is not afraid of any difficulties. Even if you encounter unfortunate things, you can quickly re-adapt and not be depressed for a long time. On the contrary, people who are sentimental and often depressed are psychologically unhealthy. Moreover, the lower the mood, the heavier the degree of mental unhealthy.

Moderate reaction everyone reacts to things at different speeds and degrees. But the difference won't be too big. If he overreacts, it means that he is mentally unhealthy. It is normal for students to be unhappy for a period of time because of their failure in the exam; But if he doesn't eat for a few days, or even has suicidal thoughts, then he may be mentally unhealthy. Of course, students who are indifferent to exam failure may not be psychologically healthy.

Anyone who is mentally healthy in the face of reality can face the reality. When encountering difficulties, they always have the courage to admit the reality, find out the problems and try to solve them. On the contrary, people who are mentally unhealthy often adopt escapist methods because they can't adapt to the environment. These can't solve practical problems, but can only achieve the effect of self-deception, which will develop into a pathological condition over time.

People with logical thinking and mental health are step-by-step, methodical, conscientious and have the determination and perseverance to overcome difficulties, rather than half-hearted and endless. They think logically and speak clearly, instead of rambling and forgetting what they said. 1. Positive, energetic, energetic, confident, enterprising and self-respecting.

2. Conscious, able to exert their wisdom and ability with abundant energy, consciously complete the learning task, not afraid of learning difficulties, and give full play to their intelligence.

3. In the family, between school and friends, we can establish positive interpersonal relationships of mutual respect, mutual care and mutual understanding, become popular members in the group, have our own friends and comrades in the group, and maintain and develop mutual assistance, harmony and harmony.

4. Be good at adapting to the new environment.

5. Emotional stability and happiness.

6. Complete and coordinated psychological activities can avoid pathological symptoms caused by various factors (such as excessive tension and anxiety). Physiologists and psychologists have done a lot of research on the physiological and psychological changes in adolescence.

Psychologist Si Long believes that when an individual enters adolescence, his psychological changes are: "self-discovery"; "generate ideas for future life"; "I started to get involved in all areas of life." Therefore, he called adolescence "the second birth of life".

Psychologist Hollinghouse believes that the physiological and psychological changes after puberty are similar to the phenomenon of weaned children. Weaning of young children means complete separation from the mother's body. Due to the drastic and complete cessation of breastfeeding, children fall into desire and are not satisfied, which brings deep anxiety to children. This is the first crisis in life. When a child enters adolescence, it means getting rid of psychological dependence on his parents. This sharp and thorough psychological weaning will also bring them sudden temporary anxiety and emotional excitement and turmoil, which is the "second crisis" of life. After the "second crisis", people can gradually step out of the guardianship of their parents and move towards an independent and complete person. Therefore, he called adolescence the "second crisis" of life.