He extended the relationship between photon momentum and wavelength p=h/λ to all microscopic particles, and pointed out that moving particles with mass m and velocity v also fluctuate, and the wavelength of this wave is equal to the ratio of Planck constant h to particle momentum mv, that is, λ= h/(mv), which is the later De Broglie formula.
Through two independent electron diffraction experiments, it is proved that De Broglie equation can describe the quantum behavior of electrons. At the University of Aberdeen, George Tang Musun irradiated an electron beam through a thin metal sheet and observed the predicted interference pattern. In Bell Laboratories, Clinton Davidson and Lester Germain did experiments to incident low-speed electrons on nickel crystals, and obtained electron diffraction patterns. The results are consistent with the theoretical prediction.
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Einstein's Discovery of Waves and Particles
1905, Einstein put forward the optical quantum explanation of photoelectric effect, and people began to realize that light waves have both the properties of waves and particles.
Einstein described the light beam as a set of discrete quanta, which are now called photons, rather than continuous fluctuations. From Planck's law of blackbody radiation and Einstein's inference, the energy of each photon that makes up a beam is equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant, that is, Planck's constant. He put forward Einstein's photoelectric effect equation, in which? Wo is the maximum kinetic energy of runaway electrons, which is the work function.
19 16, American physicist robert millikan made an experiment to confirm Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect. From Maxwell's equations, it is impossible to deduce these two non-classical expositions proposed by Planck and Einstein respectively. Physicists are forced to admit that light has both fluctuation and particle properties.
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